Hasil untuk "Military Science"

Liu L, Wang Y, Ban J et al.

Lizhen Liu,1,* Yanfen Wang,2,* Jiawei Ban,3,* Manshu Kang,4,* Yiman Li,1 Qingrui Li,5 Huarong Zhang,5 Ping Cai,1 Wei Chen,1 Xinwei Li,6 Xiaoming Li1,6 1Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of the Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO) School, The Army Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Radiology, the People’s Hospital of Lincang, Lincang, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Radiology, Hailun City People’s Hospital, Hailun, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China; 5Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 6School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Xinwei Li; Xiaoming Li, Email lixinwei@cqupt.edu.cn; lxm359261069@tmmu.edu.cnAbstract: Intratumoral tertiary lymphoid structures (iTLSs) have emerged as critical immune features in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This narrative review critically synthesizes current evidence (sourced from PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science up to January 2026) on the biological mechanisms, pathological assessment, non-invasive imaging, and clinical implications of iTLSs. Moving beyond simple binary classifications, we emphasize that precise scoring based on morphological maturation is essential. Clinically, functionally mature iTLSs are strongly associated with favorable prognosis and immunotherapy benefits, though metabolic etiologies (e.g, NASH) can drive complex immunosuppression. Furthermore, while non-invasive radiomic models show high predictive accuracy, their clinical translation is hindered by mathematical overfitting and a “black box” lack of biological interpretability. Translating these biological insights into clinical practice, particularly through non-invasive imaging biomarkers and standardized pathological evaluations, holds great promise for guiding personalized immunotherapy. Ultimately, however, overcoming inter-study heterogeneity and conducting rigorous functional validations remain imperative before their routine clinical integration.Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma, tertiary lymphoid structures, formation mechanisms, imaging, prognosis

Abraham Ename Minko

The Sahel region faces a complex nexus of political instability and terrorism, with the former often exacerbating the latter. This research delves into the extent to which political turmoil and coups d'état contribute to the proliferation and resilience of terrorist groups in the Sahel. Beginning with an analysis of the relationship between political instability and terrorist group proliferation, the study examines how periods of governance vacuum and instability create fertile ground for extremist ideologies to take root. Drawing on historical data and case studies from countries such as Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger, the research highlights how political upheavals provide terrorist groups with opportunities for recruitment, funding, and operational expansion. Moreover, the study explores the role of external powers, such as France, and the United States, and regional organizations like the African Union and ECOWAS, in shaping the security landscape of the Sahel. It scrutinizes the effectiveness of foreign interventions, aid, and development programs in addressing the underlying socio-economic grievances that fuel terrorism. Furthermore, the research critically analyzes the humanitarian consequences of displacement and refugee crises resulting from terrorist activities and state responses. It underscores the importance of cross-border collaboration and regional security architecture, examining initiatives like the G5 Sahel Joint Force and the Lake Chad Basin Commission Multinational Joint Task Force in countering terrorism. By shedding light on the intricate dynamics between political instability and terrorism in the Sahel, this study aims to inform more targeted and effective strategies for countering extremism and promoting stability in the region.

Tomáš Moravec, Zdeněk Musil, Marek Brabec et al.

Background: Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a potentially reversible neurological disorder characterised by the triad of gait disturbance, cognitive decline, and urinary incontinence, together with ventriculomegaly despite normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure (1–3). Although traditionally considered non-genetic and multifactorial, emerging data suggest that rare pathogenic variants and cilia-related mechanisms may contribute to its pathogenesis and modulate responsiveness to CSF diversion (8–12). Methods: We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) in 33 consecutive patients with clinically and radiologically confirmed iNPH who underwent a standardised 120-h lumbar drainage (LD) protocol. Responders were defined as those showing ≥20 % improvement in gait speed or ≥3-point increase in Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score compared with baseline. Variants were filtered according to ACMG/AMP guidelines (19) and population allele frequency (minor allele frequency <1 %). Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) logistic regression (20) with ten-fold cross-validation was applied to identify gene-level predictors of LD responsiveness. Results: After filtering, 110 genes with at least one pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant were retained for modelling. LASSO regression at the λ.1se threshold identified a five-gene panel—FANCD2, ATR, ORAI1, MUC1, and RP1L1—involved in DNA damage response, calcium signalling, epithelial barrier integrity, and ciliary architecture (21–28). The internally derived model achieved an accuracy of 81.8 %, sensitivity 68.8 %, specificity 94.1 %, and positive predictive value 91.7 % for prediction of LD response. Conclusions: Rare pathogenic variants in genes linked to genome stability, immune and calcium signalling, and ciliary structure may influence LD responsiveness in iNPH. The five-gene model represents a biologically plausible, hypothesis-generating tool for preoperative risk stratification. Validation in larger, multicentre cohorts, integration with shunt outcomes, and functional studies are required before any clinical implementation.

Олександр Сирський, Андрій Лебеденко, Олег Семененко

The contemporary war launched by the russian federation against Ukraine demonstrates a fundamental change in the nature of armed confrontation. This conflict is gradually moving beyond classical conceptions of war as a set of active combat actions, frontline clashes, and rapid operations. Instead, Ukraine has encountered a phenomenon that exhibits all the features of a so-called “war of attrition” – a protracted, gradual, fragmented yet systemic confrontation that causes destructive impact not only on the frontline but also in the rear, in the information space, economy, energy sector, international diplomacy, and in the public consciousness. Therefore, the main aim of the article is to explore “war of attrition” as a phenomenon and to introduce this concept into scientific, strategic, and public discourse, as it reflects the new realities of Ukraine’s military experience that no longer fit within traditional frameworks. The main results of the article are as follows: an analysis of the military confrontation in the context of the russian-Ukrainian war is conducted in order to examine the phenomenon of a slow, incremental advance that lacks a clearly defined frontline breakthrough but is instead characterised by months-long pressure and attrition of the enemy; a conceptual and terminological justification and a definition of the philosophical concept of “war of attrition” are provided; the main principles of conducting a “war of attrition” are defined; the main characteristics of “war of attrition” are outlined; the periods of transformation of the russian-Ukrainian war into a “war of attrition” are established; possible projected consequences of “war of attrition” for russia and Ukraine are identified; the system of external and internal factors that may push russia to shift from “war of attrition” to active operations is revealed; numerical indicators of “war of attrition” based on the russian-Ukrainian experience are defined; and the foundations of the Concept of “war of attrition” are elaborated using the russian-Ukrainian conflict as an example. The materials of the article may be useful to military theorists and practitioners involved in developing strategies for contemporary warfare; security and defence analysts studying the transformation of armed conflicts; researchers in the field of the philosophy of war, military history, and international relations; as well as policymakers and military leaders who shape defence policy and military doctrines.

V. Venkatraman Krishnan, L. Shao, V. Balakrishnan et al.

Binary (and trinary) radio pulsars are natural laboratories in space for understanding gravity in the strong field regime, with many unique and precise tests carried out so far, including the most precise tests of the strong equivalence principle and of the radiative properties of gravity. The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) telescope, with its high sensitivity in the Southern Hemisphere, will vastly improve the timing precision of recycled pulsars, allowing for a deeper search of potential deviations from general relativity (GR) in currently known systems. A Galactic census of pulsars will, in addition, will yield the discovery of dozens of relativistic pulsar systems, including potentially pulsar -- black hole binaries, which can be used to test the cosmic censorship hypothesis and the ``no-hair'' theorem. Aspects of gravitation to be explored include tests of strong equivalence principles, gravitational dipole radiation, extra field components of gravitation, gravitomagnetism, and spacetime symmetries. In this chapter, we describe the kinds of gravity tests possible with binary pulsar and outline the features and abilities that SKA must possess to best contribute to this science.

Soham Hans, Volkan Ustun, Benjamin Nye et al.

Achieving expert-level performance in simulation-based training relies on the creation of complex, adaptable scenarios, a traditionally laborious and resource intensive process. Although prior research explored scenario generation for military training, pre-LLM AI tools struggled to generate sufficiently complex or adaptable scenarios. This paper introduces a multi-agent, multi-modal reasoning framework that leverages Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate critical training artifacts, such as Operations Orders (OPORDs). We structure our framework by decomposing scenario generation into a hierarchy of subproblems, and for each one, defining the role of the AI tool: (1) generating options for a human author to select from, (2) producing a candidate product for human approval or modification, or (3) generating textual artifacts fully automatically. Our framework employs specialized LLM-based agents to address distinct subproblems. Each agent receives input from preceding subproblem agents, integrating both text-based scenario details and visual information (e.g., map features, unit positions and applies specialized reasoning to produce appropriate outputs. Subsequent agents process these outputs sequentially, preserving logical consistency and ensuring accurate document generation. This multi-agent strategy overcomes the limitations of basic prompting or single-agent approaches when tackling such highly complex tasks. We validate our framework through a proof-of-concept that generates the scheme of maneuver and movement section of an OPORD while estimating map positions and movements as a precursor demonstrating its feasibility and accuracy. Our results demonstrate the potential of LLM-driven multi-agent systems to generate coherent, nuanced documents and adapt dynamically to changing conditions, advancing automation in scenario generation for military training.

Milan Maksimovic, Anna Bohdanets, Immaculate Motsi-Omoijiade et al.

Prior work has demonstrated that incorporating well-known quantum tunnelling (QT) probability into neural network models effectively captures important nuances of human perception, particularly in the recognition of ambiguous objects and sentiment analysis. In this paper, we employ novel QT-based neural networks and assess their effectiveness in distinguishing customised CIFAR-format images of military and civilian vehicles, as well as sentiment, using a proprietary military-specific vocabulary. We suggest that QT-based models can enhance multimodal AI applications in battlefield scenarios, particularly within human-operated drone warfare contexts, imbuing AI with certain traits of human reasoning.

Eric Burns, Christopher L. Fryer, Ivan Agullo et al.

Astrophysical observations of the cosmos allow us to probe extreme physics and answer foundational questions on our universe. Modern astronomy is increasingly operating under a holistic approach, probing the same question with multiple diagnostics including how sources vary over time, how they appear across the electromagnetic spectrum, and through their other signatures, including gravitational waves, neutrinos, cosmic rays, and dust on Earth. Astrophysical observations are now reaching the point where approximate physics models are insufficient. Key sources of interest are explosive transients, whose understanding requires multidisciplinary studies at the intersection of astrophysics, gravity, nuclear science, plasma physics, fluid dynamics and turbulence, computation, particle physics, atomic, molecular, and optical science, condensed matter and materials science, radiation transport, and high energy density physics. This white paper provides an overview of the major scientific advances that lay at the intersection of physics and astronomy and are best probed through time-domain and multimessenger astrophysics, an exploration of how multidisciplinary science can be fostered, and introductory descriptions of the relevant scientific disciplines and key astrophysical sources of interest.

Quang Tuan Nguyen, Hai Minh Nguyen, Xuan Son Bui

Introduction/purpose: In this paper, the aerodynamic characteristics of a special bullet were investigated at supersonic conditions. A model of a handgun saboted bullet was selected for the study. Methods: The method used in the research was computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation. The turbulence model k-ε was used for numerical calculation. The air model was selected as an ideal gas. For air viscosity, the Sutherland model was applied. Results: The numerical simulation results show the behavior of the supersonic flow over the saboted bullet. By varying the petals opening angle and bullet velocity, their influences on the drags of the sabot and the penetrator were obtained to be used for later sabot separation study. Conclusion: The study shows that the CFD simulation approach can be implemented to analyze the aerodynamic drags on the sabot and the penetrator after the saboted bullet leaving the gun barrel. The simulation results obtained in this work are important in designing saboted light armorpiercing bullets fired from handguns.

Jian Wang, Jie Chen, Yaofeng Mao et al.

Metal (aluminum and boron) based energetic materials have been wildly applied in various fields including aerospace, explosives and micro-devices due to their high energy density. Unfortunately, the low combustion efficiency and reactivity of metal fuels, especially boron (B), severely limit their practical applications. Herein, multi-component 3D microspheres of HMX/B/Al/PTFE (HBA) have been designed and successfully prepared by emulsion and solvent evaporation method to achieve superior energy and combustion reactivity. The reactivity and energy output of HBA are systematically measured by ignition-burning test, constant-volume explosion vessel system and bomb calorimetry. Due to the increased interfacial contact and reaction area, HBA shows higher flame propagation rate, faster pressurization rate and larger combustion heat of 29.95 cm/s, 1077 kPa/s, and 6164.43 J/g, which is 1.5 times, 3.5 times, and 1.03 times of the physical mixed counterpart (HBA-P). Meanwhile, HBA also shows enhanced energy output and reactivity than 3D microspheres of HMX/B/PTFE (HB) resulting from the high reactivity of Al. The reaction mechanism of 3D microspheres is comprehensively investigated through combustion emission spectral and thermal analysis (TG-DSC-MS). The superior reactivity and energy of HBA originate from the surface etching of fluorine to the inert shell (Al2O3 and B2O3) and the initiation effect of Al to B. This work offers a promising approach to design and prepare high-performance energetic materials for the practical applications.

David Gray Widder, Sireesh Gururaja, Lucy Suchman

In the context of unprecedented U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) budgets, this paper examines the recent history of DoD funding for academic research in algorithmically based warfighting. We draw from a corpus of DoD grant solicitations from 2007 to 2023, focusing on those addressed to researchers in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). Considering the implications of DoD funding for academic research, the paper proceeds through three analytic sections. In the first, we offer a critical examination of the distinction between basic and applied research, showing how funding calls framed as basic research nonetheless enlist researchers in a war fighting agenda. In the second, we offer a diachronic analysis of the corpus, showing how a 'one small problem' caveat, in which affirmation of progress in military technologies is qualified by acknowledgement of outstanding problems, becomes justification for additional investments in research. We close with an analysis of DoD aspirations based on a subset of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) grant solicitations for the use of AI in battlefield applications. Taken together, we argue that grant solicitations work as a vehicle for the mutual enlistment of DoD funding agencies and the academic AI research community in setting research agendas. The trope of basic research in this context offers shelter from significant moral questions that military applications of one's research would raise, by obscuring the connections that implicate researchers in U.S. militarism.

R. Randles, A. Finnegan

Introduction Serving military personnel and veterans have been identified to have a high prevalence of mental health disorders. Despite this, only a significantly small number seek mental healthcare. With the UK beginning to invest further support to the armed forces community, identification of barriers and facilitators of help-seeking behaviour is needed. Methods Corresponding literature search was conducted in PsycINFO, PsycArticles, Medline, Web of Science and EBSCO. Articles which discussed barriers and facilitators of seeking help for mental health concerns in the veteran population were included. Those which discussed serving personnel or physical problems were not included within this review. A total of 26 papers were analysed. Results A number of barriers and facilitators of help-seeking for a mental health issue within the veteran population were identified. Barriers included stigma, military culture of stoicism and self-reliance, as well as deployment characteristics of combat exposure and different warzone deployments. Health service difficulties such as access and lack of understanding by civilian staff were also identified. Facilitators to help combat these barriers included a campaign to dispel the stigma, including involvement of veterans and training of military personnel, as well as more accessibility and understanding from healthcare staff. Conclusions While some barriers and facilitators have been identified, much of this research has been conducted within the USA and on male veterans and lacks longitudinal evidence. Further research is needed within the context of other nations and female veterans and to further indicate the facilitators of help-seeking among veterans.

Henry E. Brady, Thomas B Kent

Abstract Except for the military and science, confidence in most American political and non-political institutions has fallen precipitously over the past fifty years. Declines in trust are partly the result of dissatisfaction with governmental and institutional accountability and concomitant skepticism about the competency and responsiveness of institutions. Declines are also the result of a polarization in trust in institutions, as Republicans trust business, the police, religion, and the military much more than Democrats, whose confidence in these institutions, except the military, has fallen. In turn, Democrats trust labor, the press, science, higher education, and public schools much more than Republicans, whose confidence in these institutions has fallen. Declines and polarization in confidence may be traceable to political polarization stemming from increasing income inequality and segregation in America. With polarization and decreasing trust in institutions, it becomes more difficult to fight epidemics, maintain faith in policing, and deal with problems such as climate change.

Qi Liu, Xueyuan Li, Shihua Yuan et al.

Autonomous vehicles have a great potential in the application of both civil and military fields, and have become the focus of research with the rapid development of science and economy. This article proposes a brief review on learning-based decision-making technology for autonomous vehicles since it is significant for safer and efficient performance of autonomous vehicles. Firstly, the basic outline of decision-making technology is provided. Secondly, related works about learning-based decision-making methods for autonomous vehicles are mainly reviewed with the comparison to classical decision-making methods. In addition, applications of decision-making methods in existing autonomous vehicles are summarized. Finally, promising research topics in the future study of decision-making technology for autonomous vehicles are prospected.

Zhenghua Huang, Zhicheng Wang, Jing Zhang et al.

Abstract Image enhancement has been widely applied to medical science, industry, agriculture, and military, for which it is very important to preserve brightness and structures. In order to overcome the shortcomings of over-enhancement and over-smoothing of traditional histogram equalization methods, this paper proposes an effective image enhancement strategy named as contrast limited dynamic quadri-histogram equalization (CLDQHE) which includes three steps: (1) the original histogram of an image is divided by a proposed threshold scheme into four sub-histograms. (2) An adaptive histogram clipping method is proposed to control the enhancement rate, which can adjust the clipping threshold. (3) Each sub-histogram is mapped to a new dynamic range and is equalized independently. Both quantitatively and qualitatively experimental results demonstrate that the proposed CLDQHE method can yield pleasing results with the preservation of brightness and structures, and even outperforms the state-of-the-arts.

Hong-Quan Nguyen, Trung-Hieu Le, Trung-Kien Tran et al.

In this work, we study the ability to use hand gestures for human-machine interaction from wrist-worn sensors. Towards this goal, we design a wrist-worn prototype to capture RGB video stream of hand gestures. Then we built a new wrist-worn gesture dataset (named WiGes) with various subjects in interaction with home appliances in different environments. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first benchmark released for studying hand gestures from a wrist-worn camera. We then evaluate various CNN models for vision-based recognition. Furthermore, we deeply analyze the models that produce the best trade-off between accuracy, memory requirement, and computational cost. We point out that among studied architectures, MoviNet produces the highest accuracy. Then, we introduce a new MoviNet-based two-stream architecture that takes both RGB and optical flow into account. Our proposed architecture increases the Top-1 accuracy by 1.36&#x0025; and 3.67&#x0025; according to two evaluation protocols. Our dataset, baselines, and proposed model analysis give instructive recommendations for human-machine interaction using hand-held devices.

Justin Barr, MD, PhD, Walton O. Schalick, III, MD, PhD, Christopher B. Horn, MD et al.

Gun violence killed over 46,000 Americans in 2021; almost 120,000 suffered gunshot wounds. This epidemic has attracted national attention and increasing concern from medical and surgical organizations, as evident in this special issue. ‘Through and Through History’ explores the surgical management of gunshot wounds from their earliest appearance in 14th-century Europe to the present. Interweaving the civilian and military experience, it details not only the evolution of care directly applied to patients but also the social, political, and scientific milieu that shaped decisions made and actions performed both in and out of the operating room. The article describes how surgeons have pushed the boundaries of medicine and science in each era, developing new therapies for their patients, a historical trend that persists today when such care has the potential to save tens of thousands of lives each year.

María del Mar Gabaldón Martínez

M. Albrecht, A. Ali, M. Barone et al.

While sanctions in political and economic areas are now part of the standard repertoire of Western countries (not always endorsed by UN mandates), sanctions in science and culture in general are new. Historically, fundamental research as conducted at international research centers such as CERN has long been seen as a driver for peace, and the Science4Peace idea has been celebrated for decades. However, much changed with the war against Ukraine, and most Western science organizations put scientific cooperation with Russia and Belarus on hold immediately after the start of the war in 2022. In addition, common publications and participation in conferences were banned by some institutions, going against the ideal of free scientific exchange and communication. These and other points were the topics of an international virtual panel discussion organized by the Science4Peace Forum together with the "Natural Scientists Initiative - Responsibility for Peace and Sustainability" (NatWiss e.V.) in Germany and the journal "Wissenschaft und Frieden" (W&F) (see the Figure). Fellows from the Hamburg Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy (IFSH), scientists collaborating with the large physics research institutes DESY and CERN, as well as from climate and futures researchers were represented on the panel. In this Dossier we document the panel discussion, and give additional perspectives. The authors of the individual sections present their personal reflections, which should not be taken as implying that they are endorsed by the Science4Peace Forum or any other organizations. It is regrettable that some colleagues who expressed support for this document felt that it would be unwise for them to co-sign it.

Valentin D. Ivanov

For most writers the science is either an exotic setting or a source of thrilling conflict that would drive the story forward. For a communicator it is the other way around - the science is neatly wrapped in a package of literary tools that make it "invisible" while it remains tangible and most importantly - it can be conveyed to the reader in understandable terms. There are many examples showing how these seemingly contradicting goals can complement each other successfully. I will review how the science was communicated by mainstream and genre writers of yesterday and today, and in different (not necessarily anglophone) cultures. I will bring forward the best and the worst examples that illuminate various astronomical concepts. Finally, I will discuss how we can use them both in outreach and education. Contrary to many similar summaries I will concentrate on some often overlooked mainstream literary examples, including the plays The Physicists by Friedrich Dürrenmatt and Copenhagen by Michael Frayn, the novel White Garments by Vl. Dudintsev and even an episode of the Inspector Morse TV show, featuring scientists. I will also mention in passing a few less well known genre books.