BackgroundLarge Language Models (LLMs) in healthcare holds immense promise yet carries the risk of perpetuating social biases. While artificial intelligence (AI) fairness is a growing concern, a gap exists in understanding how these models perform under conditions of clinical ambiguity, a common feature in real-world practice.MethodsWe conducted a study using an ambiguity-probe methodology with a set of 42 sociodemographic personas and 15 clinical vignettes based on the 2018 classification of periodontal diseases. Ten were clear-cut scenarios with established ground truths, while five were intentionally ambiguous. OpenAI's GPT-4o and Google's Gemini 2.5 Pro were prompted to provide periodontal stage and grade assessments using 630 vignette-persona combinations per model.ResultsIn clear-cut scenarios, GPT-4o demonstrated significantly higher combined (stage and grade) accuracy (70.5%) than Gemini Pro (33.3%). However, a robust fairness analysis using cumulative link models with false discovery rate correction revealed no statistically significant sociodemographic bias in either model. This finding held true across both clear-cut and ambiguous clinical scenarios.ConclusionTo our knowledge, this is among the first study to use simulated clinical ambiguity to reveal the distinct ethical fingerprints of LLMs in a dental context. While LLM performance gaps exist, our analysis decouples accuracy from fairness, demonstrating that both models maintain sociodemographic neutrality. We identify that the observed errors are not bias, but rather diagnostic boundary instability. This highlights a critical need for future research to differentiate between these two distinct types of model failure to build genuinely reliable AI.
Abstract In computer vision, zero-shot image restoration—a technique enabling degraded image restoration without large-scale paired training data—has emerged as a pivotal technique for scenarios where data is limited or paired training data is challenging to obtain. However, existing methods face two key limitations: data consistency preservation remains challenging for out-of-domain data, and degradation process alignment is difficult when the degradation mechanism is not mathematically predetermined. To address these issues, this paper presents a novel zero-shot image restoration method (FIR-SDE). Traditional generation-oriented diffusion models (designed for image creation) are replaced with restoration-oriented models (specialized for degradation repair), expanding the range of effectively restorable images. To mitigate the noise offset (discrepancies between real and model-simulated degradation) and to enhance the alignment, a multi-step optimization strategy is employed, which evaluates the distance between real and simulated degraded images via frequency domain distribution. Experiments were conducted on two image restoration tasks (image deraining and inpainting) using three public datasets (AFHQ-dog, CelebA, and FFHQ), with Gaussian blur and motion blur superimposed as noise offsets. Results demonstrate that FIR-SDE method outperforms competitive methods in restoration quality and noise resistance. By eliminating data space constraints and exhibiting robustness against noise offsets, FIR-SDE offers a more flexible and efficient solution to broaden the practical applicability of zero-shot image restoration.
Electronic computers. Computer science, Information technology
Underwater vision is fundamental to ocean exploration, yet it is frequently impaired by underwater degradation including low contrast, color distortion and blur, thereby presenting significant challenges for underwater object detection (UOD). Most existing methods employ underwater image enhancement as a preprocessing step to improve visual quality prior to detection. However, image enhancement and object detection are optimized for fundamentally different objectives, and directly cascading them leads to feature distribution mismatch. Moreover, prevailing dual-branch architectures process enhancement and detection independently, overlooking multi-scale interactions across domains and thus constraining the learning of cross-domain feature representation. To overcome these limitations, We propose an underwater cross-domain fusion Transformer detector (UCF-DETR). UCF-DETR jointly leverages image enhancement and object detection by exploiting the complementary information from the enhanced and original image domains. Specifically, an underwater image enhancement module is employed to improve visibility. We then design a cross-domain feature pyramid to integrate fine-grained structural details from the enhanced domain with semantic representations from the original domain. Cross-domain query interaction mechanism is introduced to model inter-domain query relationships, leading to accurate object localization and boundary delineation. Extensive experiments on the challenging DUO and UDD benchmarks demonstrate that UCF-DETR consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods for UOD.
George P. Veropoulos, Panagiotis J. Papakanellos, Constantinos Vlachos
Frequency domain methods used in electromagnetic analyses, such as the Method of Auxiliary Sources (MAS) and the various Moment Methods (MoM), share many similarities but have notable differences in terms of numerical stability, accuracy, and computational cost. Computational cost differs from algorithmic complexity, which is easier to define. Consequently, it is rarely analyzed systematically in numerical studies. To this end, this work deals with the canonical problem of electromagnetic scattering from an externally excited circular cylinder of infinite conductivity and applies both MAS and MoM in order to assess their solutions and behaviors from the aforementioned perspectives. This problem is solved by meticulously applying MAS and two popular variants of MoM to achieve comparable stability and accuracy. Then, the methods are compared in terms of the associated computational cost, not only in solving the ensuing matrix equations, but also in computing the near and far fields at a large number of points.
Jonnel Alejandrino, Elmer Dadios, Ryan Rhay Vicerra
et al.
Global crop losses of 20–40% continue because traditional plant assessment methods are either invasive, damaging plant tissues, or reactive, detecting stress only after visible symptoms. Recent developments have remained fragmented, focusing on single modalities, individual organs, or limited frequency ranges. This study developed a unified bioelectrical sensor system capable of non-invasive, multimodal, multiscale, and integrative assessment by integrating capabilities that existing methods address only separately. The system combines spectroscopy and tomography within a single platform, enabling simultaneous evaluation of multiple organs. Unlike approaches confined to narrow frequencies, it captures complete physiological responses across scales. Validation on strawberry (<i>Fragaria × ananassa</i> ‘<i>Sweet Charlie</i>’) demonstrated comprehensive multi-organ assessment: 98.3% accuracy for fruit categorization, 95.8% for leaf water status, and 88.2% for stem productivity. Tomographic performance reached 2.6–2.8 mm resolution for 3D root mapping and 2.8–3.0 mm for 2D postharvest fruit sorting. Correlations with reference metrics were used exclusively for validation, confirming that the extracted features reflect genuine physiological variations. Importantly, the system detects stress before visible symptoms, enabling intervention within the reversible window. By unifying spectroscopy and tomography with complete frequency coverage and multi-organ capability, this platform overcomes existing fragmentation and establishes a foundation for proactive, comprehensive plant monitoring essential for sustainable agriculture.
George Tsamis, Georgios Evangelos, Aris Papakostas
et al.
One significant digital initiative that is changing Greece’s tax environment is the myDATA platform. The platform, which is a component of the wider digital governance agenda, provides significant added value to enterprises and the tax administration, despite the challenges of adaption. Despite the positive response, we find that the development of the platform could have been carried out quickly and at a significantly lower cost and could have been able to cope much faster with the rapid and necessary changes that the platform will have to comply with. For these reasons, development in WordPress would be considered essential as this CMS platform guarantees a fast and developer-friendly environment. In this publication, as a contribution, we provide all the necessary information to develop a myDATA-like platform in a fast, economical and functional way using the WordPress CMS. Our contribution also contains the analysis of the minimum necessary amount of services of the myDATA platform in order to perform its basic functionalities, the description of the according database relational model, which must be implemented in order to provide the same functionality with the myDATA platform, and the analysis of available methods to quickly create the necessary forms and services. In addition, we study how to develop Artificial Intelligence mechanisms with a success rate reaching up to 90% for automatic tax violation detection algorithms.
The present paper aims to study the complete, horizontal and diagonal lifts of metallic structures in the cotangent bundle. Furthermore, the Nijenhuis tensor of a metallic structure is calculated and its integrability conditions by means of partial differential equations are established.
Two new assertions characterizing analytically disks in the Euclidean plane $\mathbb{R}^2$ are proved. Weighted mean value property of positive solutions to the Helmholtz and modified Helmholtz equations are used for this purpose; the weight has a logarithmic singularity. The obtained results are compared with those without weight that were found earlier.
The individuals of real-world networks participate in various types of connections, each forming a layer in multiplex networks. Link prediction is an important problem in multiplex network analysis owing to its wide range of practical applications, such as mining drug targets, recommending friends in social networks, and exploring network evolution mechanisms. A key issue of link prediction within multiplex networks is how to estimate the likelihood of potential links in the predicted layer by leveraging both interlayer and intralayer information. Several studies have shown that incorporating interlayer topological information can improve the performance of link prediction in the predicted layer. Therefore, this paper proposes the Link Prediction based on Global Relevance of Interlayer (LPGRI) method to estimate the likelihood of potential links in the predicted layer of multiplex networks, which comprehensively utilizes both types of information. In the LPGRI method, the contribution of interlayer information is determined using the global relevance (GR) index between layers. Experimental studies on six real multiplex networks demonstrate the competitive performance of our method.
Radhakumari Maya, Muhammed Rasheed Irshad, Muhammed Ahammed
et al.
In this research work, a new three-parameter lifetime distribution is introduced and studied. It is called the Harris extended Bilal distribution due to its construction from a mixture of the famous Bilal and Harris distributions, resulting from a branching process. The basic properties, such as the moment generating function, moments, quantile function, and Rényi entropy, are discussed. We show that the hazard rate function has ideal features for modeling increasing, upside-down bathtub, and roller-coaster data sets. In a second part, the Harris extended Bilal model is investigated from a statistical viewpoint. The maximum likelihood estimation is used to estimate the parameters, and a simulation study is carried out. The flexibility of the proposed model in a hydrological data analysis scenario is demonstrated using two practical data sets and compared with important competing models. After that, we establish an acceptance sampling plan that takes advantage of all of the features of the Harris extended Bilal model. The operating characteristic values, the minimum sample size that corresponds to the maximum possible defects, and the minimum ratios of lifetime associated with the producer’s risk are discussed.
The method of constructing the generalized dihedral group as a semidirect product of an abelian group and the group Z2 of integers modulo 2 is extended to the case of gyrogroups. This leads to the study of a new class of gyrogroups, which includes generalized dihedral groups and dihedral groups as a special case. In this article, we show that any dihedralizable gyrogroup can be enlarged to a dihedralized gyrogroup. Then, we establish algebraic properties of dihedralized gyrogroups as well as combinatorial properties of their Cayley graphs.
Coal mine activities lead to the release of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) to the surrounding areas. The present study concerns the health risk caused due to the exposure of PTEs (Hg, As, Cd, Cr, and Pb) in the children residing in the areas around coal mines. The PTEs content and bioaccumulation coefficient (BAC) in the plant, viz., <i>Albizia lebbeck</i> and <i>Madhuca longifolia</i> growing on the nearby soils of the coal mine affected areas were also estimated. The results demonstrated that the hazard quotient (HQ) for Cr (0.211) in the roadside soil (RSS) was higher than other PTEs. The hazard index (HI) was also at the maximum in the RSS (0.553) followed by the core zone soil (0.541). In RSS, Cr contributed the maximum for the HI value (38%) which elucidated that Cr might cause health problem in the long term. The Cr concentration (5.49 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) was also higher than other PTEs in the plant leaves of <i>M. longifolia</i> and was two-fold higher than <i>A. lebbeck</i>. Except Cd, the accumulation of other PTEs in the leaves of both the species were low, which could be due to their low availability in soils. The BAC for Cr in <i>M longifolia</i> was comparatively higher than <i>A. lebbeck</i> and was found at the maximum for Cd (0.29) in <i>M longifolia</i>. The outcomes of the study elucidated that although there is no severe health risk in children, the data indicated that the prolonged exposure to PTEs might lead to serious health issues.
Let <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Σ</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> be the set of all finite words over a finite alphabet <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Σ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>. A word <i>u</i> is called a strict prefix of a word <i>v</i>, if <i>u</i> is a prefix of <i>v</i> and there is no other way to show that <i>u</i> is a subword of <i>v</i>. A language <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>L</mi><mo>⊆</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Σ</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> is said to be prefix-strict, if for any <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>v</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>L</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <i>u</i> is a subword of <i>v</i> always implies that <i>u</i> is a strict prefix of <i>v</i>. Denote the class of all prefix-strict languages in <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Σ</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> by <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="script">P</mi><mo>(</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Σ</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. This paper characterizes <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="script">P</mi><mo>(</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Σ</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> as a universe of a model of the free object for the ai-semiring variety satisfying the additional identities <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>y</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>≈</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>y</mi><mi>x</mi><mi>z</mi><mo>≈</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. Furthermore, the analogous results for so-called suffix-strict languages and infix-strict languages are introduced.
In this article, we present a control design on a SIRD model with treatment in infected individuals. The SIRD model with treatment is obtained from literature study and the parameter model is obtained from covid-19 daily case in the Riau province using the Particle Swarm Optimization method. The control design is carried out based on the backstepping method combined with feedback linearization based on input and output (IOFL). The SIRD model which is a nonlinear system will be transformed into a normal form using IOFL. Each variable is then stabilized Lyapunov using virtual control which at the same time generates a new state variable. This stage will be carried out iteratively until the last state variable is stabilized using a real control function. This control function is then applied to the SIRD model using the inverse of IOFL transformation. The simulation results compared with the Pontryagin Minimum Principle (PMP) method show that by selecting the appropriate control parameters, backstepping obtains better control performance which is a smaller number of infected populations.
Zahra Abdelmalek, M. Zubair Akbar Qureshi, S. Bilal
et al.
The consolidation power of different nanomaterials such as metallic nanoparticles and metallic-oxides nanoparticles in a new-fangled and energetic hybrid material should give rise to fascinating properties that combine the advantages of each of the nanocomponents. In this paper, developed an MHD-hybrid model for the thermal energy system with seven different types of nanoparticles. For this purpose, we simulate the thermal conductivity and viscosity hybridized nanocomponents modeled based on the shape and size factor of each nanoparticle. The effect of morphology for Metallic and non-Metallic nanoparticles on flow and heat transfer rate has been investigated through hybrid nanofluids flow. Mathematical modeling of the concerning problem is done in the form of the partial differential structure under the boundary layer theory. The intrinsic features of capitalized induced particles along with base fluid are presented by empirical relations and utilized during the formulation of work. These hybrid nanofluids flow passing through the two orthogonal moving up/down porous disks. Thermal enhancement performance is analyzed through variation of shape and size of the nanoparticles with convective conditions. A stable system of nonlinear differential equations is obtained by applying suitable transformation on governing partial differential equations. Consequences of pertinent parameters on axial velocity, radial velocity, tangential velocity, and temperature distribution are elaborated. Important results of non-dimensional parameters with different types of hybrid nanofluids are examined through porous orthogonal disks. We achieved that the carbon nanomaterial has significant results on thermal performance. Novel results are obtained on thermal conductivity and viscosity associated with the shape/size of the nanoparticles. Shear stress increases with the increase of values of MHD. For the injection case, the Nusselt number shows significant results. If we increase the size of the nanoparticles then Skin friction also increases. This research set a strong foundation in the field of nano-biomedical devices, and engineering nanotechnology oriented electronic computers.
Wasim Jamshed, M. Prakash, S. Suriya Uma Devi
et al.
Abstract A novel hybrid nanofluid was explored in order to find an efficient heat-transmitting fluid to replace standard fluids and revolutionary nanofluids. By using tangent hyperbolic hybrid combination nanoliquid with non-Newtonian ethylene glycol (EG) as a basis fluid and a copper (Cu) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) mixture, this work aims to investigate the viscoelastic elements of the thermal transferring process. Flow and thermal facts, such as a slippery extended surface with magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), suction/injection, form factor, Joule heating, and thermal radiation effects, including changing thermal conductivity, were also integrated. The Keller–Box method was used to perform collective numerical computations of parametric analysis using governing equivalences. In the form of graphs and tables, the results of TiO2–Cu/EG hybrid nanofluid were compared to those of standard Cu/EG nanofluid in important critical physical circumstances. The entropy generation study was used to examine energy balance and usefulness for important physically impacting parameters. Detailed scrutiny on entropy development get assisted with Weissenberg number, magnetic parameter, fractional volumes, injection parameter, thermal radiation, variable thermal conductivity, Biot number, shape variation parameter, Reynolds and Brinkman number. Whereas the entropy gets resisted for slip and suction parameter. In this case, spotted entropy buildup with important parametric ranges could aid future optimization.
هدف این مقاله، ارائه یک روش جدید برای حل شبکه های حمل ونقل چندکالایی و کران دار در مسائل بهینه سازی است.شبکه های حمل و نقل چندکالایی و کران دار با هدف کمینه سازی کل هزینه حمل و نقل کالا در شبکه ، یک موضوع مهم و پرکاربرد در مسائل بهینه سازی است.دو ویژگی بسیار مهم و کلیدی چند کالائی و کراندار در مقالات مختلف مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و الگوریتم هایی برای حل آن ارائه نموده اند.ما بر پایه روش سیمپلکس شبکه ، روشی ابتکاری را بدون هرگونه پیچیدگی برای به دست آوردن جواب مسائل شبکه های حمل ونقل چندکالایی و کران دار ارائه می دهیم .در پایان ، کارائی این روش با چند مثال عددی نشان داده شده است.
Let be a commutative ring with unity, 𝒜, be -algebras, be (𝒜, )-bimodule and 𝒩 be (, 𝒜)-bimodule. The -algebra 𝒢 = 𝒢(𝒜, , 𝒩, ) is a generalized matrix algebra defined by the Morita context (𝒜, , , 𝒩, ξ𝒩, Ω𝒩). In this article, we study Jordan σ-derivations on generalized matrix algebras.
Abstract In this paper, a kind of infinite, local finite tree T, named a controlled tree, is introduced. Some strong limit properties, such as the strong law of large numbers and the asymptotic equipartition property, for nonhomogeneous Markov chains indexed by T, are established. The outcomes are the generalizations of some well-known results.