Hasil untuk "Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases"

Christos T. Chasapis, Ariadni C. Loutsidou, C. Spiliopoulou et al.

O. Bessey, O. H. Lowry, M. J. Brock

The alkaline phosphatase of the serum increases early and markedly in rickets and returns completely to normal only after healing is complete. Because of this fact, serum phosphatase is the most satisfactory index now known for the detection of this deficiency. The phosphatase activity of serum is not strictly specific in this respect and has also proved clinically useful in a number of other pathological states; e.g., Paget’s disease, hyperparathyroidism, liver disease, etc. In connection wit.h nutritional studies on large groups of population, it became necessary to have a rapid method for the determination of this enzyme on small amounts of serum. By the use of a new substrate (pnitrophenyl phosphate) a method has been devised which requires only 5 c.mm. of serum (0.005 ml.) and which permits 50 to 100 analyses to be made in 2 hours. The simplicity and speed of the method recommend it for macroas well as microdeterminations and for either alkaline or acid phosphatase. A number of methods have been described for the determination of the phosphatase content of serum and other biological materials, all of which depend upon the principle of measuring the rate of hydrolysis of various phosphate esters under specified conditions of temperature and pH. The two most widely used methods are those of Bodansky (1) and King and Armstrong (2) in which glycerol phosphate and phenyl phosphate respectively are employed as substrates. While these methods are satisfactory for many uses, they are rather time-consuming when large numbers of determinations are needed; furthermore, they require larger samples of serum than is convenient for the purpose of dietary surveys. The substrate, p-nitrophenyl phosphate, was studied by King and Delory (3) and has been used for phosphatase estimations by Ohmori (4) and by Fujita (5). The compound is colorless, but upon splitting off the phosphate group, the yellow salt of p-nitrophenol is liberated (absorption maximum, 400 mp). Hence the substrate is itself an indicator of the amount of splitting and thus a measure of phosphatase activity. It is only necessary to incubate serum with the buffered reagent, stop the reaction

G. F. Combs

Lawrence C. Ngugi, Moataz Abelwahab, M. Abo-Zahhad

Abstract Fast and accurate plant disease detection is critical to increasing agricultural productivity in a sustainable way. Traditionally, human experts have been relied upon to diagnose anomalies in plants caused by diseases, pests, nutritional deficiencies or extreme weather. However, this is expensive, time consuming and in some cases impractical. To counter these challenges, research into the use of image processing techniques for plant disease recognition has become a hot research topic. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of recent studies carried out in the area of crop pest and disease recognition using image processing and machine learning techniques. We hope that this work will be a valuable resource for researchers in this area of crop pest and disease recognition using image processing techniques. In particular, we concentrate on the use of RGB images owing to the low cost and high availability of digital RGB cameras. We report that recent efforts have focused on the use of deep learning instead of training shallow classifiers using hand-crafted features. Researchers have reported high recognition accuracies on particular datasets but in many cases, the performance of those systems deteriorated significantly when tested on different datasets or in field conditions. Nevertheless, progress made so far has been encouraging. Experimental results showing the leaf disease recognition performance of ten CNN architectures in terms of recognition accuracy, recall, precision, specificity, F1-score, training duration and storage requirements are also presented. Subsequently, recommendations are made on the most suitable architectures to deploy in conventional as well as mobile/embedded computing environments. We also discuss some of the unresolved challenges that need to be addressed in order to develop practical automatic plant disease recognition systems for use in field conditions.

S. Lall, S. Kaushik

Simple Summary Our aim is to introduce the mineral nutrition of fish and explain the complexity of determining requirements for these elements, which are absorbed and excreted by the fish into the surrounding water. To date, only the requirements for nine minerals have been investigated. The review is focused on the absorption and the dietary factors that reduce their absorption from feed ingredients of plant and animal origin. Some diseases, such as cataracts, anemia and bone deformity, have been linked to dietary deficiency of minerals. Abstract Aquatic animals have unique physiological mechanisms to absorb and retain minerals from their diets and water. Research and development in the area of mineral nutrition of farmed fish and crustaceans have been relatively slow and major gaps exist in the knowledge of trace element requirements, physiological functions and bioavailability from feed ingredients. Quantitative dietary requirements have been reported for three macroelements (calcium, phosphorus and magnesium) and six trace minerals (zinc, iron, copper, manganese, iodine and selenium) for selected fish species. Mineral deficiency signs in fish include reduced bone mineralization, anorexia, lens cataracts (zinc), skeletal deformities (phosphorus, magnesium, zinc), fin erosion (copper, zinc), nephrocalcinosis (magnesium deficiency, selenium toxicity), thyroid hyperplasia (iodine), muscular dystrophy (selenium) and hypochromic microcytic anemia (iron). An excessive intake of minerals from either diet or gill uptake causes toxicity and therefore a fine balance between mineral deficiency and toxicity is vital for aquatic organisms to maintain their homeostasis, either through increased absorption or excretion. Release of minerals from uneaten or undigested feed and from urinary excretion can cause eutrophication of natural waters, which requires additional consideration in feed formulation. The current knowledge in mineral nutrition of fish is briefly reviewed.

R. Stauder, P. Valent, I. Theurl

D. Hoffman, T. Powell, E. Barrett et al.

Almost 2 billion adults in the world are overweight and more than half of them are classified as obese while nearly 1/3 of children globally experience poor growth and development. Given the vast amount of knowledge that has been gleaned from decades of research on growth and development, a number of questions remains as to why the world is now in the midst of a global epidemic of obesity accompanied by the "double burden of malnutrition" where overweight coexists with underweight and micronutrient deficiencies. This challenge to the human condition can be attributed to nutritional and environmental exposures during pregnancy that may program a fetus to have a higher risk of chronic diseases in adulthood. To explore this concept, frequently called the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) or metabolic diseases (DOMD), this review considers a host of factors and physiological mechanisms that drive a fetus or child towards a higher risk of obesity, fatty liver disease, hypertension, and/or type 2 diabetes (T2D). To that end, this review explores the epidemiology of DOHaD with discussions focused on adaptations to human energetics, placental developmental, dysmetabolism, and key environmental exposures that act to promote chronic diseases in adulthood. These areas are complementary and additive in understanding how providing the best conditions for optimal growth can create the best possible conditions for lifelong health. Moreover, understanding both physiological as well as epigenetic and molecular mechanisms for DOMD is vital to most fully address the global issues of obesity and other chronic diseases.

W. Craig, A. R. Mangels, Ujué Fresán et al.

Plant-based diets, defined here as including both vegan and lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets, are growing in popularity throughout the Western world for various reasons, including concerns for human health and the health of the planet. Plant-based diets are more environmentally sustainable than meat-based diets and have a reduced environmental impact, including producing lower levels of greenhouse gas emissions. Dietary guidelines are normally formulated to enhance the health of society, reduce the risk of chronic diseases, and prevent nutritional deficiencies. We reviewed the scientific data on plant-based diets to summarize their preventative and therapeutic role in cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and osteoporosis. Consuming plant-based diets is safe and effective for all stages of the life cycle, from pregnancy and lactation, to childhood, to old age. Plant-based diets, which are high in fiber and polyphenolics, are also associated with a diverse gut microbiota, producing metabolites that have anti-inflammatory functions that may help manage disease processes. Concerns about the adequate intake of a number of nutrients, including vitamin B12, calcium, vitamin D, iron, zinc, and omega-3 fats, are discussed. The use of fortified foods and/or supplements as well as appropriate food choices are outlined for each nutrient. Finally, guidelines are suggested for health professionals working with clients consuming plant-based diets.

Nejla Latic, R. Erben

Vitamin D deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency, affecting almost one billion people worldwide. Vitamin D is mostly known for its role in intestinal calcium absorption and bone mineralization. However, the observation of seasonal changes in blood pressure and the subsequent identification of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and 1α-hydroxylase in cardiomyocytes, as well as endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, implicated a role of vitamin D in the cardiovascular system. Animal studies provided compelling evidence that vitamin D signaling is essential for cardiovascular integrity, especially for the regulation of vascular tone and as an antifibrotic and antihypertrophic signaling pathway in the heart. In addition, observational studies reported an association between vitamin D deficiency and risk of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. However, recent clinical intervention studies failed to prove the causal relationship between vitamin D supplementation and beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. In this review, we aim to highlight our current understanding of the role of vitamin D in the cardiovascular system and to find potential explanations for the large discrepancies between the outcome of experimental studies and clinical intervention trials.

G. Jean, J. Souberbielle, C. Chazot

Vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) and insufficiency (20–29 ng/mL) are common among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or undergoing dialysis. In addition to nutritional and sunlight exposure deficits, factors that affect vitamin D deficiency include race, sex, age, obesity and impaired vitamin D synthesis and metabolism. Serum 1,25(OH)2D levels also decrease progressively because of 25(OH)D deficiency, together with impaired availability of 25(OH)D by renal proximal tubular cells, high fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 and decreased functional renal tissue. As in the general population, this condition is associated with increased morbidity and poor outcomes. Together with the progressive decline of serum calcitriol, vitamin D deficiency leads to secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) and its complications, tertiary hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia, which require surgical parathyroidectomy or calcimimetics. Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) and Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) experts have recognized that vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency should be avoided in CKD and dialysis patients by using supplementation to prevent SHPT. Many vitamin D supplementation regimens using either ergocalciferol or cholecalciferol daily, weekly or monthly have been reported. The benefit of native vitamin D supplementation remains debatable because observational studies suggest that vitamin D receptor activator (VDRA) use is associated with better outcomes and it is more efficient for decreasing the serum parathormone (PTH) levels. Vitamin D has pleiotropic effects on the immune, cardiovascular and neurological systems and on antineoplastic activity. Extra-renal organs possess the enzymatic capacity to convert 25(OH)D to 1,25(OH)2D. Despite many unanswered questions, much data support vitamin D use in renal patients. This article emphasizes the role of native vitamin D replacement during all-phases of CKD together with VDRA when SHPT persists.

John Rose, T. Weiser, P. Hider et al.

BACKGROUND Surgery is a foundational component of health-care systems. However, previous efforts to integrate surgical services into global health initiatives do not reflect the scope of surgical need and many health systems do not provide essential interventions. We estimate the minimum global volume of surgical need to address prevalent diseases in 21 epidemiological regions from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD). METHODS Prevalence data were obtained from GBD 2010 and organised into 119 disease states according to the WHO's Global Health Estimate (GHE). These data, representing 187 countries, were then apportioned into the 21 GBD epidemiological regions. Using previously defined values for the incident need for surgery for each of the 119 GHE disease states, we calculate minimum global need for surgery based on the prevalence of each condition in each region. FINDINGS We estimate that at least 321·5 million surgical procedures would be needed to address the burden of disease for a global population of 6·9 billion in 2010. Minimum rates of surgical need vary across regions, ranging from 3383 operations per 100 000 in central Latin America to 6495 operations per 100 000 in western sub-Saharan Africa. Global surgical need also varied across subcategories of disease, ranging from 131 412 procedures for nutritional deficiencies to 45·8 million procedures for unintentional injuries. INTERPRETATION The estimated need for surgical procedures worldwide is large and addresses a broad spectrum of disease states. Surgical need varies between regions of the world according to disease prevalence and many countries do not meet the basic needs of their populations. These estimates could be useful for policy makers, funders, and ministries of health as they consider how to incorporate surgical capacity into health systems. FUNDING US National Institutes of Health.

Yamamoto M, Yamamoto K, Takano-Ohmuro H et al.

Michiko Yamamoto,1,&ast; Ken Yamamoto,2,&ast; Hiromi Takano-Ohmuro,3 Rain Yamamoto,4 Junji Saruwatari1 1Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto-city, Kumamoto, Japan; 2Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida-city, Tokyo, Japan; 3Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Nishitokyo-city, Tokyo, Japan; 4Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Michiko Yamamoto, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oehonmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-city, Kumamoto, Japan, Email m-yamamoto@kumamoto-u.ac.jpPurpose: The saturation of health foods in the market is coupled with inadequate information on their safe usage. Recently, health issues caused by Foods with Function Claims (FFCs) have resulted in 81 suspected deaths in Japan, where labelling precautions proved ineffective. We previously developed a Communication Index to assess usability and comprehension of FFC labelling from the perspective of healthcare professionals (HCPs). It is important to explore ways to evaluate and improve labelling usability from the consumers’ perspective to ensure safe usage.Patients and Methods: We conducted user testing from the consumers’ perspective on labels of five different FFCs, utilizing semi-structured interviews with 50 participants of diverse ages and sexes. Two levels of passing criteria were established for accessibility to correct answers: ≥ 90% of all questions within 1 min and 2 min. After the user testing, we qualitatively analyzed the participants’ feedback. Furthermore, we created a revised version of labels, which participants then evaluated against the current version using a 5-point scale.Results: Only one FFC label met the acceptance criteria within 2 min, while none did so within 1 min. The response rate for questions critical to safe use was particularly low, averaging around 70%. Participants’ feedback revealed lack of familiarity with FFCs, suggesting that the terms and text on the labels were often confusing and overly technical.Conclusion: We demonstrated that FFC label assessments from users’ perspective did not meet the passing criteria. User testing offered valuable insights into how FFC labelling can be improved to ensure safer and more appropriate use by aligning with users’ understanding and perceptions. For the first time, we developed a framework that integrates evaluations from both users and HCPs, highlighting the challenges and potential improvements with the FFC label as a source of health information.Keywords: health literacy, food with health claims, safety use, semi-structured interview, risk communication

Xia Zhang, Qiaomei Zheng, Lihong Chen

Abstract Aims Observational studies have reported an association between dietary factors and endometriosis, but the causality remains unknown. The study aimed to investigate the potential causal association between dietary factors and endometriosis using Mendelian randomization (MR). Methods We performed a two-sample MR analysis to investigate the effects of 18 diet-related exposure factors (alcoholic drinks per week, alcohol intake frequency, processed meat intake, poultry intake, beef intake, non-oily fish intake, oily fish intake, pork intake, lamb/mutton intake, bread intake, cheese intake, cooked vegetable intake, tea intake, fresh fruit intake, cereal intake, salad/raw vegetable intake, coffee intake, dried fruit intake) on the risk of endometriosis using summary statistics from the genome-wide association study (GWAS). The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was used to deduce the causal association between dietary factors and endometriosis, and sensitivity analyses were further performed. Results Processed meat intake (OR = 0.550; 95%CI:0.314–0.965; p = 0.037) and salad / raw vegetable intake (OR = 0.346; 95%CI:0.127–0.943; p = 0.038) were discovered as protective factors for endometriosis. Heterogeneity test revealed no significant heterogeneity (processed meat intake: pIVW=0.607, pMR−Egger=0.548; salad / raw vegetable intake: pIVW=0.678, pMR−Egger=0.620). MR-Egger regression test didn’t support any evidence for horizontal pleiotropy (processed meat intake: p for intercept = 0.865; salad / raw vegetable intake: p for intercept = 0.725). No causal relationship was found between other dietary intakes and endometriosis. Conclusion These findings suggest that processed meat intake and salad/raw vegetable intake are associated with a decreased risk of endometriosis, but further investigation is required.

Sakthivel Muthu, Ammar B. Altemimi, Mythileeswari Lakshmikanthan et al.

This study focused on isolating and characterizing phycocolloids, particularly alginic acid and fucoidan, from the brown seaweed Sargassum microcystum. Sequential extraction using acetone, chloroform, and methanol yielded various fractions (AIP, ASP, ASPF1, ASPF2, ASPF3). Comprehensive analyses via HPLC, HRGPC, FTIR, and ¹H NMR identified distinct compositions of mannuronic acid, guluronic acid, total sugars, uronic acids, and sulfates across the fractions. Further fractionation of ASP through Q-Sepharose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography revealed homogeneous polymers with molecular weights of 55, 40, and 25 kDa for ASPF1, ASPF2, and ASPF3, respectively. Spectroscopic analyses confirmed AIP as alginic acid, while ASPF2 and ASPF3 were identified as fucoidan. Immunomodulatory assays showed significant IL-10 induction by ASPF3 and concentration-dependent IFN-γ production by ASPF2 and ASPF3 in PBMCs. Additionally, ASPF2 and ASPF3 stimulated NO production in RAW 264.7 cells, with ASPF3 showing the highest induction. ASPF3 demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity in DPPH, FRAP, HRS, and RP assays, achieving dose-dependent scavenging efficiencies of 73.6 %, 62.6 %, 60.4 %, and 52.4 % at 100 µg/mL. Cell viability assays confirmed the biocompatibility of these phycocolloids. Overall, this study highlights the immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and biocompatible properties of phycocolloids from S. microcystum, suggesting their potential for diverse industrial applications.

João Guilherme Bezerra Alves, L. V. Alves

Objectives To verify the association between early-life nutrition and chronic adult diseases. Data Sources Medline, Embase, Cochrane Database, and Lilacs. Summary of finds The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis postulates that a mismatch between early-life circumstances and later-life situations may have an impact on chronic diseases. In this review, the authors emphasize the research supporting the impact of early nutrition on the origins of adult height, obesity and metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and reproductive outcomes. Conclusion Even though this is a new topic and there are still many research questions to be answered, there is strong evidence that both deficiency and excess nutrition in early life can cause epigenetic changes that have effects that last a lifetime and contribute to the development of chronic diseases. Public health efforts to protect adults from getting chronic diseases should focus on nutrition in the first 1000 days of life, from conception to the end of the second year of life.

D. Crompton, M. C. Nesheim

I. Castro-Quezada, Blanca Roman-Viñas, L. Serra-Majem

The Mediterranean dietary pattern, through a healthy profile of fat intake, low proportion of carbohydrate, low glycemic index, high content of dietary fiber, antioxidant compounds, and anti-inflammatory effects, reduces the risk of certain pathologies, such as cancer or Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). Nutritional adequacy is the comparison between the nutrient requirement and the intake of a certain individual or population. In population groups, the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy can be assessed by the probability approach or using the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) cut-point method. However, dietary patterns can also be used as they have moderate to good validity to assess adequate intakes of some nutrients. The objective of this study was to review the available evidence on the Nutritional Adequacy of the Mediterranean Diet. The inclusion of foods typical of the Mediterranean diet and greater adherence to this healthy pattern was related to a better nutrient profile, both in children and adults, with a lower prevalence of individuals showing inadequate intakes of micronutrients. Therefore, the Mediterranean diet could be used in public health nutrition policies in order to prevent micronutrient deficiencies in the most vulnerable population groups.

Yaodi Shao, Zhi Yao, Junyi Zhou et al.

Abstract Background Inhibition of hepatic lipogenesis is widely regarded as an effective treatment for metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), although numerous related drugs have failed to reach clinical application. The goal of this study is to identify a novel small compound that can effectively treat MAFLD. Methods Primary hepatocytes were first exposed to palmitic acid and oleic acid, then treated with compounds prior to high through screening for cellular lipid content. The efficacy of these compounds was measured by Nile Red staining and triglyceride analysis. The potential cellular toxicity caused by these compounds was evaluated by CCK8 assay. qPCR and Western blot were used to determine expression of RNAs and proteins, respectively. The compound was intraperitoneally injected into diet-induced obese (DIO) mice to examine its efficacy in vivo. Results We identified the dimethyl 1-methyl-2-thioxoindoline-3,3-dicarboxylate (TOIDC) as a powerful chemical to reduce cellular lipid with minimal cellular toxicity. When injected intraperitoneally, TOIDC effectively ameliorates MAFLD in DIO mice. Mechanically, TOIDC suppresses de novo lipogenesis through inhibiting sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1). Conclusions Our findings indicate that TOIDC could be a promising lead compound to develop new drugs to treat MAFLD. Graphical Abstract

Susana Salzberg

Until a few years ago, the classification of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to indicate the level of risk of drugs on the fetus established five categories (A, B, C, D, X). Category X included contraindicated drugs, among which were statins. That is to say, there was a formal contraindication for statins to be used during pregnancy, or in women who could become pregnant, due to their possible teratogenic effects. Studies published after this categorization provided new data on the subject. In particular, they question the positive association between the use of statins in the embryogenic period and congenital malformations. Some studies have even shown that intrauterine exposure to statins favors prematurity and/or low birth weight.

Napassorn Peasura, Pornrat Sinchaipanit

This study aimed to evaluate the differences in physicochemical properties, antioxidant properties, and rheology between guava nectar with sucrose and guava nectar with neotame and stevia addition (0.01% and 0.05%). All parameters were investigated during refrigerated storage at 4 °C for 15 days. The result showed that all sweetened guava juice samples led to the juice with the greatest presence of overall appearance and antioxidant property. The flow behavior of sweetened guava juice was shear-thinning which was not different from guava juice without sweetener. However, the major volatile flavor compounds identified in all guava juice samples were β-caryophyllene, α-caryophyllene, bisabolene, aromadendrene, α-humulene, and nerolidol, which is not different from guava juice without sweeteners during storage. It indicated that stevia and neotame are good alternative sweeteners to produce low caloric juice production.