Mirzayusup Rustambaev, Govkherjan Yuldasheva, Roza Azkhodjaeva
et al.
This article examines migrant victimization as a structural outcome of migration governance systems in developed countries. This study demonstrates that variations in enforcement intensity, labor-market segmentation, and procedural safeguards explain cross-regional differences in exposure to harm and access to justice, thereby reframing migrant victimization as a governance-dependent outcome rather than an individual-level vulnerability. Criminal victimization remains an under-explored facet of migration dynamics in developed countries, despite migrants’ overrepresentation as victims. Legal scholarship on this topic is exceptionally limited and primarily focused on refugee protection. The victimization of migrants at the hands of individuals, groups, and authorities is therefore examined with the aim of informing research agendas, policy debates, and international cooperation. The assessment proceeds in six steps. First, migrant victimization patterns are outlined according to crime type, drawing on the European Union, the United States, and the Global South as contextual frames. Next, legal definitions and protections are distinguished from victimization levels, with the international legal framework and the concept of safe access to justice underscored. Then, broader systemic drivers and comparative factors influencing victimization patterns are investigated, again through the lens of the European Union, North America, Western Europe, and Oceania. Fourth, considerations relevant to the study of migrant victimization are reviewed, including methodological challenges, variations in legal terminology, underlying fieldwork orientations, and the availability of prior research. This study argues that migrant victimization is best understood as a structural product of migration governance regimes, where enforcement design, legal stratification, and labor-market segmentation systematically shape exposure to harm and access to justice.
In this article, we explore what it means to research in International Relations (IR) in a context of dizzying multiplication of turns in the discipline – towards things that are material, practised, emotional, aesthetic, quantic or visual. A two-fold assumption of our times seems to be that more turns is a sound development for the discipline, and that every turn is inherently more critical than the previous one. Taking a step back from these numerous recent turns, we analyse the phenomenon of turning itself, and what it reveals about the state of the discipline and of critical International Relations (cIR), respectively. First, we track how the turn to turns occurred at a specific point in the discipline’s history where it had exhausted the modalities by which it had initially established itself. ‘Theory’ and ‘turn’ imply contrasting logics of organising knowledge claims. Second, we show that the phenomenon of turning evinces new and systematically structured ways of valuing what counts (and does not) as innovative knowledge worth pursuing. We attempt to render explicit the valuation structure at work in the turning – its grammar. Third, we explore how practicing critique, analysing the international political and politicising the international have been reconfigured by the ascent of turns. We do this in the format of five slow-down test questions for would-be turners.
What kind of everyday expectations arise from an aspiration for modernity, and how do they inform hierarchy-building in International Relations (IR)? This article proposes a theory of banal modernity as a logic of hierarchization in IR. It argues that actors of IR often hierarchize reality by evaluating their relative status against the imaginaries of modernity in the mundane and quotidian aspects of everyday life. Moreover, varied hierarchization practices in contemporary contexts (in their intersecting forms), for example, those based on race, class, gender, ethnicity and so on, are often informed commonly by banal modernity – it offers the vocabulary and grammar that facilitate these practices. Through its first case, this article reveals a desire to showcase banal modernity, propelling Chinese elites to launch nationwide, massive-scale, civilizing campaigns to encourage hygiene, orderliness and civic manners among citizens, especially in the run-up to the 2008 Beijing Olympics. The second case accordingly demonstrates how banal modernity is expected from racial(ized) Others, in highly similar ways. As an attempt at global IR theory building, banal modernity has multiple implications for scholarly understandings of hierarchy in IR, agency of non-Western actors and the politics of the everyday in IR.
Animals are integral to world politics, yet largely neglected in International Relations (IR). This Special Issue (SI) aims to address this gap and offers a collection of original research articles that investigate issues pertaining to sovereignty, power, diplomacy, the ethics of war, justice and emancipation, environmental governance, activism and international law. The articles make animals visible within those realms, raise novel questions and develop approaches through which the specific role(s) of animals and human-animal relations in international politics may be theoretically understood and empirically explored. They open a conversation between IR and Critical Animal Studies (CAS). The SI contributes to a broader understanding of the complex and interconnected nature of human-animal relations, and therefore to the reorientation of IR towards a post-anthropocentric perspective of world politics that renders the field better equipped to understand and address our current Anthropocene predicament. To introduce the SI, this article starts by addressing the invisibility of animals in IR and why this is problematic. It then provides an overview of the articles included in the SI and concludes by outlining a research agenda for the study of animals in IR.
In today’s international relations system, energy -especially oil and natural gas- is one of
the most discussed issues. The countries that have these two important energy sources can
be targeted by imperialist global energy actors and remain defenseless against them. One of
the prominent regions in the world in terms of oil and natural gas reserves is the Central Asia
in which the countries are faced with the mentioned risks. At this point, the main priority for
these countries is to protect themselves from this competition as much as possible by taking
lessons from such as countries Iraq, Iran, and Venezuela that are targeted by global powers
and to realize their potential to achieve higher level of income and welfare. Recently, the
energy issue that has been risen to the top of Turkey’s agenda with Turkish natural gas and oil
exploration endeavors on the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea and with the war between
Russia and Ukraine, stands out as the main factor to redefine regional and global relations.
At this point, energy can be seen as an important element to improve relations between the
countries of Turkic origin in the Central Asia and Turkey. This study, prepared based on the
basic assumption that the unifying element between the Turkic states can be “energy”, focuses
on the potential of energy cooperation to limit the global competition.
The storage of nuclear waste planned by the Republic of Croatia in Trgovska gora, located on the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina in its northern part, causes controversy and has far-reaching consequences for the population, flora and fauna, and the environment itself. In parallel with these consequences, it will affect the economic development of 13 municipalities in the Una basin. Croatia has already carried out part of the research, examined the terrain and moved on to geological research. In addition, an environmental impact study is planned and should be completed by 2023. Bosnia and Herzegovina has committed itself to find a solution through diplomatic channels with the Republic of Croatia and the application of international legal standards in this area, as well as legal options available to BiH to protect its interests and mechanisms to deter Croatia from disposing nuclear waste at the site. In the event that Croatia implements this project and builds a nuclear waste dump in Trgovska gora, in addition to environmental consequences, it will affect the economy of municipalities in the Republic of Srpska in terms of a fall in real estate prices, jeopardize agricultural land and create a significant outflow of population.
Uncertainty is the unavoidable part of the life. In almost all circumstances, we regularly find ourselves in a state of uncertainty. Several reasons can lead to uncertainty, such as randomness, vagueness and rough knowledge. Fuzzy set (FS) theory deals with these kinds of information. Many generalizations had been made in the theory of FSs, such as intuitionistic FSs (IFSs), q-rung orthopair FSs (qROFSs), complex qROFSs (CqROFSs), spherical FSs (SFSs), T-spherical FSs (TSFSs), and complex TSFSs (CTSFSs). Among these generalizations of FSs, the CTSFSs are the most dominant generalization of the FSs. Although fuzzy relations (FRs), IF relations (IFRs) and complex FRs (CFRs) were defined in the literature, the concepts of relations have not yet been introduced in the CTSFSs. This paper unveils the novel concept of CTSF relations (CTSFRs), which provides the extensive generalizations of FRs. The proposed CTSFRs can give many generalized types of FRs, such as IFRs, CFRs, Pythagorean FRs, qROFRs, SFRs and TSFRs, etc. Additionally, some useful properties and results are obtained for CTSFRs. Moreover, a couple of applications demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed concepts. These CTSFRs can be used to depict the time-related interdependence of global market. Thus, we apply these CTSFRs to analyze the interdependence of the international trades among countries and compare the financial factors affecting business markets. Furthermore, the economic relationships with respect to time lag can be modeled by using the CTSFSs and the CTSFRs. Finally, a comparative analysis illuminates the supremacy of the proposed way in contrast with the existing ones.
Josias Marcos de Resende Silva, Thiago da Rocha Passos Gomes
Ao longo da história, governos nacionais e organizações internacionais têm contado com o apoio logístico fornecido pelas Forças Armadas para responder às recorrentes situações de emergência humanitária. Na América do Sul, desde que Nicolás Maduro ascendeu ao poder, a Venezuela enfrenta uma drástica crise econômica e política, resultando em um fluxo intenso de população vulnerável para os países vizinhos, incluindo o Brasil. Particularmente no estado de Roraima, a migração de venezuelanos ocasionou uma situação caótica, com graves impactos nos sistemas de saúde, educação e na segurança pública. Com o objetivo de evitar o colapso do estado de Roraima e prover a ajuda humanitária aos migrantes, o governo brasileiro criou a Força-Tarefa Logística Humanitária (Operação Acolhida). Dessa forma, esse estudo visa analisar a Operação Acolhida, sob a liderança operacional das Forças Armadas, como uma resposta governamental brasileira à crise migratória venezuelana. Após a condução de um estudo de caso sobre a Operação Acolhida, foi possível examinar seu impacto no estado de Roraima, bem como identificar as principais capacidades militares empregadas pelas Forças Armadas, em especial pelo Exército Brasileiro, no âmbito dessa relevante operação logística humanitária.
International relations, Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration
In January 2020, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia proposed to form a new regional bloc, occasionally referred to as the Horn of Africa Cooperation (HoAC). This article assesses which factors have contributed to making this proposal and contemplates potential effects for the complex security challenges, political tensions among the neighbours, and existing institutional environment in the region. Drawing on the scholarship on comparative regionalism and overlapping regionalism, we show that a genuine interest to independently address security challenges in the Horn of Africa, as well as domestic concerns, are core motivations for the leaders in all three states. However, the HoAC proposal bears the risk of further alienating partners in the region and undermning security efforts of other regional organisations, most importantly the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, the African Union, and the Eastern Africa Standby Force. Thus, the promises and pitfalls of this new bloc could shape the regional architecture and cause new political challenges in the region.
El objetivo de este trabajo es dilucidar cuáles fueron los factores que permiten explicar la conclusión del acuerdo entre MERCOSUR y la Unión Europea, en junio de 2019, tras 20 años de negociaciones. De igual manera, propone indagar en si el predominio de alguno de dichos factores ha generado efectos sobre los usos estratégicos que las partes hacen del acuerdo negociado y su (posible) ratificación. Se postula una explicación tripartita y multicausal conforme a la cual el acuerdo MERCOSUR-Unión Europea fue posibilitado por tres tipos de factores: los intereses materiales económicos y comerciales, la interacción estratégica y geopolítica, y la identidad birregional. Esta convergencia de factores implica que el trade-off que permitió llegar al acuerdo es multivariado pero no implica que sea necesariamente armónico. Así, se sugiere que según sea el elemento privilegiado por las partes involucradas, el acuerdo adquiere distintos significados y diferentes perspectivas de ratificación. El acuerdo ha sido presentado como un instrumento para el acceso a los mercados; como una oportunidad para incrementar el bienestar y eficiencia de los distintos sectores económicos. Desde lo estratégico y geopolítico, como un hito para la conservación del orden liberal internacional. En tanto que el elemento identitario permite sostener que el acuerdo entre MERCOSUR y la Unión Europea contribuye a la consolidación de una identidad común en torno a un conjunto de valores compartidos. El trabajo presenta un diseño metodológico cualitativo, basando en el análisis documental. El debate presentado se inscribe en la discusión de los determinantes del regionalismo y la cooperación en materia de integración regional dentro de la disciplina de las Relaciones Internacionales. El trabajo pone de manifiesto que, en un contexto donde las negociaciones comerciales internacionales son cada vez más complejas y donde la variable comercial ha dejado de ser un tema de low agenda, un análisis multicausal con marcos conceptuales eclécticos presenta ventajas. Con este abordaje, la investigación realizada permite echar luz sobre las tensiones subyacentes al momento de la firma del acuerdo, y que comienzan a manifestarse en el proceso de ratificación. Muestra también que sobre un mismo hecho de la política internacional –el acuerdo comercial– coexisten distintas miradas y motivaciones por parte de los actores involucrados. El artículo se organiza de la siguiente manera: luego de la introducción presentamos las definiciones relativas a nuestro marco teórico y encuadre metodológico. En el primer apartado nos centramos en la hipótesis concerniente a los intereses materiales económicos y comerciales. El segundo apartado, toma, por su parte, la de la variable geopolítica y estratégica. La tercera sección expone las características e implicancias del vínculo interregional. Finalmente, se presentan las conclusiones de la investigación.
Clean energy transition is one of major transformation processes in the EU. There are different approaches among EU countries to decarbonization of their energy systems. The article deals with clean energy transition in France with the emphasis on power generation. While this transformation process is in line with similar developments in the EU, the Franch case has its distinct nature due to nuclear power domination in electricity production there. It represents a challenge for the current model as the transition is linked to a sharp drop of nuclear share in the power mix. It is important to understand the trajectory of further clean energy transition in France and its ultimate model. The article reviews the historical roots of the current model (which stems from Messmer plan of the 1970-es) and its development over years, as well as assesses its drawbacks and merits in order to outline possible future prospects. The conclusion is that the desired reduction of nuclear energy is linked not solely to greening process but has a complex of reasons, the ageing of nuclear reactors being one of them. Nuclear power remains an important low-carbon technology allowing France to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. A desired future energy model in France can be understood based on the analysis of new legislation and government action plans. The targeted model is expected to balance of nuclear and green energy in the generation mix in 50% to 40% proportion by 2035, with the rest left to gas power generation. Being pragmatic, French government aims at partial nuclear reactors shut down provided that this will not lead to the rise of GHG emissions, energy market distortions, or electricity price hikes. The balanced French model is believed to be a softer and socially comfortable option of low-carbon model.
Conditional cash transfer program at the national level gained prominence in the Latin America and the Caribbean social protection systems. There are countries where these social assistance mechanisms have become central to social security planning. The beginning of this popularity starts during the 1990s, when several conditional cash transfer programs were developed in the region. The objective of the present study is to deepen the knowledge about these public policies (CCTs, in Englich) in Latin America and the Caribbean. The central hypothesis is that the possession of a new president - or a new political group - tends to make changes in these policies to create a greater link or identification to his or her government.
Este estudo refere-se à complexa relação que se estabelece entre meio ambiente e atividade humana no cenário contemporâneo, considerando a crise ambiental sob a perspectiva do atual trabalho escravo no cenário brasileiro. Partimos da premissa de que a crise ambiental se alastra e demanda ações eficazes e globais que revertam os danos causados, estabelecendo relações de proteção e de conservação, pontificando a urgência de uma consciência ecológica universal, o que implica também considerar as relações de trabalho sob a ótica dos direitos sociais e humanos, com base no trabalho livre, decente e condigno. Consideramos que a análise sociopolítica do trabalho escravo permite que se observe o cenário econômico globalizado que o fomenta e os efeitos nocivos dessa prática sobre o meio ambiente, interpelado com base no ordenamento jurídico internacional. Apontamos que a prática escravagista atual é favorecida pela clandestinidade e opacidade que dificultam sua identificação e confrontação, mas também viabilizada pela dinâmica capitalista que aciona a terceirização como estratégia de barateamento da mão de obra e pela (i)migração (forçada) que elevam exponencialmente o lucro em face do baixo custo operacional, favorecendo inserções dessa natureza. No Brasil, a degradação do meio ambiente provocada por intensa exploração do agronegócio se apresenta fortemente associada ao uso da mão de obra escrava, configurando uma dinâmica que aponta para uma crise ambiental tanto quanto resvala para a instalação de relações abusivas de trabalho, desafiando as institucionalidades nacionais de repressão ao crime ambiental e à escravização do trabalhador.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, International relations
Silvio BERETTA , Renata TARGETTI LENTI, Emma ZAVARRONE
Marisa Civardi’s research activity at Istituto di Statistica of Pavia University (where she started working in 1964 after obtaining a degree in Physics) is characterised by outstanding achievements in the use of quantitative methods of analysis applied to multidisciplinary social research. Her main research themes so far have been: changes in social structure and in life and working conditions, stratification phenomena and their perception, the status of applied research and the measurement of risk attitude of entrepreneurs, and the careers of a group of Political Science graduates.Marisa Civardi has subsequently conducted innovative research on the structural analysis of income distribution (that is the type of analysis that connects income distribution with the variables that are typical of any socio-economic system) and on inequality problems. In addition to investigating these issues from a methodological perspective, she has also identified recurring features and mutations in personal income distribution in Italy, and she has done research on the relations between functional and personal income distribution. This research includes the possibility of building Social Accounting Matrices (SAM), which can also be used to simulate redistributive policies. A relevant aspect of Marisa Civardi’s recent research is represented by the measurement of the effectiveness and efficiency of higher education. Her intensive experience as a manager of an important university together with her mainly government-funded research activity have enabled her to create innovative instruments for the evaluation of the university system, which can also be used to assess the students’ occupational possibilities. It should also be underlined that Marisa Civardi is extremely aware of the importance of statistical data and of the need to keep it free from theoretical influences and contingent interests.
International Private Law has gone through several changes and modifications, in step with the globalization phenomenon, for whichthe relations between citizens of different countries have become more frequent and complex. In that regard, it is necessary to ask how International Private Law should react tobe in accordance with the new scenarios.
In this article, the author examines the general and patrimonial aspects of International Private Law that he considers must be redefined, comparing the current dispositions of the Peruvian Civil Code with international regulations and national reform projects, and introducing a modification proposal for each topic.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Civil law