Hasil untuk "Home economics"

Mingming Zhang, Meiqin Li, Fang Wang et al.

Tea aroma is significantly influenced by hydrogen carbonate (HCO3−) in brewing water. This study investigated the impact of HCO3− in water on the aroma of brewed tea infusions using sensory evaluation, headspace solid-phase microextraction, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques. As the concentration of HCO3− in water increased, the purity of tea aroma diminished, while attributes related to cooked flavors and sweetness intensified; this effect is particularly pronounced at high temperatures and prolonged brewing times. HCO3− changed the concentration of volatiles, resulting in a significant decrease in concentrations of dimethyl sulfide, β-ionone, and other compounds. Furthermore, the presence of HCO3− markedly decreased EGCG content while increasing GCG content in tea infusion; these variations in catechin concentrations were correlated with changes in dimethyl sulfide and β-ionone concentrations. These findings enhance the understanding of flavor chemistry concerning tea and water, provide valuable insights for the scientific selection of tea brewing water.

Jacqueline A. Benson MPH, Matthew Wilson MS, Aidan J. Flynn MS et al.

The strongest risk factor for readmission to the hospital is impaired physical function. We sought to determine the usability and feasibility of a post-hospital behavioral intervention to improve mobility in older adults with significant morbidity and functional impairment. We conducted a two-arm pragmatic pilot randomized trial of a behavioral economics-informed intervention to increase daily steps in Veterans, age 60 or older, receiving home health (HH) services post-discharge. The intervention group received a multicomponent behavioral economics-informed intervention, including daily step count goals, performance feedback, social incentives, and a pedometer. The control group received usual care, which included the use of a pedometer without additional interventions. Both groups wore an ActivPAL device to continuously monitor activity. Outcomes were measured at 60 days post-discharge. The primary outcomes were feasibility (enrollment and completion rates) and usability (device compliance and participant satisfaction). Secondary outcomes included changes in mean daily steps and hospital utilization. Differences in daily steps between the intervention and control group were examined using a linear mixed effects model. Sixteen out of the 37 consented Veterans completed the study (9 intervention, 7 control). All Veterans rated as very satisfied with wearing the pedometer, while 3 did not like wearing the ActivPAL. The pedometer data was more complete, with a missing step data rate of 5%, compared to 29% for the ActivPAL. The median (interquartile range, IQR) baseline step counts were 926 steps (2744) in the control arm and 1131 steps (2952) in the intervention arm. Both groups increased steps during the intervention; however, there was no significant difference between groups ( P  = .18). Few older adults were able to complete the study, suggesting improvements to feasibility and acceptability are needed. Step counts were very low but did improve in both groups during the intervention. A pedometer was preferred by participants and provided more complete information than a research-grade device. Larger studies are needed to evaluate efficacy of such interventions.

EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials (FCM), Claude Lambré, Riccardo Crebelli et al.

Abstract The EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials (FCM) assessed the safety of the recycling process KREYENBORG IR Clean+ (universal) (EU register number RECYC329). The input is hot washed and dried poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) flakes mainly originating from collected post‐consumer PET containers, with no more than 5% PET from non‐food consumer applications. The flakes are heated in a continuous infrared (IR) dryer (step 2) before being processed in a finisher reactor (step 3). Having examined the challenge test provided, the Panel concluded that both steps are critical in determining the decontamination efficiency of the process. The operating parameters to control the efficiency of these critical steps are temperature, air/PET ratio and residence time. It was demonstrated that this recycling process ensures that the level of migration of potential unknown contaminants into food is below the conservatively modelled migration of 0.0481 or 0.0962 μg/kg food, depending on the molar mass of a contaminant substance. Therefore, the Panel concluded that the recycled PET obtained from this process is not of safety concern, when used at up to 100% for the manufacture of materials and articles for contact with all types of foodstuffs, including drinking water, for long‐term storage at room temperature or below, with or without hot‐fill. Articles made of this recycled PET are not intended to be used in microwave and conventional ovens and such uses are not covered by this evaluation.

Zahra Rostampoor, Sima Afrashteh, Mohammad Mohammadianpanah et al.

Abstract Background In Iran, not only the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasing but also the age of patients at diagnosis is alarmingly dropping. We need urgent actions to better understand the epidemiology of CRC and the contributing factors for such pattern in Iranian population. The aim of our study was to determine the potential contribution of lifestyle, including dietary pattern, to CRC in a large Iranian province. Methods A hospital based case-control study was performed on 572 participants (275 cases and 297 controls). Patients in the case group were newly diagnosed with CRC in a referral hospital and patients in the control group were selected from those patients with non-malignancy diseases who were admitted to the same hospital. Control group was frequency matched to the case group for gender and age. Results Based on the results of multivariable logistic regression analysis, direct associations were observed between usual pattern of defecation (OR> 3rd /every day =4.74, 95% CI: 1.78–12.59), chicken consumption (ORsometimes or always/occasionally = 6.33, 95% CI:3.23–12.43), family history of CRC (ORyes/no =5.79, 95% CI: 2.72–12.31), and alcohol consumption (ORyes/no =6.03, 95% CI: 2.14–16.98) with the odds of CRC among the study population. On the other hand, taking multivitamins (ORyes/no=0.09, 95% CI:0.04–0.20), consumption of coffee (ORalways/occasionally =0.29, 95% CI: 0.12–0.69), taking vitamins D supplement (ORyes/no =0.38,95% CI:0.22–0.66), and consumption of garlic (ORsometimes/occasionally =0.53,95% CI: 0.30–0.95) significantly reduced the odds of CRC. Conclusions We revealed potentially significant effects of several lifestyle related factors with CRC risk in Iranian population. More studies are required to understand the mechanism of action of the associated factors in developing CRC.

EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Vasileios Bampidis, Giovanna Azimonti et al.

Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the assessment of the application for the renewal of the authorisation of l‐cystine as nutritional feed additive. The additive is authorised for use in all animal species (3c391). The applicant has provided evidence that the additive currently in the market complies with the existing conditions of authorisation. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed concluded that the use of the feed additive in animal nutrition remains safe for the target species, the consumers and the environment. As regards the safety for the user, l‐cystine is not an irritant to skin or eyes and is not a skin sensitiser. Exposure by inhalation of persons handling the additive cannot be excluded. The present application for the renewal of the authorisation does not include any modification proposal that would have an impact on the efficacy of the additive and therefore there is no need for reassessing the efficacy.

Bo Wang, Yali Zhu, Shuyu Liu et al.

A simple, rapid and novel method involving ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI–MS/MS) was developed to simultaneously detect erythromycin, its major metabolite and clarithromycin in chicken tissues (muscle, liver and kidney) and eggs (whole egg, albumen and yolk). Samples were extracted using acetonitrile–water (80:20, v/v), and a Cleanert MAS-Q cartridge was used to perform quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) purification. The average recoveries were 87.78–104.22 %, and the corresponding intraday and interday relative standard deviations were less than 7.10 %. The decision limits and detection capabilities of the chicken tissues and eggs were 2.15–105.21 μg/kg and 2.26–110.42 μg/kg, respectively. For chicken tissues and eggs, the limits of detection and limits of quantification were 0.5 μg/kg and 2.0 μg/kg, respectively. The proposed method was successfully employed to analyse real samples, demonstrating its applicability.

Elina Mauramo, Tea Lallukka, Noora Kanerva et al.

Abstract Background and objectives Associations between fruit and vegetable consumption and mental health have been observed, but studies comparing different types of plant foods are sparse. This study among Finnish municipal employees examined associations of the consumption of a range of different plant foods with emotional well-being (EWB). Data and methods We used survey data from the Helsinki Health Study conducted in 2017 among 19–39-year-old employees of the City of Helsinki, Finland (N = 5898, response rate 51.5%, 80% women). Consumption of plant foods, including fruit, berries, fresh and cooked vegetables and wholegrain bread, was measured by a food frequency questionnaire and dichotomised into daily/non-daily consumption. The EWB scale of the RAND-36 questionnaire was dichotomised, with the lowest quartile indicating ‘poor EWB’ and the three higher quartiles indicating ‘good EWB’. We used logistic regression for analysing the associations between plant food consumption and EWB. Analyses were sex-stratified and age, socioeconomic circumstances and psychosocial working conditions were adjusted for. Results Prevalence of daily consumption of plant foods varied from 25% for berries and cooked vegetables to 70% for fresh vegetables. Daily consumption was associated with good EWB among both women and men. The strongest age-adjusted association was found for fresh vegetables, with women (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.27–1.74) and men (OR 1.86, CI 1.37–2.52) with daily consumption having clearly higher odds of good EWB compared to non-daily consumers. Associations slightly attenuated but mostly remained after adjusting for socioeconomic circumstances and working conditions. Conclusions More frequent plant food consumption was associated with good EWB. Thus, the results support the need for interventions that investigate whether the promotion of plant food consumption could show potential mental health benefits among employees.

EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes and Processing Aids (CEP), Vittorio Silano, José Manuel Barat Baviera et al.

Abstract The food enzyme triacylglycerol lipase (triacylglycerol acylhydrolase; EC 3.1.1.3) is produced with the non‐genetically modified Aspergillus luchuensis strain AE‐L by Amano Enzyme Inc. The food enzyme is free from viable cells of the production organism. The food enzyme is intended to be used in the manufacture of enzyme‐modified dairy ingredients (EMDI). Dietary exposure to the food enzyme–total organic solids (TOS) was estimated to be up to 0.02 mg TOS/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. Genotoxicity tests did not raise a safety concern. The systemic toxicity was assessed by means of a repeated dose 90‐day oral toxicity study in rats. The Panel identified a no observed adverse effect level of 1,726 mg TOS/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested, which when compared with the estimated dietary exposure, results in a margin of exposure of at least 86,300. A search for the similarity of the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to those of known allergens was made and no match was found. The Panel considered that, under the intended conditions of use, the risk of allergic reactions by dietary exposure cannot be excluded, but the likelihood of such reactions is low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Giulia Bellisai, Giovanni Bernasconi et al.

Abstract In accordance with Article 43 of Regulation (EC) 396/2005, EFSA received a request from the European Commission to review the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) for the non‐approved active substance dicofol in view of the possible lowering of the MRL. EFSA investigated the origin of the current EU MRLs. All existing EU MRLs reflect previously authorised uses in the EU or are based on obsolete Codex Maximum Residue Limits. Furthermore, in view of the limitations of the toxicological dataset and related uncertainties, the existing toxicological reference values derived at the EU level cannot be confirmed for dicofol. EFSA therefore proposed lowering all existing EU MRLs for dicofol to the limit of quantification.

Canon Engoke Norris Savala, Alexander Nimo Wiredu, David Chikoye et al.

Soybean production in sub-Saharan Africa is increasing as farmers open more land areas for cultivation and replace other crops, such as tobacco, in favor of this legume crop. Despite the production is increased in Mozambique, demand for animal feed and oil is not satisfied. As such, farmers explore ways to improve yield per unit area of soybean by using bio-inoculants from various sources and agroecological adaptability. These bio-inoculants are seldom available during planting time, and retail at almost similar prices although yield varied based on the product source, handling, and the rhizobia strain carrier. Mozambique does not produce bio-inoculants, so it obtains the product from neighboring countries or as far as the South American continent. In this study, we evaluated the performance, ecological adaptability, and soybean productivity of seven Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens strain-based bio-inoculants from several countries with different carrier materials: Biofix, Masterfix, Nitrofix, NitroZam, N-Fixer, Soygro Peat, and Soygro Liquid against a control (non-inoculated) on two soybean varieties Storm and TGx 1904-6F. The trial was conducted in the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons in three agroecologies of Mozambique at Angonia, Nampula, and Ruace. Data on nodulation, plant growth, biomass nitrogen content at beginning of podding (R3) stage, yield, and yield components of soybean were evaluated. Analysis of variance and contrast comparisons were performed on the Statistical Analysis System® 9.4. Nodule weight per plant variedly increased from 7.7 to 167.6 mg with inoculation of both varieties across environments. Plant tissue nitrogen content at the R3 stage was higher in inoculated non-promiscuous variety at 3.9% than the promiscuous counterpart with 3.7%. Storm, a non-promiscuous short-maturity variety of soybean, responded to inoculation and accumulated more N than the medium-to-late maturity promiscuous TGx 1904-6F. Higher N tissue content is an indicator of better nutritive value, as well as high-quality recyclable biomass of inoculated soybean. Both Storm and TGx 1904-6F responded to all inoculants variedly with NitroZam yield of 2,750 kg ha−1 being highest, while Soygro Liquid was lowest with 2,051 kg ha−1 but more than the check with 1,690 kg ha−1 across sites. There were varietal differences in 100-seed weight after inoculation where Storm (15.4 g) had heavier seeds than TGx 1904-6F (13.1 g). The results show that inoculation improved plant growth and development, increased nodulation, and gave higher yields for better economic returns among farmers. Inoculation has the potential of increasing soybean yield, nutritive value, and biomass quality within Mozambique.

Abhiram Kumar, Abhiram Kumar, Kalyani Sakhare et al.

Conveyance of pathogens between organisms causes communicable diseases. On the other hand, a non-communicable disease (NCD) was always thought to have no causative transmissible infective agents. Today, this clear distinction is increasingly getting blurred and NCDs are found to be associated with some transmissible components. The human microbiota carries a congregation of microbes, the majority and the most widely studied being bacteria in the gut. The adult human gut harbors ginormous inhabitant microbes, and the microbiome accommodates 150-fold more genes than the host genome. Microbial communities share a mutually beneficial relationship with the host, especially with respect to host physiology including digestion, immune responses, and metabolism. This review delineates the connection between environmental factors such as infections leading to gut dysbiosis and NCDs and explores the evidence regarding possible causal link between them. We also discuss the evidence regarding the value of appropriate therapeutic immunomodulatory nutritional interventions to reduce the development of such diseases. We behold such immunomodulatory effects have the potential to influence in various NCDs and restore homeostasis. We believe that the beginning of the era of microbiota-oriented personalized treatment modalities is not far away.

Flora Lambert, Sarah Chalopin, Dorothée Bedock et al.

Introduction: While the prevalence of severe obesity is increasing worldwide, caregivers are often challenged with the management of patients with extreme weight. Case report: A 30-year-old woman (weight 245 kg, body mass index 85 kg/m²) presented with dyspnea for which investigations led to suspect pulmonary embolism. The patient’s weight made it impossible to perform adapted imaging, thus, an empirical anticoagulant treatment was initiated. A hematoma of the thigh occurred as a consequence of a transient antivitamin K overdose leading to a 15 cm necrotic wound worsened by a state of malnutrition. Multidisciplinary and comprehensive care was performed including wound trimming, antibiotics, skin grafting, treatment of malnutrition, and psychological support, but with marked difficulties, due to the lack of adapted medical equipment and facilities as well as appropriate medical guidelines. Overall, 7 months of hospitalization including 4 months of physiotherapy and rehabilitation were needed before the patient could return home. Discussion: This case highlights how difficult managing patients with extreme obesity can be and points to the importance for healthcare systems to adapt to the specific needs of these patients and to design specific guidelines for treatment dosage and malnutrition prevention and treatment in this setting.

Britt W. Jensen, Charlotte Watson, Nophar Geifman et al.

Introduction: Body mass index (BMI) is often elevated at type 2 diabetes (T2D) diagnosis. Using latent class trajectory modelling (LCTM) of BMI, we examined whether weight loss after diagnosis influenced cancer incidence and all-cause mortality. Methods: From 1995 to 2010, we identified 7,708 patients with T2D from the Salford Integrated Record database (UK) and linked to the cancer registry for information on obesity-related cancer (ORC), non-ORC; and all-cause mortality. Repeated BMIs were used to construct sex-specific latent class trajectories. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox regression models. Results: Four sex-specific BMI classes were identified; stable-overweight, stable-obese, obese-slightly-decreasing, and obese-steeply-decreasing; comprising 41%, 45%, 13%, and 1% of women, and 45%, 37%, 17%, and 1% of men, respectively. In women, the stable-obese class had similar ORC risks as the obese-slightly-decreasing class, whereas the stable-overweight class had lower risks. In men, the obese-slightly-decreasing class had higher risks of ORC (HR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.05–3.32) than the stable-obese class, while the stable-overweight class had similar risks No associations were observed for non-ORC. Compared to the stable-obese class, women (HR = 1.60, 95% CI: 0.99–2.58) and men (HR = 2.37, 95% CI: 1.66–3.39) in the obese-slightly-decreasing class had elevated mortality. No associations were observed for the stable-overweight classes. Conclusion: Patients who lost weight after T2D diagnosis had higher risks for ORC (in men) and higher all-cause mortality (both genders) than patients with stable obesity.

EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Claude Bragard, Katharina Dehnen‐Schmutz et al.

Abstract The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation EU/2018/2019 as ‘High risk plants, plant products and other objects’. This Scientific Opinion covers plant health risks posed by bare rooted and potted plants of Nerium oleander that are imported from Turkey, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by the Turkish NPPO. The relevance of any pest for this opinion was based on evidence following defined criteria. One species, the EU non‐regulated pest Phenacoccus solenopsis, fulfilled all relevant criteria and was selected for further evaluation. For this pest, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Turkey were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. For this pest, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9,719 and 10,000 plants per 10,000 would be free of P. solenopsis.

Jacobo Arango, Alejandro Ruden, Deissy Martinez-Baron et al.

Livestock production is a very relevant source of income and agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, Costa Rica, Uruguay, Mexico, and Peru. Several management and technological options with enteric methane mitigation potential have been evaluated and their scaling is anticipated to contribute toward achieving GHG emission reduction targets in the framework of the Paris Agreement. Yet, widespread adoption of promising mitigation options remains limited, raising questions as to whether envisaged emission reduction targets are achievable. Using findings from local studies, we explore the mitigation potentials of technologies and management practices currently proposed to mitigate enteric methane emissions from cattle production systems in the higher emitting countries of Latin America. We then discuss barriers for adopting innovations that significantly reduce cattle-based enteric methane emissions and the major shifts in policy and practice that are needed to raise national ambitions in the high emitting countries. Using the latest science and current thinking, we provide our perspective on an inclusive approach and re-imagine how the academic, research, business and public policy sectors can support and incentivize the changes needed to raise the level of ambition and achieve sustainable development goals (SDG), considering actions from the farm to the national scale.

Judi Porter, Kay Nguo, Simone Gibson et al.

Abstract Background Increasing population lifespan necessitates a greater understanding of nutritional needs in older adults (65 year and over). A synthesis of total energy expenditure in the older population has not been undertaken and is needed to inform nutritional requirements. We aimed to establish the extent of the international evidence for total energy expenditure (TEE) using doubly-labelled water (DLW) in older adults (65 years and over), report challenges in obtaining primary data, and make recommendations for future data sharing. Methods Four databases were searched to identify eligible studies; original research of any study design where participant level TEE was measured using DLW in participants aged ≥65 years. Once studies were identified for inclusion, authors were contacted where data were not publicly available. Results Screening was undertaken of 1223 records; the review of 317 full text papers excluded 170 records. Corresponding or first authors of 147 eligible studies were contacted electronically. Participant level data were publicly available or provided by authors for 45 publications (890 participants aged ≥65 years, with 248 aged ≥80 years). Sixty-seven percent of the DLW data in this population were unavailable due to authors unable to be contacted or declining to participate, or data being irretrievable. Conclusions The lack of data access limits the value of the original research and its contribution to nutrition science. Openly accessible DLW data available through publications or a new international data repository would facilitate greater integration of current research with previous findings and ensure evidence is available to support the needs of the ageing population. Trial registration The protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), registration number CRD42016047549.

Alison K Cohen, Paul J Christine, Abdulrahman M El-Sayed

Introduction: In high-income countries around the world, there appears to be an inverse association between educational attainment and obesity. However, the literature about this association in Spain remains disorganized and disparate. Material and Methods: We systematically reviewed peer-reviewed English- or Spanish language studies of this association in Spain from 10 databases from all periods of time available. Results: Our search identified twenty-four studies. In both nationally representative and subnational studies, women with less education had higher odds of obesity than their more educated counterparts. Men, despite exhibiting greater variability in the education-body weight relationship, also demonstrated a similar social patterning of body weight in many studies, with those at lower levels of educational attainment having higher odds of obesity relative to their more-educated counterparts. These associations in men and women were fairly consistent across time and place, though some regional variations did exist. Discussion and conclusions: We encourage future researchers to move towards more meaningful, unbiased estimates of the association between educational attainment and obesity by measuring height and weight with physical exams, controlling for a more robust set of possible confounders, and exploring potential modifying factors of the association. Additionally, when possible, we encourage researchers to employ prospective study designs that facilitate causal inference with respect to this association.

Moazzami Ali A, Bondia-Pons Isabel, Hanhineva Kati et al.

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that whole grain (WG) cereals can protect against the development of chronic diseases, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Among WG products, WG rye is considered even more potent because of its unique discrepancy in postprandial insulin and glucose responses known as the rye factor. In this study, an NMR-based metabolomics approach was applied to study the metabolic effects of WG rye as a tool to determine the beneficial effects of WG rye on human health.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Thirty-three postmenopausal Finnish women with elevated serum total cholesterol (5.0-8.5 mmol/L) and BMI of 20–33 kg/m² consumed a minimum of 20% of their daily energy intake as high fiber WG rye bread (RB) or refined wheat bread (WB) in a randomized, controlled, crossover design with two 8-wk intervention periods separated by an 8-wk washout period. At the end of each intervention period, fasting serum was collected for NMR-based metabolomics and the analysis of cholesterol fractions. Multilevel partial least squares discriminant analysis was used for paired comparisons of multivariate data.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The metabolomics analysis of serum showed lower leucine and isoleucine and higher betaine and N,N-dimethylglycine levels after RB than WB intake. To further investigate the metabolic effects of RB, the serum cholesterol fractions were measured. Total- and LDL-cholesterol levels were higher after RB intake than after WB (p<0.05).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study revealed favorable shifts in branched amino acid and single carbon metabolism and an unfavorable shift in serum cholesterol levels after RB intake in postmenopausal women, which should be considered for evaluating health beneficial effects of rye products.</p>

Sandrine Roll

This article explores the ideas and works of the Augusta Moll-Weiss, head of the École des mères. The latter started housewifery lessons at the turn of the 19th century at a moment when public discourse among both working and upper-class reformers sang the praises of the housewife. Her work offered a new approach to these typically feminine activities. Far from training only “angels of the home”, the lessons given at the Mothers’ School also offered students the possibility of preparing a professional career. Augusta Moll-Weiss then imagined a range of employment opportunities which placed care in the sphere of social work. Her commitment to housework training was accompanied by consideration of new domestic models likely to encourage women to enter the world of work. Rationalisation and the sharing of domestic duties according to sex as well as the question of part-time work were at the heart of her project. On the margins of philanthropy and feminism, Augusta Moll-Weiss adopted a strategy to gain recognition of women's role in the public sphere. Following a presentation of the institutions she created, this article deals with her vision of the “New Housewife” and her approach to feminism.