Abstract Open Science is a disruptive phenomenon that is emerging around the world and especially in Europe. Open Science brings about socio-cultural and technological change, based on openness and connectivity, on how research is designed, performed, captured, and assessed. Several studies show that there is a lack of awareness about what Open Science is, mainly due to the fact that there is no formal definition of Open Science. The purpose of this paper is to build a rigorous, integrated, and up-to-date definition of the Open Science phenomenon through a systematic literature review. The resulting definition “Open Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks” helps the scientific community, the business world, political actors, and citizens to have a common and clear understanding about what Open Science is, and stimulates an open debate about the social, economic, and human added value of this phenomenon.
Populism is on the rise in many countries. Scholars have stated that it is characteristic for political populism to describe society as a fundamental struggle between an allegedly virtuous people and political elites which are portrayed negatively. This anti-elitist sentiment not only targets politicians, however, but also other representatives of the alleged establishment—including scientists and scholarly institutions. But the specifics of such science-related populism have not yet been conceptualized. We aim to do so, integrating scholarship on political populism, the “participatory turn,” and alternative epistemologies. We propose to conceptualize science-related populism as a set of ideas which suggests that there is a morally charged antagonism between an (allegedly) virtuous ordinary people and an (allegedly) unvirtuous academic elite, and that this antagonism is due to the elite illegitimately claiming and the people legitimately demanding both science-related decision-making sovereignty and truth-speaking sovereignty.
Since the late twentieth century, “citizen science” has become an increasingly fashionable label for a growing number of participatory research activities. This paper situates the origins and rise of the term “citizen science” and contextualises “citizen science” within the broader history of public participation in science. It analyses critically the current promises — democratisation, education, discoveries — emerging within the “citizen science” discourse and offers a new framework to better understand the diversity of epistemic practices involved in these participatory projects. Finally, it maps a number of historical, political, and social questions for future research in the critical studies of “citizen science”.
DOMINIK LASOK, POLISH-BRITISH LAWYER AND PHILOSOPHER: LIFE, WORKS AND IDEAS
This article presents the life and ideas of Dominik Lasok, a Polish-British lawyer and philosopher. Born in Silesia to a Polish family, he took part in the Second World War. After studying law in Switzerland, he made his home in the UK and became widely known as an authority in European law. He was known for his remarkable enthusiasm for teaching and his unwavering belief in the value of international legal cooperation. His output as an author was exceptionally rich. He wrote more than a dozen books and at least 160 scholarly articles on a variety of subjects - most notably on European law and family law. Dominik Lasok also had invaluable achievements in promoting Polish law abroad. The article emphasizes his accomplishments, such as founding England’s first European Law Centre. Furthermore, his views on the EU as a distinct entity and his emphasis on the ethical dimension of law, especially Christian ethics, are highlighted.
In recent years, there has been an increase in research on Confucian political thought and its influence on East Asia. Recent contributions to the scholarship have explored its fundamental philosophies and ethical principles, highlighting their enduring influence on socio-political thought and raising critical perspectives and questions, such as: Is it possible to create a Confucian democracy? How can a country wage war if Confucianism ultimately advocates peace and harmony due to its moralistic governance? Furthermore, what exactly does an international perspective on the world entail when viewed through a Confucian lens? This article aims to clarify the role of Confucianism in contemporary thought and its persistent impact on modern ethical structures and models of governance. It reviews contemporary ideas related to Confucian principles and encourages further research on their adaptation to address the moral and social challenges of today’s globalized world.
The causal relationship between human interference in both climate change and decrease in biodiversity is unquestionable. This fact supports the need to act effectively against those illegal activities affecting wildlife. Hungary is also involved in wildlife crimes, but there is a noticeable deficit in the processes of uncovering these actions, gathering proof and punishing those responsible. In this study the Authors examine what role forensics may play in the fight against wildlife crime.
Aim: Present the characteristics of wildlife crimes and outline the main features of wildlife forensics.
Methodology: The current national and international legal background and norms and guidelines for professional conduct are surveyed. The Authors also reviewed the most important relevant Hungarian and international scientific literature.
Findings: One of the most important and vital tasks of modern civilization is the preservation and protection of the environment – with an emphasis on life on Earth. As part of this process there is a place for law enforcement to detect, punish and prevent further criminal activity connected with illegal activities involving wildlife. In Hungary the major barriers to effective punishment of those responsible for wildlife crimes are primarily: the lack of forensic technicians with sufficient specialized knowledge and practice; missing specialized standard operational protocols; insufficient knowledge of biology within law enforcement; insufficient funding of non-human genetic laboratories and the lack of adequate non-human (genetic) databases.
Value: For the first time in Hungary, the Authors outline the basic characteristics of wildlife forensics.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
This study aims to analyze the comparison of the resilience of Islamic and conventional banking in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Comparison of banking resilience was proxied by the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) and Loan-to-Deposit Ratio (LDR) factors, Return on Assets (ROA) and Non-Performing Loans (NPL) with the Multiple Discriminant Analysis test. In this case, the emphasis is placed on the patterns by which Islamic and conventional banking in ASEAN weathered the recent financial crisis during the COVID-19 pandemic. The explanatory and quantitative analysis also used a purposive sample strategy and SPSS to obtain and analyze data from 120-unit analyses of Islamic and conventional banks, respectively. From 2020 to 2021, traditional banks in the ASEAN region, especially in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei Darussalam, were emphasized. Moreover, some data were prioritized regarding the Comparison of Resilience of Sharia and Conventional Banking in ASEAN after the COVID-19 pandemic. The results showed that conventional and Islamic banks had different resilience due to the influence of Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) and Loan-to-Deposit Ratio (LDR) factors, but there was no significant difference in the Return on Assets (ROA) and Non-Performing Loans (NPL). Based on the accuracy of the average prediction of 80%, conventional and Islamic bank groups had classification values of 48% and 88%, respectively. This indicated that Islamic financial institutions were more successful than conventional groups in implementing banking resilience.