Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

Amina Mohammad Mahmoud

تناولت هذه الدّراسة منهج نحاة بغداد في الدراسات النحوية بعد نشر المدرستين البصرية والكوفية لمذهبيهما في بغداد، وتبع ذلك ظهور ثلاث فئات من العلماء في بغداد: فئة مالت إلى النحو البصري، وفئة مالت إلى النحو الكوفي، وفئة ثالثة خلطت بين المذهبين وابتكرت آراء نحوية جديدة وشكلت مذهبًا أو مدرسة مستقلة في النحو العربي، لكنّ الباحثين اختلفوا في وجود مدرسة نحوية في بغداد فمنهم من أنكر ذلك، ومنهم من أثبت وجود مدرسة نحوية في بغداد سميت بالمدرسة البغدادية، وقد جمعت الباحثة آراء الباحثين المعاصرين في الدراسات النحوية في بغداد، وقسمت البحث إلى مقدمة وتمهيد عن مصطلح المدرسة النحوية، وثلاثة مباحث، المبحث الأول: تناولت فيه انتقال النحو لبغداد، وعرضت في المبحث الثاني آراء الباحثين المعاصرين في الدراسات النحوية في بغداد، وتعرضت في المبحث الثالث لمنهج نحاة بغداد ومساهماتهم، وتوصلت إلى أن المذهب النحوي هو تسمية المتقدمين، والمدرسة النحوية هي تسمية المعاصرين، كما  توصل إلى أن المذهب والمدرسة بمعنى واحد، ولا توجد حواجز كبيرة بين المصطلحين إلا أن الغالب في عصرنا الحاضر استعمال مصطلح المدرسة. وقد صنّف النحويون البغداديون العديد من المصنفات في علم النحو وأصوله، وكذلك في علم الصرف؛ وهذه المصنفات المتنوعة أضافت للدرس النحوي والصرفي.

A. A. Iliukhov, Tatiana A. Pang

A unique Manchu-Chinese manuscript “The stories of one hundred and twenty old men” Emu tanggû orin sakda-i gisun sarkiyan is kept in the collection of the Institute of Oriental manuscripts. It is a rare sample of Manchu original literature that was compiled by a Mongol Sungyûn (Songyun 松筠) in 1790. The text was edited by Furentai, and in 1809 was translated into Chinese by a famous connoisseur of Manchu and Chinese literature Fugiyûn (Fujun 富俊). The bilingual manuscript from the IOM, RAS bears red personal seals of Fujun and the red seal of the printing house Shao-yi-tang 紹衣堂 that prove that the copy belonged to the translator. The text consists of 120 stories told by 120 old men. They mostly concern the life of simple Manchu bannermen, their everyday problems and financial difficulties often caused by Chinese merchants. The author solves them according to the Confucian moral teachings. Much attention is paid to training of the army and education. Descriptions of daily life in this work are of interest for historians, while its Manchu text is a good source for studies of Manchu original literature and language. The compilation history of “The stories of one hundred and twenty old men” is described in three prefaces to the manuscript. Their English translation, accompanied by a transcription of Chinese and a transliteration of Manchu originals, is given in this article.

Khoirurrijal Khoirurrijal

This study aimed to find and analyse stakeholders' perceptions regarding formulating the vision, mission, and objectives of the Postgraduate of Arabic Language Education Masters Program at IAIN Metro and its implications on curriculum development. This research was field research with a qualitative descriptive approach using observation, interview and documentation techniques. The results of the study show that: (a) The scope of the vision is not only at the regional and national levels but also international; (b) The language of the mission should be formulated operationally so that it can be immediately understood and implemented without further guesswork; (c) Vision to accommodate technological developments; (d) To place faith and piety at the beginning of the vision and be actualised in the mission; (e) The implication of the formulation of the vision, mission and objectives on curriculum development is that the content of the material in the curriculum already represents the vision.

Kristine Kostikyan

Kalāntars were the high officials of Şafavid, Afshārid and Qājār administration of towns, who managed the affairs referring to handicraft production and trade there. During the predominance of the Iranian states of the period the towns of Transcaucasia had kalāntars, and more often Armenian kalāntars were at the head of the towns, where Armenians formed the majority of the urban population. Armenian kalāntars were usually the representatives of local elite families of eminent melik‘s and merchants. The research on the topic has helped reveal the names of a few Armenian kalāntars in Agulis, Zagam, Loři, Erevan, Barda and Tiflis, also trace some peculiarities in the functions of this official in the region. The kalāntars of the mentioned towns usually managed the affairs of not only the town, but also those of the surrounding villages, since handicrafts and trade were among the main occupations of the inhabitants of many Armenian villages. The next peculiarity of office in the regions is the frequent cases of transmission of the post from father to son.

Bayan Al-Dahiyat, Ahmad Y. Majdoubeh

This article aims at showing how the poetry of Joy Harjo and Saadi Youssef becomes the imagined geography of the Muscogee (Creek) nation and Iraq respectively. Despite the different contexts of struggle, both poets depict a national community through imagining a decolonized geographical space where intellectuals and poetry act as witnesses to defy the colonial erasure of memory. This article will attempt to highlight certain intellectual and literary texts that take active part in imagining and presenting an anti-colonial counter discourse that would lead to a new understanding of national identity and nation. It will rely on Bill Ashcroft’s theory of Postcolonial Utopianism and building imagined homelands as well as Benedict Anderson’s concept of imagined communities. Representative poems from the two poets, Joy Harjo and Saadi Youssef, will be examined in order to shed light on the theoretical and imaginative creation of nations.

Vanchikova Tsymzhit P., Ayusheeva Marina V.

Introduction. The article reviews the Chronicle of Rabzha Sanzhiev dealing with the history of Khori Buryats, written in Classical Mongolian, and housed at the Center of Oriental Manuscripts and Xylographs (IMBT SB RAS). Goals. The article attempts a source analysis into a history (historical accounts) of Buddhism from the Chronicle of Khori Buryats to be newly introduced into scientific circulation. Materials and methods. The study investigates a voluminous work by R. Sanzhiev that can be considered a continuation of the Chronicle of Shirab-Nimbu Khobituev written in 1887. Our analysis employs both a descriptive/narrative approach and the comparative historical method that make it possible to examine R. Sanzhiev’s Chronicle and other Buryat historical accounts in interrelation. Results. The Chronicle of Khori Buryats by R. Sanzhiev follows the traditions of Buryat chronicle-writing, contains new data, and is rich in factual material, in particular relating to the history of Buryat Buddhism missing in earlier texts. Messages on the history of Buddhism have been divided into three groups: history of persons, history of temples and religious objects, and history of corresponding traditions. It should be noted that such a division is conditional enough, since one and the same fragment can actually cluster within more than one group. Conclusions. The paper reveals the author did add a wide range of diverse archival and documentary materials to significantly expand the history of Aga Buryats and the history of how Buddhism had been disseminated within this Buryat ethnic group. Furthermore, R. Sanzhiev included messages about most significant late nineteenth to early twentieth century events in Russia and the world, and explained how the latter influenced the then life of Khori Buryats.

Pınar Kaya Tan

İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil’de Selçuklular, Çeviri, Notlar ve Açıklamalar: Abdülkerim Özaydın, Bilge Kültür Sanat, İstanbul, 2022. ISBN: 978- 625-7201-53-7

Irina K. Pavlova

The article is dedicated to the memory of A.N. Boldyrev (19091993) an outstanding Iranologist of the 20th century, a subtle connoisseur of the Persian language, a talented philologist and a brilliant translator. On June 4, 2023, 30 years will have passed after his death. His name remains important for many Iranologists both in Russia and abroad. The study of Persian literature became a part and meaning of Boldyrevs life. Until now, his scholarly works, published in the second half of the 20th century, remain in demand and use by modern researchers. The article is based on the materials of the Archive of Orientalists of the Institute of the Oriental Manuscripts, RAS, and on A.N. Boldyrevs Leningrad siege (19411944) recordings. The facts of his life once again emphasize the significance of Boldyrevs personality and his dedication to science.

Xiaoyu Wang

Ancient Chinese myths are the source of Chinese culture, contain the emotions and thoughts shared by the Chinese nation, and embody the spiritual soul of the Chinese nation. Ancient Chinese mythology is deeply rooted in China's long-standing cultural soil. It is a unique myth that grew up in China, and it permeates the light of oriental wisdom. Purposefully and selectively inheriting the precious spiritual cultural heritage in mythology has positive practical significance for us. The content of ancient Chinese myths is rich and allencompassing. The main feature is that it advocates reason and morality, and emphasizes ethics. It conveys the spirit of dedication, fighting and struggle of the primitive people in the confrontation with the natural and social environment. This kind of spirit allows people to draw strength and courage from it, so that human beings can go through all kinds of difficulties and come to today with a smile. This paper mainly uses the method of literature analysis to excavate and sort out the salient features of the concept of rationality in ancient Chinese mythology, try to judge and reflect on ancient mythology with today's value and vision, and provide theoretical and practical support for the promotion of our country's traditional culture and national spirit and historical references.

Vladimir T. Tepkeev

Introduction. The article scrutinizes the 1727 Kalmyk-Kuban contacts and — within the latter — the role of the rebellious Sultan Bahti Giray of Kuban to have dramatically destabilized the Russian-Ottoman steppe frontier. The recent years witness an increasing interest in Bahti Giray’s biography examined in a series of special publications. Goals. The paper aims to introduce some newly discovered data on Kalmyk-Kuban relations. Materials. The work focuses on materials from the National Archive of Kalmykia to have collected unique documents of correspondence between Kalmyk princes and South Russian authorities, as well as secret eyewitness reports on Kalmyk-Kuban contacts. Results. The article provides a detailed historical review of Kalmyk-Kuban relations as of 1727. Conclusions. In 1726–1727, Bahti Giray — after a number of misfortunes — joined another struggle for power in Kuban with the military aid of the Kalmyks. Kalmyk leaders were eager to seize the opportunity for minimizing any threats from Kuban rather than for regaining control over Yedisan and Jamboiluk Nogais. So, those were common military and political interests that brought Bahti Giray and Kalmyk chieftains together. Meanwhile, the Russian Government was worried enough by the tense situation in the Russian-Turkish frontier and sought for various means to neutralize the rebellious sultan — from political murder to proclamation of a protectorate, the latter having been welcomed by both the sultan himself and most Kalmyk princes that took an active part in the negotiation process. However, Colonel V. Beklemishev who was acting as Russia’s chief representative throughout the negotiations did fear the two parties may have initiated a political imitation but had no efficient levers to influence the situation and cancel the forthcoming Kuban campaign.

Esad Duraković

A relatively large number of writers in Arabic, Turkish and Persian came from Bosnia during the Ottoman period. This part of our cultural heritage has been quite extensively studied as the legacy of oriental languages, usually applying the methods of classic philology, without entering into the question of the value of the works. Scholars cannot agree whetherthey belong to the Ottoman or the Bosniac literary heritage; the argument is dominated by ethnocentric criteria, as they view the works from today’s standpoint, disregarding the standards of the time in which they were produced. However, this paper demonstrates that projecting our present-day standards back onto a different past is academically questionable. During the Ottoman period, literary writing was markedly polycentric, evolving in a system that was strikingly supranational and cross-cultural. A positivist approach to the heritage can neither determine nor explain these facts, which come fully into their own in poetological and cross-cultural studies. The writers of that time did not aspire to originality or to promoting distinctivenational characteristics, but were fully aware, as they composed their works, that they were doing so in the context of “the poetics of sameness,” or inductive poetics, in which tradition is affirmed as a supranational value system. As a result, the poetics of sameness may also be formulated as the poetics of intertextuality and citation, with all their subtypes. Our public still lacks proper studies of that kind; rather, the idea of ethnocentricity as diversity is still in favour, contrary to theundeniable poetological arguments in the approach to this literary legacy.

A. Navruzov

History of the Muslim enlightenment in the North Caucasus of the first third of the 20th century in Dagestan historiography is a poorly-studied subject: the works of the reformers-educators in Arabic and other oriental languages are practically not introduced or interpreted. In attempt to close the gap in modern literature, the author of the article analyzes the journalistic heritage of the Dagestan reformers-educators on the “women’s issue”, published in the newspaper “Jaridat Dagistan” (1913-1918). The analyzed sources allow to trace the evolution of views of the reformers themselves on the “women’s issue”, as well as the full picture of emancipation of the Dagestan women in pre-Soviet and early Soviet periods – from the oppressed, dependent position, deprived of basic rights in the family and society – to gaining equal rights with men, realizing the right to education, obtaining a profession, voting rights, etc. The Dagestan reformers-enlighteners accepted the Soviet power and worked on their concept of building a new Muslim society, in which a mother was put in the center. They were tolerant towards other confessions, and considered Sharia a self-sufficient basis for their development and further integration into the Russian and global space. On issues such as the training and education of women, recruitment to the civil service, the position of women in society and participation in public and political life, we see a departure from the traditional point of view of the reformers. Due to their active work, many issues of the emancipation of the Dagestan woman were resolved. However, many of them (for example, the issue of women’s Muslim education and upbringing, professional training, participation in public life, etc.) are quite relevant in current times.

I. Chikalova

Persia during the 19th — early 20th century was studied comprehensively, the interests of Iranianists included issues of the Persian language and its dialects, geography, history, literature, culture, traditions and way of life, economy, the country's defense capability, its place in the geopolitical struggle of the Russian and British empires. A certain role in the study of the country was played by the Russian Geographical Society and the military departments of Russia. The Asian Museum at the Imperial Academy of Sciences, Kazan University, the Oriental Faculty of St. Petersburg University, the Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages in Moscow, the Educational Department of Oriental Languages at the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs were centers of oriental studies in Russia.

Y. Kuzmin, O. Polyanskaya

The purpose of the article is to describe the studying of the heritage and scientific biography of the prominent Russian mongolist A.M. Pozdneev (1851–1920), who started studying Mongolia in the period of Qing Empire. The text includes materials on studying process of the research heritage left by the scholar in Russia and presents the main results of his activity. The scientist and encyclopaedist wrote papers on all the areas of Mongolian Studies: history, folklore and literature, ethnography, history of religion, Tibetan medicine, history of science and others. He published 122 papers, including 17 monographs, the overall volume of which is about 400 printed pages. His papers are translated into European and Oriental languages. A significant number of his works remained in manuscripts. A.M. Pozdneev was a good organizer of educational and scientific affairs. He created and was the Rector of the Eastern Institute in Vladivostok from 1899 to 1903. Later he was appointed the Rector of Practical Eastern Academy in the Ministry of Education (a member at the Council of Ministers of National Education). The article determined the place of the Russian scholar in the national and world Mongolian Studies, the specific features of his scientific heritage as well as the need for its further research.

Madžida Mašić

A large number of “pen qasidas” (kaside-i kalemiyye) have been written in the rich tradition of divan literature. These are kasidas whose theme is “kalem” (the pen), or kasidas with the radif “kalem”. In this paper, we will present “Kalemiyye” written by Yusuf Asim, the poet from Sarajevo from the 17th century, that he dedicated to his contemporary, friend and poet Sabit Alauddin Užičanin. The poetry of Yusuf Asim is relatively unknown in previous studies of the literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina in oriental languages, so this work will be one of the first to present this poet and his work.

Jaloliddin Juraev

It is wel-known that during the reign of the Temurids many works on the theory of classical literature were written in the Persian and Turkic languages. Originally from Andijan, Yusuf Badii Andizhani’s “Tajnis ul-lug’at” is one of the scientific-theoretical books. This book devoted to the art of anthethesis is not yet fully known in science. The article provides the first information about the Persian dictionary of anthethesis, compiled by Badii in the fund of the Institute of Oriental Studies named after Abu Rayhan Beruni of the Republic of Uzbekistan of Academy of Sciences. It is called by different names because of the author does not indicate his name in the pages of the work. For this reason, the manuscripts of the dictionary include “Tajnisul-lug’at”, “Se lug’oti Badiiy”, “Qasida dar halli lug’ot”, “Salasa se lug’at”, “Manzum dar bayoni lug’ot”, “Nazmul-salosa fil-lug’ata”, ‘Nazmul - salasot”, and “Lug’ot”. And the more article provides information about manuscripts of this source. There are also translations of the work from Persian into Uzbek.

Kamilla Yusupova

The article is devoted to the topical issue of perception and compatibility of paronymic pairs among Greek students. In Greece, there are three departments of Slavic studies: the Department of Russian Language and Literature and Slavic Studies at the National and Kapodistrian University of the Athens, the Department of Languages, Literature and Culture of the Black Sea Countries of the Demokritus University of Thrace in Komotini and at the Department of Balkan Studies, Slavic and Oriental Studies of the University of Macedonia in Thessaloniki. Students study Russian, Bulgarian and other Slavic languages as foreign languages at these universities. Among the incoming students there are: Greeks (who do not know any Slavic language), who speak one of the Slavic languages (graduated from schools or other educational institutions in their countries) and bilinguals (who arrived or were born in Greece). The purpose of the study programs at these faculties is not only to teach students Russian as a foreign language, but also to give them a complete philological education. Despite the fact that there are quite a few dictionaries of paronyms, there is a lack of educational dictionaries, manuals and electronic resources in the Bulgarian and Russian languages for a foreign audience. Students have difficulties due to misunderstanding, the use of paronyms both in oral and written speech of the Russian and Bulgarian languages at advanced levels. Examples of paronyms with close-sounding semantic correspondences and differences in Russian, Bulgarian and Greek are given. When teaching a foreign language, one should take into account the linguistic and cultural characteristics of not only the native language of students, but also their knowledge of other languages in order to avoid interference. At the end of the article, methodological recommendations are given in the teaching of paronyms.

Arshad Mahmood Nashad

Marsia is a popular poetic genre of Oriental Literature. It has a unique place and importance. It has a very strong tradition in Arabic, Persian, Punjabi, Urdu and in other Muslim languages. Marsia began in the Deccan and later spread in Northern India but, the right opportunity for this genre to flourish was found in Lucknow in eighteenth century. Important poets of the first period of Marsia in Lucknow are Sikandar, Hydree, Afsurda, Gada and Ahsan. The present article deals with a rare diary of this very age and it includes the dominant Marsia poets of this era that make it very valuable. The article brings to light the condition of diary, orthography of the text and highlits its importance in the present age

A. Khisamutdinov, Liang Ying

The article reveals previously unknown facts about the sinologist Sergei Alexandrovich Polevoy (1886—1971), who became famous due to his scientific, pedagogical and social activities in China. Being a native of dynasty that gave the world talented literary critics, writers and journalists, Polevoy from his youth was passionate about literature and collecting books alongside learning about China. His first academic work, prepared as a graduation paper at the Oriental Institute (Vladivostok), was devoted to periodicals in China; and his unique library composed of literature in many languages originated from the books on Oriental studies and linguistics. Living in China since 1917, Polevoy was a professor at Nankai University in Tianjin (since 1918) and then Peking University (since 1921), where he taught Chinese students the Russian language and literature. Using the introduction to Russian culture and literature as a new method of teaching, he brought up some famous Chinese writers and translators. His bookstore, opened in Beijing and having contacts with the International Book Company in Moscow, became a cultural bridge between Russia and China. Using the bookstore, Polevoy supplied Chinese students with textbooks and Russian classical literature, replenished the department of Slavic literature at the Beijing National Library, distributed Marxist literature and helped Chinese communist leaders establish contacts with the USSR. The authors also report the facts on the biography of Polevoyʼs son, Leonid, thanks to whom the Oriental Institute of the Far Eastern Federal University (Vladivostok) received the manuscript of S. Polevoy’s English-Chinese dictionary and his other materials on oriental studies. Leonid also presented his father’s book collection to Irkutsk, and these books served as the basis of the Humanitarian Centre — Library named after the Polevoys’ family. The article is based on materials from the Polevoys’ family archives and other private collections abroad.

Upul Priyantha Gamage, Nipunika Dilani

The causes of language influence that come under contact linguistics is a topic of common interest among linguistic academics nowadays. Sinhala is the majority language in Sri Lanka that has evolved over 2000 years and during this long retro, it has had both oriental and occidental language influences while the major impact has received from western languages after colonising the country. This piece of research employed two primary data collection methods: participatory observation and chunk recordings while collecting secondary data from the previous literature. As the sampling strategy, we used convenient sampling and the analytical technique of data was content analysis. The main objective of conducting this research was to find out the exact causes of the English language influence on modern colloquial Sinhala over the last 200 years. The study has established the main causes of English language influence on modern colloquial Sinhala as linguistic and cultural hegemony, colonisation, American expansion, superiority of social class, globalisation, commercial, industrial and religious factors while language contact is recognised as an umbrella term for these root causes. In conclusion, there have been two broad directions of these causes of English language influence that had taken place. At the beginning of the colonial rule, it had become top-bottom and now it has transferred to bottom-up, and the influence of English in the modern period on Sinhala has become complementary and multidimensional while the political influence behind the process in its nature is soft and arbitrary.