Hasil untuk "Public finance"

Alon Brav, Paul A. Gompers

A. Atkinson, J. Stiglitz

I. Welch

J. Gehl, Birgitte Svarre

Benjamin Wood, Scott Slater, Sharon Friel et al.

Abstract Background In recent decades, the Big Three asset managers (BlackRock, Vanguard, State Street) have emerged to be among the top shareholders in thousands of listed companies worldwide. Accordingly, they have considerable influence on corporate decision-making. This paper aimed to examine the influence of the Big Three on the governance of leading corporations in key health-harming commodity industries responsible for a large burden of preventable death and disease worldwide (i.e., industrial epidemics). Methods We used an innovative combination of methods and data sources. We analysed share-ownership in 40 selected corporations across 10 major health-harming commodity industries. We then examined the voting behaviour of the Big Three with respect to 61 proposals put to vote at the 2024 shareholder meetings of these corporations (28/40). These proposals related to public health, social and environmental issues, as well as shareholder payouts and political lobbying and expenditure. Following this, we explored key characteristics of the ‘environmental, social, and governance’ (ESG) funds marketed by the Big Three. Results The Big Three were the most prominent shareholders across the selected corporations. In 2024, the Big Three overwhelmingly voted against proposals calling for the incorporation of social and environmental objectives into the policies and strategies of these corporations, and invariably voted in favour of proposals seeking to boost shareholder payouts and authorise political activities. The majority (54/73) of the Big Three’s identified ESG funds included one or more of the identified corporations, despite their well-documented health-harming products and practices. Conclusions The Big Three appear to be reinforcing shareholder primacy in health-harming commodity industries, including by undermining many shareholder-led social and environmental initiatives, which risks perpetuating widespread health inequities. States need to take greater action to address industrial epidemics, including through regulating private finance in ways that prioritise health, equity, and sustainability.

احمد محمد عبد الرحمن العايدى

تتناول هذه الدراسة تحليل التطبيق الإيديولوجي الناصري علي إدارة حرب الخامس من يونيو عام 1967 من الناحية السياسية، وذلك عن طريق؛ تحليل طبيعة الأيديولوجية الناصرية للحرب مع اسرائيل، وتفسير الإدارة الناصرية لحرب الخامس من يونيو عام 1967، وتقييم الإدارة الناصرية للحرب في ضوء تلك الأيديولوجية، والرؤية المستقبلية لأيديولوجية إدارة حروب جديدة.وانطلاقاً من ذلك قام الباحث بتقسيم الدراسة إلى ثلاثة مباحث متكاملة على النحو التالي:المبحث الأول بعنوان؛ الأيديولوجية الناصرية في إدارة الحروب العربية الإسرائيلية؛ ويختص هذا المبحث بتحليل ماهية الأيديولوجية الناصرية ، وجوهر الرؤية الناصرية في إدارة الحرب وصولاً إلي الأوضاع التي مرت بها الدولة المصرية قبل إندلاع الحرب . أما المبحث الثاني بعنوان؛ التطبيق الأيديولوجي الناصري علي ادارة حرب الخامس من يونيو عام 1967، ويعالج هذا المبحث تطور الأحداث السياسية وصولاً إلي اندلاع الحرب، وكيفة تمت ادارتها وأهم نتائجها. والمبحث الثالث بعنوان؛ تقييم استخدام الأيديولوجية الناصرية في إدارة الحرب، ويتناول هذا المبحث تقييم إدارة الحرب من الناحية السياسية طبقاً للتطبيق الأيديولوجي الناصري، والرؤية المستقلبلية لأيديولوجية الحروب المصرية الإسرائيلية.

Bartosz Namieciński, Dominika Trzeszczoń

As of 1 January 2007, the tonnage tax was introduced in the Republic of Poland. This tax, as an instrument of state policy, was intended to restore the comparability of the tax burden on shipowners in Poland with the tax burden in countries with so-called “flags of convenience.” As a result, the purpose of introducing this regulation was to bring EU shipowners’ vessels back under national flags, and consequently, to increase state budget revenues from this source. Over 18 years have passed since then, making it necessary to verify the achievement of these goals. During the research, the hypothesis was formulated that the tonnage tax has a limited fiscal significance for the state budget, although as a public levy, it primarily serves a fiscal function. Four research questions were formulated to verify the hypothesis. The study initially focused on discussing the structure of the tonnage tax. In this context, attention was given to the subject and object of taxation, as well as the tax base and rates. A significant portion of the analysis was dedicated to presenting the principles governing the calculation and collection of the tax. Next, the fiscal significance of this public levy for the state budget was examined from the perspective of eighteen years of its operation. This assessment focused on the revenue generated from the collection of the tonnage tax, which served as a basis for conclusions regarding the justification of its continued application. The main research method used in this study was the dogmaticlegal and formalanalytical methods. Additionally, the historical-legal method was also used. In the dogmatic-legal method, normative legal sources, including Polish legislation, were analyzed. The study also relied on the contributions of doctrine. Within the research using the analytical-formal method, financial data regarding the tonnage tax provided by the Ministry of Finance were verified. This data was taken from both annual reports on the execution of the state budget and those obtained through a public access to information request. The analysis concludes with a summary and the formulation of de lege ferenda conclusions.

Franziska Henkel, Alena Fischer, Carsten Sommer

The aim of the mobility transition is to significantly transform the transport system from both an ecological and a social point of view and thus to make it ecologically and socially just. Everyone and especially vulnerable groups, such as people on low incomes, should benefit from the mobility transition. Despite very limited financial resources, people often finance a private car and save money in other relevant areas of their life, such as food. Switching to cost-effective sustainable transport systems would therefore have a high individual benefit for people at risk of poverty in addition to the social benefit. Two quantitative surveys with achieved sample sizes of 1031 participants and 420 participants were conducted in the Hanover Region in order to analyse the barriers to using sustainable transport systems by people at risk of poverty. The key results show that these barriers differ greatly between different groups of people and different types of households. The barriers to using public transport are significantly higher in households with children at risk of poverty than in other households at risk of poverty. The attitude of people at risk of poverty towards public transport is worse than towards driving, cycling and walking. This is why public transport is not their preferred means of transport. Regarding the use of bicycles, the main barriers for people at risk of poverty are skills and resources rather than their attitude towards cycling.

Guangchuan Zhao, Guangchuan Zhao, Guangchuan Zhao et al.

ObjectiveThis study examines the long-term effects of the send-down movement on the cognitive ability of rural older adults in China, focusing on how early-life exposure to human capital interventions shapes late-life cognitive trajectories.MethodsLeveraging four waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, 2011–2018), we employ a cohort difference-in-differences (cohort DID) design to compare cognitive outcomes between rural residents exposed to send-down youths (SDYs) during childhood and non-exposed cohorts. Mechanisms are analyzed through a multi-mediation framework integrating educational attainment, non-agricultural work, social engagement, and fertility behaviors.ResultsThe analysis demonstrates that exposure to SDYs significantly enhanced cognitive ability among rural older adults, resulting in a 0.857-point increase in cognitive ability score, a 4.33 percentage-point reduction in cognitive decline, and a 6.76 percentage-point decrease in cognitive impairment incidence. Mechanism analysis reveals that exposure to SDYs primarily influenced late-life cognitive ability through four pathways: improving rural children's educational attainment, increasing their probability of obtaining non-agricultural work, enhancing social engagement, and reducing fertility rates.ConclusionThe send-down movement positively influenced the cognitive health of rural older adults, underscoring the enduring impact of childhood access to educational resources on cognitive ability throughout the life course. Policy initiatives integrating early-life education with adult opportunity structures could yield compounded cognitive dividends, particularly in resource-limited rural settings.

Serap Püren

Tax amnesty, which is not regulated in the Tax Procedure Law, has been implemented from time to time since 1924. Tax amnesty, which is seen as an urgent source of income for governments, can have positive or negative consequences for taxpayers. It is understood from the literature that the opinions on tax amnesty practices are divided into two as positive and negative and that there is no full consensus on the subject. The study aims to concretize the theory with a qualitative analysis of the participant opinions covering five different types of taxpayers subject to income tax. For this purpose, content analysis was used in the qualitative study and for this analysis, semi-structured interviews were conducted with five groups of taxpayers subject to income tax (commercial, agricultural, self-employment income, real estate capital income, wage earners) and the results were analyzed with the QSR Nvivo program. Although the analysis results do not present surprising results, they concretely reveal the opinions of income taxpayers on tax amnesty through direct quotations. The results showed that tax amnesties frequently implemented by governments cause taxpayers to expect a new amnesty and cause tax compliance to deteriorate, and are perceived as unfair and unjust by taxpayers who fulfill their tax obligations. In this sense, it was revealed from the qualitative analysis results that taxpayer opinions support the negative view in the theory and literature on tax amnesty practices, but they may accept tax amnesty to revive the economy during or after economic, political or financial crises. In addition to contributing to the literature by focusing on taxpayer opinions in order to concretize the views in the theory and literature on tax amnesty, the qualitative study also draws attention to the need for tax policies to be implemented for a more equitable application of tax amnesties perceived as unjust and offers suggestions.

Yongjun Liu, Yuqing Xu, Xiaoxing Li et al.

Abstract The goal of this study was to use a new interpretable machine-learning framework based on max-logistic competing risk factor models to identify a parsimonious set of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that play a pivotal role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Transcriptome data from nine public datasets were analyzed, and a new Chinese cohort was collected to validate the findings. The study discovered a set of four critical DEGs - CXCL8, PSMC2, APP, and SLC20A1 - that exhibit the highest accuracy in detecting CRC in diverse populations and ethnicities. Notably, PSMC2 and CXCL8 appear to play a central role in CRC, and CXCL8 alone could potentially serve as an early-stage marker for CRC. This work represents a pioneering effort in applying the max-logistic competing risk factor model to identify critical genes for human malignancies, and the interpretability and reproducibility of the results across diverse populations suggests that the four DEGs identified can provide a comprehensive description of the transcriptomic features of CRC. The practical implications of this research include the potential for personalized risk assessment and precision diagnosis and tailored treatment plans for patients.

Alexander Chantilas, Ahmed Rachid El-Khattabi, Emily Gvino et al.

Current approaches to flood management are increasingly insufficient to deal with intensifying flood trends. In this paper, we define and map out the responsibilities and relationships of local, state, and federal governing entities at various levels. We use these relationships to identify gaps in governance needed to address the high financial, human, and infrastructure costs of flooding. This paper offers a description of current flood policies and provides recommendations for innovations in policy solutions to improve governance gaps. We identify three themes from the literature on intergovernmental relations and flood governance: (1) intergovernmental relations (interlinkages and gaps) for flood governance; (2) risks inherent to flood governance (financial, physical, social and individual, and perception of risk); (3) data adequacy and interoperability.

Omidali Parsa, Farhad Ghaffari, Farhad Dejpasand

Mechanism design theory is the art of designing and guaranteeing a set of political and ‎motivational rules in the interaction environment which, by creating the necessary and sufficient ‎internal motivation in the agents, coordinates their behaviors in such a way that simultaneously realizes the ‎individual goals and interests of the agents, and also the collective results desired by the policymakers and ‎planners. This research aims to design efficient and incentive-compatible mechanisms of self-regulation in the ‎income-expenditure system of the provinces, to concurrently maximize the incentive to ‎collect provincial public revenues and reduce provincial imbalances. The library method, in the form of ‎studying the existing laws and regulations, and documents, was used to collect data and information for ‎‎2022, and were analyzed in accordance with the approach of mechanism design theory. The findings of the ‎present study show that by creating a complete and guaranteed dependence between the expression ‎and collection of provincial public revenues with the amount of allocation of credits for the ‎acquisition of provincial capital assets, and also the restoration of other provincial spending credits ‎and the acquisition of capital assets, sufficient internal motivation in the provinces can be created. Such informed motivation maximizes the province's income and credit and realizes the provincial ‎balances so that in the first year of implementation, at least 100 Hemats (thousand billion Rials) will ‎be added to the country's general income in addition to the usual process.

Chengxiao Yang, Kunchen Xiao, Yujia Ao et al.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the leading mental disorder and afflicts more than 350 million people worldwide. The underlying neural mechanisms of MDD remain unclear, hindering the accurate treatment. Recent brain imaging studies have observed functional abnormalities in multiple brain regions in patients with MDD, identifying core brain regions is the key to locating potential therapeutic targets for MDD. The Granger causality analysis (GCA) measures directional effects between brain regions and, therefore, can track causal hubs as potential intervention targets for MDD. We reviewed literature employing GCA to investigate abnormal brain connections in patients with MDD. The total degree of effective connections in the thalamus (THA) is more than twice that in traditional targets such as the superior frontal gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex. Altered causal connections in patients with MDD mainly included enhanced bottom-up connections from the thalamus to various cortical and subcortical regions and reduced top-down connections from these regions to the THA, indicating excessive uplink sensory information and insufficient downlink suppression information for negative emotions. We suggest that the thalamus is the most crucial causal hub for MDD, which may serve as the downstream target for non-invasive brain stimulation and medication approaches in MDD treatment.

Keiko Marshall, Philippa Beaden, Hammad Durrani et al.

Purpose Conduct six systematic reviews investigating for-profit private sector roles in NCD prevention and management in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) through our a priori framework’s pillars. Methods Six systematic reviews and thematic syntheses were performed between March-August 2021, Six databases, websites of relevant organizations, and references lists of included studies were comprehensively searched. Studies published in English from 2000 onwards involving the pillar of interest, for-profit private sector, NCD prevention/management, and LMIC context were included. Results were synthesized using an inductive thematic synthesis approach. Results Ultimately, 25 articles were included in the PPP review, 33 in Governance and Policy, 22 in Healthcare Provision, 15 in Innovation, 14 in Knowledge Educator, and 42 in Investment and Finance. The following themes emerged: PPPs (coordination; financial resources; provision; health promotion; capacity building; innovation; policy); Governance/Policy (lobbying; industry perception; regulation); Healthcare Provision (diagnosis/treatment; infrastructure; availability/accessibility/affordability); Innovation (product innovation; process innovation; marketing innovation; research; innovation dissemination); Knowledge Educator (training; health promotion; industry framework/guideline formation); Investment and Finance (treatment cost; regulation; private insurance; subsidization; direct investment; collaborative financing; innovative financing; research). Conclusion These findings will be instrumental for LMICs considering private sector engagement. Potential conflicts of interest must be considered when implementing private sector involvement.

Liudmyla Saher, Ihor Vakulenko, Kateryna Shevchenko et al.

The article provides a bibliometric analysis of existing publications on the market participants' behavior(manufacturers, trading companies, and other intermediaries and consumers). The basis for the study is the Scopus database, which presents publications on this topic for over thirty years. The article aims to study the research directions on behavioral models of economic entities and the factors that influence their formation. Such analysis can be used to determine the place of behavioral economics in the system of modern views of economists on its impact on the further global development of the economic system. By selecting the most relevant articles on the economic behavior of market participants in the context of an inclusive economy, 1198 scientific articles were selected, published in periodicals from 1989 to 2021. The clustering and retrospective analysis were chosen as a methodological study tool, performed using VOSviewer 1.6.16 software. It made it possible to obtain a clear visualization of research clusters on economic entities' behavioral aspects, including individual periods of the enormous publication activity from 2011 to 2021. In addition, the article identifies the largest regional research networks of behavioral models in an inclusive economy. Based on the analysis of the scientific publications from the Scopus database, three periods of research on the behavioral aspects of economic entities were identified. The study of the first stage focused on e-commerce development as a significant factor in market changes, accompanied by the transition of competition from local to global. The next phase of the economic behavior study was accompanied by the sustainable development concept and changes in consumer values, which influenced the choice of suppliers and service providers and the growing importance of decision criteria that previously could not be considered purely economic. Considerable attention in this period of publishing activity was paid to social responsibility and sustainable consumption. The last research defined in the article stages is aimed at using modern research methods and information technologies for a deeper analysis of the subject area. It makes it possible to identify relevant factors influencing the formation of economic entities' behavior patterns, which could not be determined before.

بسمة أحمد عبد الحافظ محمد يعقوب

نظرًا لأهمية التعليم الجامعى کرکيزة أساسية في تحقيق التنمية المستدامة، وبالإستناد على نظرية التناقضات التنظيمية، استهدف الباحثون قياس تأثير البراعة التنظيمية على استدامة الجامعات المصرية بالتطبيق على جامعتي القاهرة والأسکندرية کجامعتين مستدامتين طبقًا للتصنيفات العالمية للجامعات المستدامة عن عام 2021م، وبتحليل بيانات عدد (279) استمارة استقصاء صالحة للتحليل عن عينة عشوائية بسيطة من أعضاء هيئة تدريس وحصر شامل للقيادات الإدارية، توصل الباحثون إلى عدة نتائج کان أهمها وجود تأثير مباشر معنوى إيجابي للبراعة التنظيمية على استدامة الجامعات محل البحث، حيث بلغت قوة تأثيرها نسبة (%90) وهى نسبة عالية، وعلى مستوى قياس تأثير الأبعاد الفرعية، حقق البُعد الجمعى للبراعة التأثير الأکبر على بُعد الاستدامة السياسية وبلغت قوة تأثيره نسبة(%80)، بينما شغل بُعد توازن البراعة المرتبة الأخيرة في التأثير ممثلة في تأثيره على البُعد الاجتماعى للاستدامة بنسبة .(%9) کما تمثلت أهم توصيات البحث: أنه يجب على الجامعات التي تطمح تحقيق أهداف الاستدامة بها، أن تستخدم البراعة التنظيمية کمنهج إدارى ملائم لتحقيق ذلک.

Gang Kou

Michał Ostrowski

The aim of the article is to analyse the changes made to the structure of the stabilizing expenditure rule in 2020 and to outline their impact on the shape of this rule in 2020–2021. These assumptions are followed by analyses of legal acts that introduce the key modifications. Subsequently, the changes are thoroughly analysed, both in terms of the form of their introduction and the impact on the regulation of Art. 112aa of the Public Finance Act. The further part of the work describes the impact of the amendment on the shape of the stabilizing expenditure rule in the years 2020–2021. The study closes with an assessment of the modifications discussed.