Hasil untuk "History of Law"

Orsolya Falus, Borbála Obrusánszky

In the first half of the 13th century, Europe feared the conquering invasion of the Mongol Empire. The key to an empire's strength undoubtedly lies in its organized state and legal structure. The first remarkable stage of the development of the legal system of the Mongolian nation took place during the formation of the Great Mongol Empire with the establishment of Genghis Khan's so-called Yassa Law, as the first, integrated, written code. The legal source compiled the customary law of the time by Šigi Qutuqu, chief judge of the great khan. The original text of the code has not survived, but we can indirectly deduce its content through the study of historical sources and traditions. Despite the fact that many literary works have been published on the Great Mongol Empire, representing various disciplines, no one has yet undertaken a legal history- and legal theory-based examination of The Secret History of the Mongols - which, unlike Yassa, is the oldest surviving contemporary document in Mongolian history. The present paper collects the customary law elements found in the source work by branch of law and attempts to capture the moment in legal history when codification and the separation of powers, as the first steps of legal modernization, appeared on the Mongolian steppe as early as the 13th century. The research method used is source analysis.

Sahibpreet Singh, Lalita Devi

This paper examines the admissibility of AI-generated forensic evidence in criminal trials. The growing adoption of AI presents promising results for investigative efficiency. Despite advancements, significant research gaps persist in practically understanding the legal limits of AI evidence in judicial processes. Existing literature lacks focused assessment of the evidentiary value of AI outputs. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether AI-generated evidence satisfies established legal standards of reliability. The methodology involves a comparative doctrinal legal analysis of evidentiary standards across common law jurisdictions. Preliminary results indicate that AI forensic tools can enhance scale of evidence analysis. However, challenges arise from reproducibility deficits. Courts exhibit variability in acceptance of AI evidence due to limited technical literacy and lack of standardized validation protocols. Liability implications reveal that developers and investigators may bear accountability for flawed outputs. This raises critical concerns related to wrongful conviction. The paper emphasizes the necessity of independent validation and, development of AI-specific admissibility criteria. Findings inform policy development for the responsible AI integration within criminal justice systems. The research advances the objectives of Sustainable Development Goal 16 by reinforcing equitable access to justice. Preliminary results contribute for a foundation for future empirical research in AI deployed criminal forensics.

Yakir Aharonov, Guy Hetzroni

This oral history interview provides Yakir Aharonov's perspective on the theoretical discovery of the Aharonov-Bohm effect in 1959, during his PhD studies in Bristol with David Bohm, the reception of the effect, the efforts to test it empirically (up to Tonomura's experiment), and some of the debates regarding the existence of the effect and its interpretation. The interview also discusses related later developments until the 1980s, including modular momentum and Berry's phase. It includes recollections from meetings with Werner Heisenberg, Richard Feynman, and Chen-Ning Yang, also mentioning John Bell, Robert Chambers, Werner Ehrenberg, Sir Charles Frank, Wendell Furry, Gunnar Källén, Maurice Pryce, Nathan Rosen, John Wheeler, and Eugene Wigner.

Hiroto Sato, Konan Shimizu

In social learning environments, agents acquire information from both private signals and the observed actions of predecessors, referred to as history. We define the value of history as the gain in expected payoff from accessing both the private signal and history, compared to relying on the signal alone. We first characterize the information structures that maximize this value, showing that it is highest under a mixture of full information and no information. We then apply these insights to a model of markets for history, where a monopolistic data seller collects and sells access to history. In equilibrium, the seller's dynamic pricing becomes the value of history for each agent. This gives the seller incentives to increase the value of history by designing the information structure. The seller optimal information discloses less information than the socially optimal level.

V. S. Eremin

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René von Schomberg

In this article, I will explore how the underlying research values of ‘openness’ and ‘mutual responsiveness’, which are central to open science practices, can be integrated into a new ethos of science. Firstly, I will revisit Robert Merton's early contribution to this issue, examining whether the ethos of science should be understood as a set of norms for scientists to practice ‘good’ science or as a set of research values as a functional requirement of the scientific system to produce knowledge, irrespective of individual adherence to these norms. Secondly, I will analyse the recent codification of scientific practice in terms of ‘scientific integrity’, a framework that Merton did not pursue. Based on this analysis, and illustrated on the case of COVID-19 as a case in which the institution of science was challenged to deliver urgently on societal desirable outcomes, I will argue that promoting open science and its core norms of collaboration and openness requires broader governance of the institution of science in its relationship with society at large, rather than relying solely on self-governance within the scientific community through a new ethos of science. This conclusion has implications for re-evaluating research assessments, suggesting that the evaluation of the scientific system should take precedence over evaluating individual researchers, and that incentives should be provided to encourage specific research behaviour rather than solely focusing on individual research outputs.

Emily F. Kerrison, Ron D. Ekers, John Morgan et al.

Recent observations of interplanetary scintillation (IPS) at radio frequencies have proved to be a powerful tool for probing the solar environment from the ground. But how far back does this tradition really extend? Our survey of the literature to date has revealed a long history of scintillating observations, beginning with the oral traditions of Indigenous peoples from around the globe, encompassing the works of the Ancient Greeks and Renaissance scholars, and continuing right through into modern optics, astronomy and space science. We outline here the major steps that humanity has taken along this journey, using scintillation as a tool for predicting first terrestrial, and then space weather without ever having to leave the ground.

Živadinović Teodora Lj.

Human life and body represent social values that have always been and remain the subject of criminal protection. Studying different historical eras, one can conclude that life and body of members of certain social classes was not subject to criminal protection, and in certain eras legal protection of life and body was not equally provided to everyone. The constant development of society and changes in all spheres led to the need for more and more contact between people, and their relationships came to various passings and the desire to be resolved in their own way. Conflict situations led to mutual attacks in order to resolve the situations that arose which ended with an attack and endangering the physical integrity of people. The work contains the analysis of the criminal offense of murder throughout the history of criminal law, and includes the old and the Middle Ages, where the place of the crime of murder is discussed in Hammurabi's Code, the Law of Plate XII, Koran, Russian justice and further up to modern times.

Ryan M. McGranaghan

This review examines complexity science in Heliophysics, describing it not as a discipline, but as a paradigm. In the context of Heliophysics, complexity science is the study of a star, interplanetary environment, magnetosphere, upper and terrestrial atmospheres, and planetary surface as interacting subsystems. Complexity science studies entities in a system (e.g., electrons in an atom, planets in a solar system, individuals in a society) and their interactions, and is the nature of what emerges from these interactions. It is a paradigm that employs systems approaches and is inherently multi- and cross-scale. Heliophysics processes span at least 15 orders of magnitude in space and another 15 in time, and its reaches go well beyond our own solar system and Earth's space environment to touch planetary, exoplanetary, and astrophysical domains. It is an uncommon domain within which to explore complexity science. This review article excavates the lived and living history of complexity science in Heliophysics. It identifies five dimensions of complexity science. It then proceeds in three epochal parts: 1) A pivotal year in the Complexity Heliophysics paradigm: 1996; 2) The transitional years that established foundations of the paradigm (1996-2010); and 3) The emergent literature largely beyond 2010. The history reveals a grand challenge that confronts most physical sciences to understand the research intersection between fundamental science (e.g., complexity science) and applied science (e.g., artificial intelligence and machine learning). A risk science framework is suggested as a way of formulating the challenges in a way that the two converge. The intention is to provide inspiration and guide future research. It will be instructive to Heliophysics researchers, but also to any reader interested in or hoping to advance the frontier of systems and complexity science.

Yuxiang Gao, Shiming Lei, Eleanor M. Clements et al.

The intrinsic anomalous Hall effect (AHE) has been reported in numerous ferromagnetic (FM) Weyl semimetals. However, AHE in the antiferromagnetic (AFM) or paramagnetic (PM) state of Weyl semimetals has been rarely observed experimentally, and only in centrosymmetric materials. Different mechanisms have been proposed to establish the connection between the AHE and the type of magnetic order. In this paper, we report AHE in both the AFM and PM states of non-centrosymmetric compound SmAlSi. To account for the AHE in non-centrosymmetric Weyl semimetals without FM, we introduce a new mechanism based on magnetic field-induced Weyl nodes evolution. Angle-dependent quantum oscillations in SmAlSi provide evidence for the Weyl points and large AHE in both the PM and the AFM states. The proposed mechanism qualitatively explains the temperature dependence of the anomalous Hall conductivity (AHC), which displays unconventional power law behavior of the AHC in both AFM and PM states of SmAlSi.

Oleh Kupchyk

The world’s leading countries use international cooperation in the education and science field to influence and confirm their authority. The countries of North and South America and the USSR used scientific and educational relations as a means of communication. For Kyiv State University named after T. G. Shevchenko, this provided an opportunity to expand the geography of international relations. Therefore, the aim of the article is a comprehensive study of the connections of KSU named after T. G. Shevchenko with scientific and educational institutions of the countries of North and South America in 1944–1975’s. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that the scientific and educational ties of KSU named T. G. Shevchenko with scientific and educational institutions of the USA and Canada, as well as Latin American countries in 1944–1975’s, have been highlighted for the first time. The methodological basis of the research was the methods of historical retrospection and problem-chronological and analytical methods. The conclusions. It is noted that at the end of the Second World War (1944–1945), the establishment of ties by Kyiv University with educational and scientific institutions of the countries of North and South America was not possible due to the reconstruction of the city and the university itself. And during the period of post-war reconstruction (1946–1950), the Soviet-American confrontation was added to the mentioned problems, which then turned into the Cold War. It is indicated that some scientists from the countries of North America began to visit Kyiv State University named after Taras Shevchenko since the mid-1950s. The prerequisite for this was the liberal socio-political changes in the USSR associated with de-Stalinization (1953–1956) and the Khrushchev Thaw that began in 1956. It is noted that ties between American, Canadian and Soviet universities began to be established after Soviet leader M. Khrushchev visited the USA in 1959. Delegations from American universities visited Kyiv University to familiarize themselves with the organization of educational and scientific work. At the same time, guests from South American countries began to visit Kyiv University. It is indicated that with the establishment of diplomatic relations between the USSR and the Republic of Cuba in 1960, frequent guests at Kyiv State University named after Taras Shevchenko joined Cuban scientists and delegations. Furthermore, Kyiv University has established close cooperation with the Central University of Las Villas Province. From the same year, young people from Latin American countries began to enroll in the Preparatory Faculty for Foreign Citizens. It was clarified that in the mid-1960s Kyiv State University named after Taras Shevchenko’s most active international book exchange was with the Library of Congress in Washington. It was determined that despite the «international détente» in relations between the USA and the USSR in 1969, the ties of American universities with Kyiv State University named Taras Shevchenko in the first half of the 1970s did not go beyond isolated contacts.

Evgeny R. Ponomarev

This is the first attempt at analyzing philosophical works about Motherland by Ivan Ilyin (written in the 1920s) as the solid ideological structure, which influenced literature of the Russian emigration of the 1920s as well as Russian émigré selfawareness. The article describes the system of Ilyin’s thought in its dynamics: from his first speeches, delivered in Berlin in 1922, towards the speeches (and articles) of the second half of the 1920s. It highlights certain changes in the definition of the Motherland: in the beginning of his philosophical career, Ilyin understands Motherland as related to the Civil War and the interests of the White Army; later, he moves this concept to religious sphere; by the end of the 1920s he relegates Motherland to the context of world history and Russian culture. Several examples show how Ilyin’s philosophy influenced (or sounds in consonance with), main ideas of the early émigré literature (including novels and political articles by Ivan Bunin, Nina Berberova, Vladimir Nabokov, and Marina Tsvetaeva). That Ivan Ilyin, a former professor of law turned into the greatest ideologist of Russia Abroad is a typical sign of the time and the proof of politicization of Russian philosophy.

S. Burkov

The territory of the village of Bamut is one of the best-studied areas of Chechnya in terms of archaeology. However, the tragic events of 1995-2000 led to almost complete disappearance of this village, as well as a significant part of collections of archaeological objects identified in various years in the course of the large-scale ield surveys. Information about these objects has been preserved in the scientific archives and publications, often with limited accessibility due to the regional nature of these publications. The surveying studies of the archaeological sites of Chechnya are often too concise. They are mainly presented by brief overview of the core stages of studying of the monuments. The source component is mainly represented with the reference to the general characteristics of the contributions of individual scientists to their research. However, the potential of many of the studied monuments - and irst of all of those belonging to the developed and late Bronze ages and being important milestones in understanding of the stages of development of the territory we study - is still not in full demand. Among the important sources for our research are the manuscript expeditionary ield diaries and the diploma projects of the early 90s of the XX century. So far, information of these documents is only partially presented in the scientific publications. In this regard, there is a need for a holistic assessment of the scientiic results obtained for this territory with reference to the Eneolithic and Bronze ages, and application of the entire data, which we have established in the course of our research. This work is the first comprehensive study on this topic, which poses questions of the new local history of this region on a fundamentally different qualitative basis. The conclusion is that there is a need for such research related to the territories that are the basic for the study of the ancient history of the region. It is based on the published and unpublished results of field research, archival sources stored in the funds of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in the personal archives of a number of researchers, and few materials that have been preserved in the Department of Ancient History and Archaeology of the National Museum of the Chechen Republic.

Maria Papadopoulou, Zacharoula Smyrnaiou

Digital technologies, such as the Internet and Artificial Intelligence, are part of our daily lives, influencing broader aspects of our way of life, as well as the way we interact with the past. Having dramatically changed the ways in which knowledge is produced and consumed, the algorithmic age has also radically changed the relationship that the general public has with History. Fields of History such as Public and Oral History have particularly benefitted from the rise of digital culture. How does our digital culture affect the way we think, study, research and teach the past, as historical evidence spreads rapidly in the public sphere? How do digital technologies promote the study, writing and teaching of History? What should historians, students of history and pre-service history teachers be critically aware of, when swarmed with digitized or born-digital content, constantly growing on the Internet? And while these changes are now visible globally, how is the discipline of History situated within the digital transformation rapidly advancing in Greece? Finally, what are the consequences of these changes for History as a subject taught at Greek secondary schools? These are some of the issues raised in the text that follows, which is part of the course materials of the undergraduate course offered during winter semester 2020-2021 at the School University of Athens, School of Philosophy, Pedagogy, Psychology. Course Title: 'Pedagogics of History: Theory and Practice', Academic Institution: School of Philosophy-Pedagogy-Psychology, University of Athens.

Íbis Silva Pereira

In Brazil, where history and reality are marked by slavery, racism, inequality and violence, the police function as a death machine. The blatant use of lethal force by the police in the country exposes the urgent need to revamp the structure of the public safety system itself. One police colonel from Rio de Janeiro dreams of humanising the police. He argues that police work is, in fact, care work and believes that it can be adapted to ensure that it is based on a commitment to the promotion and protection of human rights.

Francesco Serpico

The paper focuses on the topic of the impact of piracy on the institutional framework in the Kingdom of Naples during the Modern Age (XVIth ̶ XVIIth centuries). Many historians agree that the continuous Ottoman̶-Barbaresque raids on the coast of Southern Italy played a key role in the conditions of fragility and weakness of the South and its progressive marginalization from the economic and productive networks of early modern Europe. Consequently, the paper first analyzes the reason for military weakness of the Kingdom of Naples, and then it examines the effect of defensive vulnerability on the political-constitutional field through a Juridical culture’s paradigmatic text: the Tractatus de potestate Proregis et Collaterali Consilii et regimine Regni by Giovan Francesco De Ponte. In hindsight, the evaluation of the strategies of the government during the Spanish viceroyalty shows how the strong alliance between the Spanish Monarchy and the lawyers-administrators (the noble of robes) was a formidable legitimizing machine for the monarchy, but it also leads to the nobility progressively moving away from its traditional role of government and military defense. The final result of this compromise was to deprive the Kingdom of the only means that they had that could effectively counter attack the maritime dominance of the Ottoman-Barabresque pirates and feed a growing sense of insecurity which deeply scarred the fragile political balances of the southern Monarchy.

Richard de Grijs

Longitude determination at sea gained increasing commercial importance in the late Middle Ages, spawned by a commensurate increase in long-distance merchant shipping activity. Prior to the successful development of an accurate marine timepiece in the late-eighteenth century, marine navigators relied predominantly on the Moon for their time and longitude determinations. Lunar eclipses had been used for relative position determinations since Antiquity, but their rare occurrences precludes their routine use as reliable way markers. Measuring lunar distances, using the projected positions on the sky of the Moon and bright reference objects--the Sun or one or more bright stars--became the method of choice. It gained in profile and importance through the British Board of Longitude's endorsement in 1765 of the establishment of a Nautical Almanac. Numerous 'projectors' jumped onto the bandwagon, leading to a proliferation of lunar ephemeris tables. Chronometers became both more affordable and more commonplace by the mid-nineteenth century, signaling the beginning of the end for the lunar distance method as a means to determine one's longitude at sea.

Stefan Steinerberger

Let $p_n(x)$ be a polynomial of degree $n$ having $n$ distinct, real roots distributed according to a nice probability distribution $u(0,x)dx$ on $\mathbb{R}$. One natural problem is to understand the density $u(t,x)$ of the roots of the $(t\cdot n)-$th derivative of $p_n$ where $0 < t < 1$ as $n \rightarrow \infty$. We derive an \textit{infinite} number of conversation laws for the evolution of $u(t,x)$. The first three are \begin{align*} \int_{\mathbb{R}}{ u(t,x) ~ dx} = 1-t, \qquad \qquad \int_{\mathbb{R}}{ u(t,x) x ~ dx} = \left(1-t\right)\int_{\mathbb{R}}{ u(0,x) x~ dx}, \qquad \int_{\mathbb{R}} \int_{\mathbb{R}} u(t,x) (x-y)^2 u(t,y) ~ dx dy = (1-t)^3 \int_{\mathbb{R}} \int_{\mathbb{R}} u(0,x) (x-y)^2 u(0,y) ~ dx dy. \end{align*} The author suggested that $u(t,x)$ might evolve according to a nonlocal evolution equation involving the Hilbert transform; this has been verified for two special closed form solutions -- these conservation laws thus point to interesting identities for the Hilbert transform. We discuss many open problems.

João Paulo RIBEIRO CAPOBIANCO

<p><span id="docs-internal-guid-b3011e90-7fff-6099-640b-a37c7b832513"><span>El presente artículo discute </span><span>la</span><span> hipótesis de que las intervenciones del Gobierno Federal en la Amazonia son determinantes para su gobernanza socioambiental, siendo la fluctuación de los precios de las commodities, cambios de divisas y dem</span><span>á</span><span>s factores socioeconómicos y de mercado importantes, aunque de impacto secundario en la variación de las tasas de degradación cuando hay u</span><span>n</span><span>a </span><span>acción </span><span>proactiva del Estado. Por tanto, se analiza la actuación del Gobierno Federal en la región entre las décadas de 1950 y 2010, identificando, a lo largo de este período, cuatro ciclos de políticas públicas bien definidos. El primero, que comprende las décadas entre 1950 y 1970, se caracteriza por la intensa y coordinada intervención estatal en los procesos de promoción de la ocupación e integración forzada de la Amazonia al resto del país. El segundo, de mediados de la década de 1980 a in</span><span>i</span><span>cios de los años 2000, fuertemente influenciado por la naciente movilización internacional en defensa del medio ambiente, caracterizado por el reflujo de la actuación orientada a la integración regional por parte del Gobierno, con protagonismo limitado de los recién creados y frágiles </span><span>ó</span><span>rganos ambientales. El tercero, de 2003 a 2009, se define por la recuperación del protagonismo del Gobierno Federal, con una fuerte actuación integrada para el combate de la degradación socioambiental. El cuarto y último, de inicios de la década de 2010 hasta hoy en día, se caracteriza por la reducción del protagonismo y el abandono de la paut</span><span>a socioambiental p</span><span>or parte del gobierno. </span></span></p>

Tomasz Ciesielski

W artykule przedstawiona została na tle kompetencji urzędy hetmańskiego dokumentacja wytwarzana przez kancelarie wojskowe działające przy hetmanach Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów w XVIII w. Na początku tego stulecia w do największego rozrostu władzy buławy w całej historii istnienia urzędu. Nastąpiło to w sposób nieformalny, a na dodatek towarzyszyły liczne nadużycia ze strony osób dowodzących armiami koronną i litewską, co sprawiło, że w zatwierdzonych na sejmie 1717 r. konstytucjach, a przede wszystkim traktacie warszawskim pojawiły się zapisy ograniczające władzę hetmanów. Jednak tylko w niewielkim stopniu i dalej hetmani posiadali rozległe kompetencje, które zapewniały im pełnię władzy administracyjnej i sądowniczej nad wojskiem. Utrzymali ją do połowy lat 60. XVIII w. a dowodzi tego dokumentacja wojskowa wytworzona przez kancelarię działające przy hetmanach. W artykule omówiono tę dokumentacją, co do której nie można mieć wątpliwości, że miała charakter publiczny. Do pierwszej grupy zaliczoną dokumenty i akta związane z władzą administracyjną hetmanów: wydawane przez nich lub zatwierdzane regulaminy, przede wszystkim organizacyjne, rozkazy hetmańskie, przesyłane z oddziałów raporty o stanach osobowych, wyposażenia, czy ruchach kadrowych itp. Kolejna grupa, to dokumentacja finansowa związana z utrzymaniem obu armii (w tym także oddziałów noszących nazwę hetmańskich) i urzędu hetmańskiego. Do trzeciej zaliczono akta i korespondencję powstałą z związku z prowadzoną przez hetmanów działalnością dyplomatyczną. Do czwartej - wszelką dokumentację związaną z władzą dyscyplinarną i sądowniczą hetmanów, a do piątej - korespondencję służbową prowadzoną przez hetmanów z podkomendnymi, jak też z królem, ministrami i ważniejszymi urzędnikami państwowymi. Bogate w materiał źródłowy zachowane spuścizny archiwalne po hetmanach: Adamie Mikołaju Sieniawskim, Janie Klemensie Branickim, Michale Kazimierzu Radziwille oraz trzech przedstawicielach rodu Rzewuskich sprawujących w XVIII w. ten urząd, pozwalają stwierdzić, że dokumentacja wojskowa powstawała jako publiczna i w takim charakterze podlegała procesom archiwotwórczym w kancelariach hetmańskich. Zapewne za życia hetmanów dokumentacja wojskowa przechowywana była oddzielnie od pozostałych dokumentów i akt o charakterze publicznym, a tym bardziej prawno-majątkowych i rachunkowo-gospodarczych. Po śmierci hetmana zazwyczaj jednak ich spadkobiercy przestawali otaczać dokumentację wojskową specjalną troską, a traktując ją jako prywatną część masy spadkowej, dołączali do reszty pozostałej po zmarłym spuścizny aktowej, poddając ją wstępnym procesom archiwizacji. W konsekwencji tzw. archiwa hetmańskie zaczęły być traktowane jako prywatne, choć powstały jako publiczne. Dowodzi tego zmiana procesu archiwotwórczego zachodzącego w przypadku dokumentacji wojskowej po połowie lat 60. XVIII., gdy hetmani utracili realną władzę nad armiami Rzeczypospolitej na rzecz Komisji Wojskowej Koronnej i Komisji Wojskowej Litewskiej. Cała dokumentacja wojskowa zaczęła być wytwarzana i gromadzona w kancelariach najpierw komisji wojskowej, następnie Departamentu Wojskowego Rady Nieustającej i w końcu Komisji Wojskowej przy Straży Praw - instytucji, co do których nie ma wątpliwości, że były publiczne.