Hasil untuk "Law of nations"

Yann-Meing Law, Zhichao Peng, Daniel Appelö et al.

In this work, we introduce a novel Hermite method to handle Maxwell's equations for nonlinear dispersive media. The proposed method achieves high-order accuracy and is free of any nonlinear algebraic solver, requiring solving instead small local linear systems for which the dimension is independent of the order. The implementation of order adaptive algorithms is straightforward in this setting, making the resulting p-adaptive Hermite method appealing for the simulations of soliton-like wave propagation.

Rizki Wijayanti, Yuliati, Prija Djatmika

This article aims to explore the qualification of bribery in the private sector as a criminal offense in Indonesia, as there is currently no specific positive legal regulation capable of prosecuting individuals involved in private sector bribery, resulting in a legal vacuum. The use of criminal law must consider the realization of a just and prosperous society, and the costs of criminalizing such acts (bribery in the private sector) should be balanced with the outcomes to be achieved. Although Indonesia's Law on the Eradication of Corruption (Law No. 31 of 1999, as amended by Law No. 20 of 2001) lags behind and is not in line with the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), Indonesia should align its national criminal law with UNCAC, particularly Article 21 of UNCAC. By introducing new concepts and formulating provisions regarding bribery in the private sector in the Law on the Eradication of Corruption, as well as implementing the Deferred Prosecution Agreement (DPA), it is hoped that future cases of bribery in the private sectorin Indonesia can be effectively addressed.

Popović Milica

The buyer's right to a price reduction represents an institution of Roman law that has, over time, become widely accepted in legal systems with a continental legal tradition. In the context of international sales of goods, Article 50 of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, which regulates this right, is of particular importance. This paper analyzes the method of calculating price reductions as one of the contentious issues regarding exercising the right to a price reduction, in terms of Article 50 of the Convention. For a comprehensive understanding of the problem, the paper presents the history of the emergence, the sources of the right to a price reduction in contracts for the international sale of goods, as well as the conditions for its application. The central part of the paper is the issue of the method of calculating price reduction, with special reference to the time and place of determining the value of conforming and non-conforming goods for the purpose of their comparison and the application of the calculation formula. These issues were controversial even at the time of the adoption of the Convention itself, and today they are still the subject of discussions in legal theory, while case law is not sufficiently harmonized. The aim of the paper is to draw a conclusion about the method of calculating price reduction, through the analysis of the Convention's provisions, and solutions given in theory, as well as in case law.

Agustina ODonnell

En el trabajo se propone analizar la relevancia que tiene dar transparencia a toda la información vinculada a las brechas de género y demás datos referidos a mujeres en la forma propuesta por la Organización de Estados Americanos en la última Ley Modelo de Acceso a la Información Pública 2.0. del año 2020. Dichos datos deben ser puestos por los Estados a disposición de la ciudadanía como mecanismo propio de la democracia con el objetivo de contribuir a erradicar la situación de histórica y estructural desigualdad en la que se encuentran las mujeres en todo el mundo, aún aquellos países que lo han incluido como una de sus políticas de gobierno. Se destaca en el trabajo también la importancia que tiene la información fiscal, es decir la que obra en las Administraciones Tributarias, en este proceso y el impedimento que constituye el secreto fiscal para acceder a la misma. Lo que impide este instituto es acceder a información económica y patrimonial, que es esencial en los objetivos antes aludidos.

Aviral Damle, Thomas Law

This paper presents a speculative model exploring the behavior of quantum information for particles entering closed timelike curves (CTCs) in Kerr-Newman spacetime. We apply Gavassino's restoration principle to derive a theoretical framework for cyclic information dynamics within these extreme gravitational environments. Our model focuses specifically on particles that enter CTCs near the inner horizon of a Kerr-Newman black hole, examining how such curves might affect quantum state evolution, entanglement preservation, and information retention.

Hasan Nasrallah, Abed Ellatif Samhat, Cristiano Nattero et al.

Developing countries usually lack the proper governance means to generate and regularly update a national rooftop map. Using traditional photogrammetry and surveying methods to produce a building map at the federal level is costly and time consuming. Using earth observation and deep learning methods, we can bridge this gap and propose an automated pipeline to fetch such national urban maps. This paper aims to exploit the power of fully convolutional neural networks for multi-class buildings' instance segmentation to leverage high object-wise accuracy results. Buildings' instance segmentation from sub-meter high-resolution satellite images can be achieved with relatively high pixel-wise metric scores. We detail all engineering steps to replicate this work and ensure highly accurate results in dense and slum areas witnessed in regions that lack proper urban planning in the Global South. We applied a case study of the proposed pipeline to Lebanon and successfully produced the first comprehensive national building footprint map with approximately 1 Million units with an 84% accuracy. The proposed architecture relies on advanced augmentation techniques to overcome dataset scarcity, which is often the case in developing countries.

Eugenio Giannelli, Stacey Law

Let $p\ge 5$ be a prime and let $P$ be a Sylow $p$-subgroup of a finite symmetric group. To every irreducible character of $P$ we associate a collection of labelled, complete $p$-ary trees. The main results of this article describe Sylow branching coefficients for symmetric groups for all irreducible characters of $P$ in terms of some combinatorial properties of these trees, extending previous work on the linear characters of $P$.

Ho Law, Sung Ha Kang

Image vectorization is a process to convert a raster image into a scalable vector graphic format. Objective is to effectively remove the pixelization effect while representing boundaries of image by scaleable parameterized curves. We propose new image vectorization with depth which considers depth ordering among shapes and use curvature-based inpainting for convexifying shapes in vectorization process.From a given color quantized raster image, we first define each connected component of the same color as a shape layer, and construct depth ordering among them using a newly proposed depth ordering energy. Global depth ordering among all shapes is described by a directed graph, and we propose an energy to remove cycle within the graph. After constructing depth ordering of shapes, we convexify occluded regions by Euler's elastica curvature-based variational inpainting, and leverage on the stability of Modica-Mortola double-well potential energy to inpaint large regions. This is following human vision perception that boundaries of shapes extend smoothly, and we assume shapes are likely to be convex. Finally, we fit Bézier curves to the boundaries and save vectorization as a SVG file which allows superposition of curvature-based inpainted shapes following the depth ordering. This is a new way to vectorize images, by decomposing an image into scalable shape layers with computed depth ordering. This approach makes editing shapes and images more natural and intuitive. We also consider grouping shape layers for semantic vectorization. We present various numerical results and comparisons against recent layer-based vectorization methods to validate the proposed model.

Daniel J. Rhee, Ka Yee Yeung

This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of predicted eruption times of popular geysers in the Yellowstone National Park. The Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States and is known for its geothermal features consisting of many highly popular geysers such as the Old Faithful. Geysers are fascinating to national park visitors because their eruptions could range from small bubbles to jets of water that are hundreds of meters high, and their eruptions could last from seconds to hours. To help tourists plan their visits, the US National Park Service and other independent groups publish predicted eruption times of popular geysers. We hypothesized that the models developed by the US National Park Service are very accurate with little discrepancy from independent analysis, as park rangers monitor the geysers constantly and likely adjust their models over time according to changing conditions underground, and patterns observed. In addition, since researchers in the park likely rely on these predictions, the models would need to be fine-tuned to ensure that no unnecessary effort or resources are wasted in probing the geysers for variables such as temperature and acidity. In this study, we focused on the Old Faithful and Beehive Geyser by downloading actual eruption times, conducting statistical regression analyses, studying the patterns of eruption times, and evaluating the accuracy of different statistical models.

Lekang Jiang, Caiqi Zhang, Farimah Poursafaei et al.

Recently, Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have shown promising performance in tasks on dynamic graphs such as node classification, link prediction and graph regression. However, few work has studied the temporal edge regression task which has important real-world applications. In this paper, we explore the application of GNNs to edge regression tasks in both static and dynamic settings, focusing on predicting food and agriculture trade values between nations. We introduce three simple yet strong baselines and comprehensively evaluate one static and three dynamic GNN models using the UN Trade dataset. Our experimental results reveal that the baselines exhibit remarkably strong performance across various settings, highlighting the inadequacy of existing GNNs. We also find that TGN outperforms other GNN models, suggesting TGN is a more appropriate choice for edge regression tasks. Moreover, we note that the proportion of negative edges in the training samples significantly affects the test performance. The companion source code can be found at: https://github.com/scylj1/GNN_Edge_Regression.

Sivakumar Vishnuvardhan Mambakkam, Stephanie Law

The study of van der Waals (vdW) materials has seen increased interest in recent years, due to the wide range of uses for these materials because of their unique mechanical, electronic, and optical properties. This area has recently expanded further into studying the behavior of vdW nanomaterials, as decreasing dimensions open up opportunities to interact with these materials in new ways. However, measuring the band structures of nanomaterials, which is key to understanding how confinement affects material properties and interactions, comes with several challenges. In this review, we survey a range of techniques for synthesizing and characterizing vdW nanomaterials, in order to outline the key material and characterization challenges. This includes controlling the Fermi level in vdW nanoparticles, preparing these particles for either ensemble or individual particle measurement, as well as protecting the pristine surface from oxidation.

Kniaz M. Bagdasaryan

Introduction. The revision of the old U.S. rules of assigning developing country status under the law of countervailing duties in 2020 theoretically symbolizes another stage in the evolution of the Generalized Scheme of Preferences, but practically means a new form of battle for international competitiveness. There is no common criterion for determination of developing countries, either at the level of international organizations, including the World Trade Organization, or at the level of donor countries, while the list of least developed countries is determined by the United Nations, and they automatically become recipients of tariff preferences under the Generalized Scheme of Preferences. In this regard, the main idea and purpose of the study is to identify the applied aspects of the development of the international system of GSP and criteria for identifying developing countries to improve the system of tariff preferences EAEU and increase the competitiveness of goods produced in the domestic market. Materials and Methods. The paper reviews established rules within the GSP and features of the functioning of this system in the U.S., Canada, Japan, Britain and such integration groupings as the European Union, Commonwealth of Independent States and EAEU. To identify main aspects of this transformation it has been used the method of cross-country comparison, as well as methods of systematic and comparative analysis of relevant international and national legal acts and scientific papers. Results. We have revealed an international trend that is being formed by the leading economic actors to establish new rules for the functioning of the GSP and the criterion for determining the beneficiary countries. This trend will obviously affect the general rules of international trade within the framework of the World Trade Organization and to some extent will bring changes in its architecture. Discussion and Conclusion. The process of active unilateral revision of established for half a century international trade rules beyond the framework of international organizations gives to the problem a new systemic character and opens up an opportunity for future studies. It is obvious that we are on the beginning of entire international economic relations system transformation, which at the first stage will be accompanied by negative processes and will require an adequate response from the Russian state authorities, coordinating bodies of the EAEU and interested major economic agents.

Michael Law, Ya'acov Ritov

We consider a sparse high-dimensional varying coefficients model with random effects, a flexible linear model allowing covariates and coefficients to have a functional dependence with time. For each individual, we observe discretely sampled responses and covariates as a function of time as well as time invariant covariates. Under sampling times that are either fixed and common or random and independent amongst individuals, we propose a projection procedure for the empirical estimation of all varying coefficients. We extend this estimator to construct confidence bands for a fixed number of varying coefficients.

Journal Masthead

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Nugraha Pranadita

In the current era of global globalization, there is not a single country in the world that can live alone. One issue that can disrupt relations between nations in the world is related to the protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). This is due to the economic value of the use of IPR that can increase the country's competitiveness in international relations. Increasing IPR protection is a necessity to increase the creativity and productivity of the community, while at the same time increasing the trust of the international community which is ultimately expected to encourage the development of the national economy. One effort to improve IPR protection in Indonesia is to revitalize the fatwa of the Indonesian Ulema Council on IPR protection so that it can keep abreast of the times and can provide a deterrent effect to perpetrators of criminal acts of IPR violations, especially those who are Muslim. That is because his actions are contrary to Islamic law, so it is appropriate and should be sentenced both in the world and in the hereafter. The purpose of the preparation of this manuscript is to encourage changes to the MUI fatwa on IPR protection. This research is a normative legal research using the statutory and conceptual approach. The results of this study are the draft changes to the substance of the MUI fatwa on IPR Protection.

Jonathan Law, Darren Wilkinson

Bayesian inference involves the specification of a statistical model by a statistician or practitioner, with careful thought about what each parameter represents. This results in particularly interpretable models which can be used to explain relationships present in the observed data. Bayesian models are useful when an experiment has only a small number of observations and in applications where transparency of data driven decisions is important. Traditionally, parameter inference in Bayesian statistics has involved constructing bespoke MCMC (Markov chain Monte Carlo) schemes for each newly proposed statistical model. This results in plausible models not being considered since efficient inference schemes are challenging to develop or implement. Probabilistic programming aims to reduce the barrier to performing Bayesian inference by developing a domain specific language (DSL) for model specification which is decoupled from the parameter inference algorithms. This paper introduces functional programming principles which can be used to develop an embedded probabilistic programming language. Model inference can be carried out using any generic inference algorithm. In this paper Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) is used, an efficient MCMC method requiring the gradient of the un-normalised log-posterior, calculated using automatic differentiation. The concepts are illustrated using the Scala programming language.

Michael Law, Ya'acov Ritov

We consider three problems in high-dimensional Gaussian linear mixed models. Without any assumptions on the design for the fixed effects, we construct an asymptotic $F$-statistic for testing whether a collection of random effects is zero, derive an asymptotic confidence interval for a single random effect at the parametric rate $\sqrt{n}$, and propose an empirical Bayes estimator for a part of the mean vector in ANOVA type models that performs asymptotically as well as the oracle Bayes estimator. We support our results with numerical simulations and provide comparisons with oracle estimators. The procedures developed are applied to the Trends in International Mathematics and Sciences Study (TIMSS) data.

Eugenio Giannelli, Stacey Law

Let $p\ge 5$ be a prime and let $n$ be a natural number. In this article we describe the irreducible constituents of the induced characters $φ\big\uparrow^{\mathfrak{S}_n}$ for arbitrary linear characters $φ$ of a Sylow $p$-subgroup of the symmetric group $\mathfrak{S}_n$, generalising earlier results of the authors. By doing so, we introduce Sylow branching coefficients for symmetric groups.

Michael Law, Ya'acov Ritov

We consider hypotheses testing problems for three parameters in high-dimensional linear models with minimal sparsity assumptions of their type but without any compatibility conditions. Under this framework, we construct the first $\sqrt{n}$-consistent estimators for low-dimensional coefficients, the signal strength, and the noise level. We support our results using numerical simulations and provide comparisons with other estimators.

Yuri E. Monastyrsky

INTRODUCTION. The proliferation of legislative, judicial and general administrative jurisdiction to Crimea in the spring of 2014 highlighted a number of new issues in the regulation of civil law relations in the international and local sphere that faced the courts in the Russian Federation, as well as the need to make adjustments to approaches related to the recognition of foreign state law acts and enforcement of foreign judgments. In the field of private international law, in addition to the mentioned, an understanding of the phenomenon of collision of various multi-national norms arose not in space, which is the central subject of this science, but in time.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The works of Russian and foreign authors are the material of the article. In this work historical, inductive, and comparative research methods were used.RESEARCH RESULTS. This article is on the subject of conflict of law’s regulation pertaining to the claims of losses, the right from the Crimea territory before and after its reunification with the Russian Federation on the 18th of March 2014. The author presents recommendations relating to legislative solutions and amendments to civil and criminal law regulation in line with consideration of judicial competence of national courts in the light of Convention on Legal Assistance and Legal Relations in Civil, Family and Criminal Matters, signed on the 22nd January 1993 in Minsk by participants of CIS, as well Agreement on Settlement of Commercial Disputes of 20th of March 1992.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The author concludes that in view of coming the new jurisdiction in annexed Crimea the foreign elements that arose before this event disappear, and therefore it is necessary to be guided by its legal order in the absence of its regulation in question. The Anglo-Saxon concept of vested rights is not applicable in this exceptional case.