Hasil untuk "Law of Europe"

Marc Aurel Vischer, Noelia Otero, Jackie Ma

We present a dataset for rainfall streamflow modeling that is fully spatially resolved with the aim of taking neural network-driven hydrological modeling beyond lumped catchments. To this end, we compiled data covering five river basins in central Europe: upper Danube, Elbe, Oder, Rhine, and Weser. The dataset contains meteorological forcings, as well as ancillary information on soil, rock, land cover, and orography. The data is harmonized to a regular 9km times 9km grid and contains daily values that span from October 1981 to September 2011. We also provide code to further combine our dataset with publicly available river discharge data for end-to-end rainfall streamflow modeling.

Thomas I. Strasser, Edmund Widl, Carlos Ayon Mac Gregor et al.

The ongoing transformation of the European energy landscape, driven by the integration of renewable energy sources, digital technologies, and decentralized systems, requires a high degree of interoperability across diverse components and systems. Ensuring that these elements can exchange information and operate together reliably is essential for achieving a secure, flexible, and efficient energy supply infrastructure. While several initiatives have contributed to the development of smart grid testing infrastructures, they do not provide a dedicated or comprehensive focus on interoperability testing. A structured and harmonized overview of interoperability testing capabilities across Europe is therefore still missing. This work therefore presents a novel contribution by analyzing the European interoperability testing facility landscape through a structured survey of 30 facilities. It provides a categorized inventory of testing infrastructures, applied methodologies, and reference test cases, and introduces a blueprint for the development of future testing environments. The findings contribute to the establishment of a coordinated European ecosystem for interoperability testing, supporting collaboration, innovation, and alignment with the goals of the energy transition.

Youssef Shaker, Jun Wen Law, Audun Botterud et al.

Policies focused on deep decarbonization of regional economies emphasize electricity sector decarbonization alongside electrification of end-uses. There is growing interest in utilizing hydrogen (H2) produced via electricity to displace fossil fuels in difficult-to-electrify sectors. One such case is heavy-duty vehicles (HDV), which represent a substantial and growing share of transport emissions as light-duty vehicles electrify. Here, we assess the bulk energy system impact of decarbonizing the HDV segment via either H2, or drop-in synthetic liquid fuels produced from H2 and CO2. Our analysis soft-links two modeling approaches: (a) a bottom-up transport demand model producing a variety of final energy demand scenarios for the same service demand and (b) a multi-sectoral capacity expansion model that co-optimizes power, H2 and CO2 supply chains under technological and policy constraints to meet exogenous final energy demands. Through a case study of Western Europe in 2040 under deep decarbonization constraints, we quantify the energy system implications of different levels of H2 and synthetic fuels adoption in the HDV sector under scenarios with and without CO2 sequestration. In the absence of CO2 storage, substitution of liquid fossil fuels in HDVs is essential to meet the deep decarbonization constraint across the modeled power, H2 and transport sectors. Additionally, utilizing H2 HDVs reduces decarbonization costs and fossil liquids demand, but could increase natural gas consumption. While H2 HDV adoption reduces the need for direct air capture (DAC), synthetic fuel adoption increases DAC investments and total system costs. The study highlights the trade-offs across transport decarbonization pathways, and underscores the importance of multi-sectoral consideration in decarbonization studies.

David Funosas, Elodie Massol, Yves Bas et al.

Currently available tools for the automated acoustic recognition of European insects in natural soundscapes are limited in scope. Large and ecologically heterogeneous acoustic datasets are currently needed for these algorithms to cross-contextually recognize the subtle and complex acoustic signatures produced by each species, thus making the availability of such datasets a key requisite for their development. Here we present ECOSoundSet (European Cicadidae and Orthoptera Sound dataSet), a dataset containing 10,653 recordings of 200 orthopteran and 24 cicada species (217 and 26 respective taxa when including subspecies) present in North, Central, and temperate Western Europe (Andorra, Belgium, Denmark, mainland France and Corsica, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Switzerland), collected partly through targeted fieldwork in South France and Catalonia and partly through contributions from various European entomologists. The dataset is composed of a combination of coarsely labeled recordings, for which we can only infer the presence, at some point, of their target species (weak labeling), and finely annotated recordings, for which we know the specific time and frequency range of each insect sound present in the recording (strong labeling). We also provide a train/validation/test split of the strongly labeled recordings, with respective approximate proportions of 0.8, 0.1 and 0.1, in order to facilitate their incorporation in the training and evaluation of deep learning algorithms. This dataset could serve as a meaningful complement to recordings already available online for the training of deep learning algorithms for the acoustic classification of orthopterans and cicadas in North, Central, and temperate Western Europe.

C. Bosco, U. Minora, D. de Rigo et al.

This paper presents a mixed-methodology to forecast illegal border crossings in Europe across five key migratory routes, with a one-year time horizon. The methodology integrates machine learning techniques with qualitative insights from migration experts. This approach aims at improving the predictive capacity of data-driven models through the inclusion of a human-assessed covariate, an innovation that addresses challenges posed by sudden shifts in migration patterns and limitations in traditional datasets. The proposed methodology responds directly to the forecasting needs outlined in the EU Pact on Migration and Asylum, supporting the Asylum and Migration Management Regulation (AMMR). It is designed to provide policy-relevant forecasts that inform strategic decisions, early warning systems, and solidarity mechanisms among EU Member States. By joining data-driven modeling with expert judgment, this work aligns with existing academic recommendations and introduces a novel operational tool tailored for EU migration governance. The methodology is tested and validated with known data to demonstrate its applicability and reliability in migration-related policy context.

Zdzisław Zarzycki, Paweł Kaźmierski

The new law on marriage (and civil status records) introduced in post-war Poland on 1 January 1946 created a new legal status for many planning to enter into marriage and those who wanted to divorce. The law unified on a national scale, treated marriage as a secular institution, and concluded before a state civil registrar. The spouses could enter only a subsequent religious marriage according to their confession. Five outdated marriage codifications, dating back to partition times, were eliminated from legal circulation. A new secular divorce law was introduced, which was separated from the religious norms of spouses, and thus Catholics were allowed to divorce. The socialist state limited the freedom to divorce by introducing a broad catalog of positive grounds for divorce. The possibility of divorce upon the spouses’ unanimous request was introduced for a period of 3 years (1946–1948). This was a chance for spouses who had not had children and had not lived together for many years to apply for divorce. The practical effect of introducing the new divorce law after 1946 was that the District Courts in Kraków and Słupsk saw a sharp increase in divorce cases, and the parties initiating divorce were increasingly women (wives).

S.Ya. Fursa, Ye.I. Fursa, E.Ye. Rehushevskyi

This article reveals the role of the European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ) in improving the state of enforcement of court decisions and other bodies in Ukraine. The activities of this Commission are aimed at reducing the burden on the European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter referred to as the ECHR) by improving the efficiency and quality of the judicial system in the member states. Since Ukraine is a member of the Council of Europe, it should take into account the CEPEJ Recommendations on improving the state of enforcement of court decisions, in particular, when improving the legislation on enforcement proceedings in Ukraine. The Guidelines for the implementation of the relevant Council of Europe recommendations on the enforcement of court decisions, developed by the CEPEJ, are analyzed. The need for such CEPEJ Recommendations is also due to the fact that Ukraine ranks third in the number of applications to the European Court of Human Rights, which indicates problems with the enforcement of decisions of national courts as well as decisions of the ECHR. It is proposed to develop a Program for the Implementation of the CEPEJ Guidelines into the legislation of Ukraine on enforcement proceedings and to take them into account in the draft amendments to the Law of Ukraine “On Enforcement Proceedings”. The following CEPEJ Guidelines have been analyzed: the principle of a fair enforcement procedure, the principle of balance between the needs of the plaintiff (claimant) and the rights of the defendant (debtor), the principle of procedural equality of the parties, and the expediency of their implementation into the Ukrainian legislation on enforcement proceedings. Attention is drawn to the debatability of the issue of “flexibility” of enforcement of decisions and the ability of the enforcer to perform the function of a mediator. The author’s opinion boils down to the impossibility of combining the professional powers of the enforcer and the mediator, if only because the statuses and functions of these subjects are regulated by different legislation and to some extent conflict with each other in matters of payment. Ideas are expressed for improving the norms that regulate the implementation of the principles of enforcement of court decisions and other bodies in the current Law of Ukraine “On Enforcement Proceedings”, based on the CEPEJ Guidelines.

Ángel Luis Alonso de Antonio

La constitucionalidad de la diferenciación de una financiación singular de las Comunidades Autónomas dentro del sistema LOFCA cuando se cumplan requisitos objetivos que exijan esa singularidad, no justifica un tratamiento peculiar de la situación financiera de una concreta Comunidad Autónoma atendiendo realmente a peticiones con un trasfondo financiero, pero con una evidente reivindicación política

O. V. Matiushyna

The article examines the concept of climate justice as a key element of effective climate policy in Europe in the fight against global warming and the actualization of this issue in Ukraine as a result of Russian military aggression. The role of international law in regulating the human impact on the climate system and ensuring environmental justice is highlighted. The efforts of the European Union to implement the Paris Agreement in order to prevent an in global average annual temperature on the planet by more than 2 degrees from the pre-industrial level by 2100 are analyzed, in particular with regard to the implementation of the European Green Deal and the package of legislative initiatives «Fit for 55», which were joined by all EU members, proclaiming an ambitious goal to turn Europe into the first climate-neutral continent by 2050 and reduce emissions by 55% by 2030. The development of European policies for the transition to a carbon-free economy is aimed at integrating climate related commitments into various sectors of the economy, which historically coincided with the war on the eastern borders of EU. The author puts attention to the lack of a mechanism for reimbursement of significant volumes of greenhouse gas emissions caused as a result of armed conflicts, which is a significant gap in the modern methodology of concepts for achieving the normatively enshrined long-term goal of the EU to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 in accordance with the European Climate Law. Particular attention is paid to the situation in Ukraine, where the issue of climate justice is being actualized in connection with the consequences of the Russian aggression, which has caused large-scale environmental crimes. Attention is paid to the challenges associated with environmental racism, war environmental crimes, and ways to improve legal mechanisms to ensure climate justice at the international level are proposed. The author emphasizes the need for effective implementation and synchronization of EU environmental and climate legislation in the legal system of Ukraine, which should become an important prerequisite for the «green» and sustainable post-war recovery of the country.

Jessica Frater, Miha Krofel, Darragh Hare et al.

Abstract Sustainable management of wild ungulate populations is key to maintaining ecosystem health. High ungulate densities across Europe pose growing ecological, social, and economic challenges, particularly where natural predators are absent. In highland Scotland, red deer (Cervus elaphus) have long been managed under a landowner-led system with limited community involvement and low regulatory oversight. As Scotland seeks to deliver sustainable land management, there is increasing momentum to reduce deer impacts and enhance community participation in land and wildlife management. We explore the potential for community hunting to contribute to sustainable deer management in highland Scotland. We compare Scotland with Slovenia, a largely highland country where community-based hunting is strongly embedded culturally and in law. Reviewing literature and expert local knowledge in both countries, we use the ‘social habitat for hunting’ concept to examine macro-, meso-, micro-, and individual-level factors that shape hunting participation. Significant structural, cultural, and institutional barriers to community hunting exist in Scotland, including weak social norms and cultural legitimacy, proprietary shooting rights, weak regulatory mechanisms, and low access to and uptake of training. In contrast, Slovenia’s hunting model illustrates how integrated governance, community empowerment, and intergenerational knowledge transfer maintains sustainable community-based hunting practices. Community hunting could help to deliver sustainable deer management in highland Scotland through building a supportive social habitat.

Khadija Khatun, Chen Shen, Jun Tanimoto et al.

Understanding how cooperation emerges in public goods games is crucial for addressing societal challenges. While optional participation can establish cooperation without identifying cooperators, it relies on specific assumptions -- that individuals abstain and receive a non-negative payoff, or that non-participants cause damage to public goods -- which limits our understanding of its broader role. We generalize this mechanism by considering non-participants' payoffs and their potential direct influence on public goods, allowing us to examine how various strategic motives for non-participation affect cooperation. Using replicator dynamics, we find that cooperation thrives only when non-participants are motivated by individualistic or prosocial values, with individualistic motivations yielding optimal cooperation. These findings are robust to mutation, which slightly enlarges the region where cooperation can be maintained through cyclic dominance among strategies. Our results suggest that while optional participation can benefit cooperation, its effectiveness is limited and highlights the limitations of bottom-up schemes in supporting public goods.

Alexander Mozdzen, Felicity Addo, Tamas Krisztin et al.

The global climate has underscored the need for effective policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from all sources, including those resulting from agricultural expansion, which is regulated by the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) across the European Union (EU). To assess the effectiveness of these mitigation policies, statistical methods must account for the heterogeneous impact of policies across different countries. We propose a Bayesian approach that combines the multinomial logit model, which is suitable for compositional land-use data, with a Bayesian nonparametric (BNP) prior to cluster regions with similar policy impacts. To simultaneously control for other relevant factors, we distinguish between cluster-specific and global covariates, coining this approach the Bayesian nonparametric partial clustering model. We develop a novel and efficient Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm, leveraging recent advances in the Bayesian literature. Using economic, geographic, and subsidy-related data from 22 EU member states, we examine the effectiveness of policies influencing land-use decisions across Europe and highlight the diversity of the problem. Our results indicate that the impact of CAP varies widely across the EU, emphasizing the need for subsidies to be tailored to optimize their effectiveness.

Francesca Larosa, Jaroslav Mysiak, Marco Molinari et al.

Innovation is a key component to equip our society with tools to adapt to new climatic conditions. The development of research-action interfaces shifts useful ideas into operationalized knowledge allowing innovation to flourish. In this paper we quantify the existing gap between climate research and innovation action in Europe using a novel framework that combines artificial intelligence (AI) methods and network science. We compute the distance between key topics of research interest from peer review publications and core issues tackled by innovation projects funded by the most recent European framework programmes. Our findings reveal significant differences exist between and within the two layers. Economic incentives, agricultural and industrial processes are differently connected to adaptation and mitigation priorities. We also find a loose research-action connection in bioproducts, biotechnologies and risk assessment practices, where applications are still too few compared to the research insights. Our analysis supports policy-makers to measure and track how research funding result in innovation action, and to adjust decisions if stated priorities are not achieved.

Bastien Cozian, Corentin Herbert, Freddy Bouchet

The European energy system will undergo major transformations in the coming decades to implement mitigation measures and comply with the Paris Agreement. In particular, the share of weather-dependent wind generation will increase significantly in the European energy mix. The most extreme fluctuations of the production at all time scales need to be taken into account in the design of the power system. In particular, extreme long-lasting low wind energy production events constitute a specific challenge, as most flexibility solutions do not apply at time scales beyond a few days. However, the probability and amplitude of such events has to a large extent eluded quantitative study so far due to lack of sufficiently long data. In this letter, using a 1000-year climate simulation, we study rare events of wind energy production that last from a few weeks to a few months over the January-February period, at the scale of a continent (Europe) and a country (France). The results show that the fluctuations of the capacity factor over Europe exhibit nearly Gaussian statistics at all time scales. A similar result holds over France for events longer than about two weeks and return times up to a few decades. In that case, the return time curves follow a universal curve. Furthermore, a simple Gaussian process with the same covariance structure as the data gives good estimates of the amplitude of the most extreme events. This method allows to estimate return times for rare events from shorter but more accurate data sources. We demonstrate this possibility with reanalysis data.

Jukka Ruohonen

Access to online data has long been important for law enforcement agencies in their collection of electronic evidence and investigation of crimes. These activities have also long involved cross-border investigations and international cooperation between agencies and jurisdictions. However, technological advances such as cloud computing have complicated the investigations and cooperation arrangements. Therefore, several new laws have been passed and proposed both in the United States and the European Union for facilitating cross-border crime investigations in the context of cloud computing. These new laws and proposals have also brought many new legal challenges and controversies regarding extraterritoriality, data protection, privacy, and surveillance. With these challenges in mind and with a focus on Europe, this paper reviews the recent trends and policy initiatives for cross-border data access by law enforcement agencies.

Soumya Sankar, Ruizi Liu, Xue-Jian Gao et al.

Berry curvature multipoles appearing in topological quantum materials have recently attracted much attention. Their presence can manifest in novel phenomena, such as nonlinear anomalous Hall effects (NLAHE). The notion of Berry curvature multipoles extends our understanding of Berry curvature effects on the material properties. Hence, research on this subject is of fundamental importance and may also enable future applications in energy harvesting and high-frequency technology. It was shown that a Berry curvature dipole can give rise to a 2nd order NLAHE in materials of low crystalline symmetry. Here, we demonstrate a fundamentally new mechanism for Berry curvature multipoles in antiferromagnets that are supported by the underlying magnetic symmetries. Carrying out electric transport measurements on the kagome antiferromagnet FeSn, we observe a 3rd order NLAHE, which appears as a transverse voltage response at the 3rd harmonic frequency when a longitudinal a.c. current drive is applied. Interestingly, this NLAHE is strongest at and above room temperature. We combine these measurements with a scaling law analysis, a symmetry analysis, model calculations, first-principle calculations, and magnetic Monte-Carlo simulations to show that the observed NLAHE is induced by a Berry curvature quadrupole appearing in the spin-canted state of FeSn. At a practical level, our study establishes NLAHE as a sensitive probe of antiferromagnetic phase transitions in other materials, such as moiré superlattices, two-dimensional van der Waal magnets, and quantum spin liquid candidates, that remain poorly understood to date. More broadly, Berry curvature multipole effects are predicted to exist for 90 magnetic point groups. Hence, our work opens a new research area to study a variety of topological magnetic materials through nonlinear measurement protocols.

Alexis Boulin, Elena Di Bernardino, Thomas Laloë et al.

The task of simplifying the complex spatio-temporal variables associated with climate modeling is of utmost importance and comes with significant challenges. In this research, our primary objective is to tailor clustering techniques to handle compound extreme events within gridded climate data across Europe. Specifically, we intend to identify subregions that display asymptotic independence concerning compound precipitation and wind speed extremes. To achieve this, we utilise daily precipitation sums and daily maximum wind speed data derived from the ERA5 reanalysis dataset spanning from 1979 to 2022. Our approach hinges on a tuning parameter and the application of a divergence measure to spotlight disparities in extremal dependence structures without relying on specific parametric assumptions. We propose a data-driven approach to determine the tuning parameter. This enables us to generate clusters that are spatially concentrated, which can provide more insightful information about the regional distribution of compound precipitation and wind speed extremes. In the process, we aim to elucidate the respective roles of extreme precipitation and wind speed in the resulting clusters. The proposed method is able to extract valuable information about extreme compound events while also significantly reducing the size of the dataset within reasonable computational timeframes.

Aristel Skrbic

The debate on the posting of workers in the European Union (EU) shows no sign of resolution 15 years after the controversial Laval quartet of judgements by the ECJ. The majority view has it that the judgements gave social dumping the backing of EU law, thus undermining national achievements in the social sphere. From this perspective the 2018 Revised Posted Workers Directive is a step in the right direction. The critique from the periphery, on the other hand, alleges that what looks like social dumping from the centre amounts to equality of opportunity for workers of the periphery, thus seeing the judgements in a more ambiguous or even positive light. The Revised PWD is here seen as a reassertion of national dominance from the EU’s centre. In this paper I engage with Christodoulidis’s constitutional approach to this complex problem which he develops in The Redress of Law, arguing against his embrace of the majority position in Part 3 of his work while building on his radical democratic proposals from Part 4. From the latter’s perspective, both the majority view as well as the critique from the periphery are to be rejected, since the very opposition between the two options is inimical to workers’ rights in the EU. Radical democratic action is necessary to overcome this impasse, to open the space within which rights and interests of workers from across the Union can be properly protected and advanced.

The central thesis of this article is that the Energy Charter Treaty can be deployed to expand the fossil fuel industry’s rights and contextually counter democratic forces that animate the ecological transition. More specifically, the article shows the entanglement between the suppression of ecological democracy and the expansion of fossil rights. To offer a more granular understanding of how the Energy Charter Treaty empowers the fossil industry, this article zooms in on the case of Rockhopper v Italy. The case was launched in 2017 by the UK company Rockhopper against the Italian Republic because the latter denied a production concession for offshore oil drilling off the coast of Italy. After a long process of resistance from local communities, in 2016, the Italian government adopted a law of general applicability banning offshore drilling within 12 nautical miles of the coast. Drawing on political theory, this article conceptualises people’s successful forms of resistance to the oil extractivist project as ecological democracy. By unpacking the main facts underpinning this case and the legal reasoning in the award, the article shows how the Rockhopper award has bestowed new property rights on the fossil fuel investor while contextually compressing democratic spaces vital for the ecological transition.