Hasil untuk "History of France"

Jenkins, Xavier A, Benson, Roger BJ, Ford, David P et al.

Living reptiles include more than 20,000 species with disparate ecologies. Direct anatomical evidence from Neodiapsida, which includes the reptile crown-group and its closest extinct relatives, shows that this diversity originates from a single common ancestor that lived over 255 million years ago in the Paleozoic. However, the evolutionary assembly of crown reptile traits is poorly understood due to the lack of anatomically close relatives of Neodiapsida. We present a substantially revised phylogenetic hypothesis, informed by new anatomical data from high-resolution synchrotron tomography of Paleozoic stem reptiles. We find strong evidence placing the clade Millerettidae as the sister group to Neodiapsida, which uniquely share a suite of derived features. This grouping, for which we name the new clade Parapleurota, replaces previous phylogenetic paradigms by rendering the group Parareptilia as a polyphyletic assemblage of stem-reptiles, of which millerettids are the most crownward. Our findings address long-standing issues in Paleozoic reptile evolution, such as firm support for the placement of captorhinids outside of crown Amniota and most varanopids as synapsids. These results greatly improve the fit of early amniote phylogeny to the observed stratigraphic record and reveal stepwise origin of crown reptile anatomy, including a middle Permian origin of tympanic hearing and loss of the lower temporal bar. This evolutionary framework provides a platform for investigating the diversification of the reptile crown group in the Early Triassic that was foundational to the origins of important living and extinct groups including dinosaurs (including birds), marine reptiles, crocodilians, and lepidosaurs.

Michael V. Maseda, Zach Lewis, Jorryt Matthee et al.

Deep Very Large Telescope/MUSE optical integral field spectroscopy has recently revealed an abundant population of ultra-faint galaxies ( M _UV ≈ −15; 0.01 L _⋆ ) at z = 2.9−6.7 due to their strong Ly α emission with no detectable continuum. The implied Ly α equivalent widths can be in excess of 100–200 Å, challenging existing models of normal star formation and indicating extremely young ages, small stellar masses, and a very low amount of metal enrichment. We use JWST/NIRSpec’s microshutter array to follow up 45 of these galaxies (11 hr in G235M/F170LP and 7 hr in G395M/F290LP), as well as 45 lower-equivalent width Ly α emitters. Our spectroscopy covers the range 1.7−5.1 micron in order to target strong optical emission lines: H α , [O iii ], H β , and [N II]. Individual measurements as well as stacks reveal line ratios consistent with a metal-poor nature (2%−40% Z _⊙ , depending on the calibration). The galaxies with the highest equivalent widths of Ly α , in excess of 90 Å, have lower [N II]/H α (1.9 σ ) and [O iii ]/H β (2.2 σ ) ratios than those with lower equivalent widths, implying lower gas-phase metallicities at a combined significance of 2.4 σ . This implies a selection based on Ly α equivalent width is an efficient technique for identifying younger, less chemically enriched systems.

Antoine P. Brézin, Antoine Labbe, Cédric Schweitzer et al.

Abstract Rationale Nd:YAG (neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet) capsulotomy (Nd:YAG-caps) is the gold standard for the treatment of PCO (Posterior Capsule Opacification). There is a lack of real-world data about Nd:YAG-caps use. Purpose This study’s objectives were to estimate Nd:YAG-caps incidence in France, to describe the patient characteristics, and to analyze the time between surgeries and capsulotomies. Setting: The study was based on data extracted from the EGB database, a 1/97th sample representative of the French population. Design: observational, retrospective, cohort study using national claims data. Methods French adult patients who underwent Nd:YAG-caps between 2014 and 2017 were selected. Main outcomes were the number of patients and procedures performed and the risk factors associated with early Nd:YAG-caps. Results: During the study period, Nd:YAG-caps were performed in 8,425 patients accounting for 10,774 procedures. The extrapolation to the French population led to estimate that 253.103 patients had Nd:YAG-caps, representing 312.103 procedures in 2017. The mean age at Nd:YAG-caps was 75.1 (± 10.2) years. About 36% of patients presented at least one ocular comorbidity. Nd:YAG-caps was performed within 2 years after surgery in 33.0% of patients and within one year in 9.8% of patients. Patients with Nd:YAG-caps within the first year (OR CI95 0.721 [0.673–0.772]) or in the first two years (OR CI95 0.721 [0.673–0.772]) were younger than patients with later Nd:YAG-caps and had a more frequent history of treated ocular diseases (OR 1.516 and 1.178, respectively). Conclusions This study brought new real-world and large-scale data regarding Nd:YAG-caps use and gave an updated insight into the patients’ characteristics.

Brieuc Bonnemaison, Olivier Castagna, Olivier Castagna et al.

Introduction: The presence of intra-pulmonary air lesions such as cysts, blebs and emphysema bullae, predisposes to pulmonary barotrauma during pressure variations, especially during underwater diving activities. These rare accidents can have dramatic consequences. Chest radiography has long been the baseline examination for the detection of respiratory pathologies in occupational medicine. It has been replaced since 2018 by the thoracic CT scan for military diving fitness in France. The objective of this work was to evaluate the prevalence of the pulmonary abnormalities of the thoracic CT scan, and to relate them to the characteristics of this population and the results of the spirometry.Methods: 330 records of military diving candidates who underwent an initial assessment between October 2018 and March 2021 were analyzed, in a single-center retrospective analysis. The following data were collected: sex, age, BMI, history of respiratory pathologies and smoking, treatments, allergies, diving practice, results of spirometry, reports of thoracic CT scans, as well as fitness decision.Results: The study included 307 candidates, mostly male, with a median age of 25 years. 19% of the subjects had abnormal spirometry. We identified 25% of divers with CT scan abnormalities. 76% of the abnormal scans were benign nodules, 26% of which measured 6 mm or more. Abnormalities with an aerial component accounted for 13% of the abnormal scans with six emphysema bullae, three bronchial dilatations and one cystic lesion. No association was found between the presence of nodules and the general characteristics of the population, whereas in six subjects emphysema bullae were found statistically associated with active smoking or abnormal spirometry results.Conclusion: The systematic performance of thoracic CT scan in a young population free of pulmonary pathology revealed a majority of benign nodules. Abnormalities with an aerial component are much less frequent, but their presence generally leads to a decision of unfitness. These results argue in favor of a systematic screening of aeric pleuro-pulmonary lesions during the initial assessment for professional divers.

H. Mackay, G. Plunkett, B. J. L. Jensen et al.

<p>The 852/3 CE eruption of Mount Churchill, Alaska, was one of the largest first-millennium volcanic events, with a magnitude of 6.7 (VEI 6) and a tephra volume of 39.4–61.9 km<span class="inline-formula">³</span> (95 % confidence). The spatial extent of the ash fallout from this event is considerable and the cryptotephra (White River Ash east; WRAe) extends as far as Finland and Poland. Proximal ecosystem and societal disturbances have been linked with this eruption; however, wider eruption impacts on climate and society are unknown. Greenland ice core records show that the eruption occurred in winter 852/3 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 1 CE and that the eruption is associated with a relatively moderate sulfate aerosol loading but large abundances of volcanic ash and chlorine. Here we assess the potential broader impact of this eruption using palaeoenvironmental reconstructions, historical records and climate model simulations. We also use the fortuitous timing of the 852/3 CE Churchill eruption and its extensively widespread tephra deposition of the White River Ash (east) (WRAe) to examine the climatic expression of the warm Medieval Climate Anomaly period (MCA; ca. 950–1250 CE) from precisely linked peatlands in the North Atlantic region.</p> <p>The reconstructed climate forcing potential of the 852/3 CE Churchill eruption is moderate compared with the eruption magnitude, but tree-ring-inferred temperatures report a significant atmospheric cooling of 0.8 <span class="inline-formula">^∘</span>C in summer 853 CE. Modelled climate scenarios also show a cooling in 853 CE, although the average magnitude of cooling is smaller (0.3 <span class="inline-formula">^∘</span>C). The simulated spatial patterns of cooling are generally similar to those generated using the tree-ring-inferred temperature reconstructions. Tree-ring-inferred cooling begins prior to the date of the eruption suggesting that natural internal climate variability may have increased the climate system's susceptibility to further cooling. The magnitude of the reconstructed cooling could also suggest that the climate forcing potential of this eruption may be underestimated, thereby highlighting the need for greater insight into, and consideration of, the role of halogens and volcanic ash when estimating eruption climate forcing potential.</p> <p>Precise comparisons of palaeoenvironmental records from peatlands across North America and Europe, facilitated by the presence of the WRAe isochron, reveal no consistent MCA signal. These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence that characterises the MCA hydroclimate as time-transgressive and heterogeneous rather than a well-defined climatic period. The presence of the WRAe isochron also demonstrates that no long-term (multidecadal) climatic or societal impacts from the 852/3 CE Churchill eruption were identified beyond areas proximal to the eruption. Historical evidence in Europe for subsistence crises demonstrate a degree of temporal correspondence on interannual timescales, but similar events were reported outside of the eruption period and were common in the 9th century. The 852/3 CE Churchill eruption exemplifies the difficulties of identifying and confirming volcanic impacts for a single eruption, even when the eruption has a small age uncertainty.</p>

Andrey N. Komarov

The purpose of research is to reveal the key features of the Canadian civilization formed in the Modern history on the North American continent. The significance of this scientific research is that for the first time in Russian historiography, presents the key features of the Canadian civilization, which the author considers a special socio-cultural community. The article emphasizes that the Canadian civilization is distinguished by a number of specific features that differ from the traditional understanding of North American civilization as a whole. To achieve the result in his work, the author uses a comparative historical method and an interdisciplinary approach. When writing the article, the author relies on the achievements of domestic and foreign Canadian studies, as well as a source base illustrating the authors conclusions. In the course of writing the work, the author analyzes the election programs of Canadian political parties, the British North America Act and other important sources. A positive role for the author in the process of writing his article was played by his familiarization with the existing theories of civilizations. The results of the study led to the conclusion that the Canadian civilization is distinguished by the long-term coexistence within its framework of two nations: French-Canadian and Anglo-Canadian, close ties with the political traditions of Great Britain, the USA and France, as well as its northernness. Emphasizes that the Canadian civilization differs from the traditional Anglo-Saxon one precisely by the presence of the Roman factor, i.e. the presence of the French-Canadian question. The latter for a long time determines the origins of the existence of the Canadian civilization and forms its key features at the present stage of development. To achieve the result in his work, the author uses a comparative historical method and an interdisciplinary approach.

Marine Cotte, Victor Gonzalez, Frederik Vanmeert et al.

The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) has recently commissioned the new Extremely Brilliant Source (EBS). The gain in brightness as well as the continuous development of beamline instruments boosts the beamline performances, in particular in terms of accelerated data acquisition. This has motivated the development of new access modes as an alternative to standard proposals for access to beamtime, in particular via the “block allocation group” (BAG) mode. Here, we present the recently implemented “historical materials BAG”: a community proposal giving to 10 European institutes the opportunity for guaranteed beamtime at two X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) beamlines—ID13, for 2D high lateral resolution XRPD mapping, and ID22 for high angular resolution XRPD bulk analyses—with a particular focus on applications to cultural heritage. The capabilities offered by these instruments, the specific hardware and software developments to facilitate and speed-up data acquisition and data processing are detailed, and the first results from this new access are illustrated with recent applications to pigments, paintings, ceramics and wood.

Cyril Conde, Julien Thézé, Thierry Cochard et al.

ABSTRACT Paratuberculosis is a chronic infection of the intestine, mainly the ileum, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cattle and other ruminants. This enzootic disease is present worldwide and has a negative impact on the dairy cattle industry. For this subspecies, the current genotyping tools do not provide the needed resolution to investigate the genetic diversity of closely related strains. These limitations can be overcome by the application of whole-genome sequencing (WGS), particularly for clonal populations such as M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The purpose of the present study was to undertake a WGS analysis with a panel of 200 animal field M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains selected based on a previous large-scale longitudinal study of Prim'Holstein and Normande dairy breeds naturally infected with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the West of France. The pangenome analysis revealed that M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis has a closed pangenome. The phylogeny, based on alignment of 2,786 nonhomoplasic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), showed that the strain population is structured into three clades independently of the cattle breed or geographic distribution. The increased resolution of phylogeny obtained by WGS confirmed the homoplasic nature of the markers variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) and short sequence repeat (SSR) used for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis genotyping. These phylogenetic data also revealed independent introductions of the different genotypes in two main waves since at least 2003. WGS applied to this sampling demonstrated the presence of mixed infections in herds and at the individual animal level. Collectively, the phylogeny results inferred with French isolates compared to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from around the world suggest introductions of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis genotypes through the animal trade. Relationships between genetic traits and epidemiological data can now be investigated to better understand transmission dynamics of the disease. IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes Johne's disease in ruminants, which is present worldwide and has significant negative impacts on the dairy cattle industry and animal welfare. Prevention and control of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection are hampered by knowledge gaps in strain virulence, genotype distribution, and transmission dynamics. This work has revealed new insights into M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains currently circulating in western France and how they are related to strains circulating globally. We applied whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to obtain comprehensive information on genome evolution and discrimination of closely related strains. This approach revealed the history of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in France, refined the pangenomic characteristics of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and demonstrated the existence of mixed infection in animals. Finally, this study identified predominant genotypes, which allow a better understanding of disease transmission dynamics. This information will facilitate tracking of this pathogen on farms and across agricultural regions, thus informing transmission pathways and disease control points.

N. A. Bessilin, G. F. Sanzharova

The characteristic of the Franco-Burgundian relations of the second half of the 15th century in the works of R. A. Maslov is considered. It is noted that the research problem does not need additional actualization: the time under study was a turning point in the history of France, the final stage in the formation of a centralized state. It is shown that the experience of many years of work of R. A. Maslov confirmed the conclusions that during several decades of the reign of Louis XI significant success was achieved in creating a modern French state, the foundations were created for the economic and political unification of its territory, for the cultural and linguistic community of the population and, accordingly, conditions are provided for the formation of the French nation. The attention of R. A. Maslov to the fact that the most important prerequisite for the formation of a nation was the achievement of political unity of the country, carried out on the basis of the creation of its economic community. It is indicated that in his studies Maslov argues the point of view according to which the fierce struggle for the elimination of feudal fragmentation reflected the process of economic consolidation of individual regions of the country into a single whole and the creation of an all-French internal market.

Philippe Durey

Little-known in France because of the secondary place of sculpture vis-à-vis painting in the cultural consciousness of the contemporary public concerning the nineteenth century, as well as because of the poor representation in the Louvre (as in most of the great fine art museums) of the works of David d’Angers, Reviving Greece nevertheless occupies a central place in French sculpture of the first half of the nineteenth century. While David d’Angers’ interest in Botzaris and the Greek cause, and the way he came up with his idea and his attachment to his statue are fairly well-documented, part of the history of this work has remained in the dark: the exact date of its execution, the knowledge of it in France before it was sent to Greece, the circumstances of its sending, the contacts with the Greeks, David’s place in the philhellenic movement, his sentimental and phantasmatic relationship with Greece, his plans to leave and set up a school of sculpture there, and finally the brutality of his disappointment in 1852. This article sheds new light on this work, which is of both historical and artistic interest not only because the fate of the statue recounts a moment in the relations between two countries, France and Greece, but also because of the failed – and perhaps impossible – transplantation of an already-established artist reveals the difficult, long and painful cultural journey of a young nation in the European concert of the time.

Sergio Álvarez-Parra, Ricardo Pérez-de la Fuente, Enrique Peñalver et al.

Dinosaur bonebeds with amber content, yet scarce, offer a superior wealth and quality of data on ancient terrestrial ecosystems. However, the preserved palaeodiversity and/or taphonomic characteristics of these exceptional localities had hitherto limited their palaeobiological potential. Here, we describe the amber from the Lower Cretaceous dinosaur bonebed of Ariño (Teruel, Spain) using a multidisciplinary approach. Amber is found in both a root layer with amber strictly in situ and a litter layer mainly composed of aerial pieces unusually rich in bioinclusions, encompassing 11 insect orders, arachnids, and a few plant and vertebrate remains, including a feather. Additional palaeontological data—charophytes, palynomorphs, ostracods— are provided. Ariño arguably represents the most prolific and palaeobiologically diverse locality in which fossiliferous amber and a dinosaur bonebed have been found in association, and the only one known where the vast majority of the palaeontological assemblage suffered no or low-grade pre-burial transport. This has unlocked unprecedentedly complete and reliable palaeoecological data out of two complementary windows of preservation—the bonebed and the amber—from the same site.

Michel J. Faucheux, Tamás Németh, Johana Hoffmannova et al.

The Cypress jewel beetle, <i>Lamprodila</i> (<i>Palmar</i>) <i>festiva festiva</i> (Linnaeus, 1767), is a serious invasive pest of ornamental Cupressaceae, which has recently expanded its range from the Mediterranean region northwards to central and eastern Europe, and to the Russian Black Sea coast. In this study, we conducted a scanning electron microscopy study of the micromorphology of the male and female antennae of <i>L. festiva</i> to examine the morphology, numbers, distribution, and possible functions of antennal sensilla. Most sensilla are located in the sensory fields within the apical depressions on antennomeres IV–XI. We identified four main types of antennal sensilla in <i>L. festiva</i>: sensilla chaetica (seven subtypes, of which two occur only in females), sensilla basiconica (five subtypes), multiporous grooved pegs (two subtypes), and Böhm sensilla. Females have relatively more sensilla chaetica and multiporous grooved pegs, whereas males have more sensilla basiconica. We discuss possible functions of all examined sensilla and compare them with those in other Buprestidae or other insects. Our study should serve as background information for advanced electrophysiological and behavioral experiments to better understand the functions of different sensilla and mechanisms related to semiochemically based pest control strategies.

George Kafatos, Sabada Dube, Peter Burdon et al.

Abstract Purpose The study aim was to describe the management strategies used for severe infusion-related reactions (SIRs) and understand the impact of such events in oncology day hospitals in France, Germany, Spain, and the UK. Methods The study was based on qualitative telephone interviews and quantitative self-completion questionnaires and asked healthcare professionals about the impact of SIRs and consequent actions taken. Results The procedures to prevent and manage SIRs were similar across countries and settings. In all countries, they were part of a larger risk-assessment and adverse events-prevention process. Preventive measures included patient history, risk assessment, pre-medication, and close monitoring of high-risk patients. The management procedures comprised stopping the infusion, triggering of the emergency chain, administering corticosteroids ± antihistamines, and hospitalization if necessary. The recalled SIRs had important consequences to affected patients, healthcare providers, and hospital organizational plans. All affected patients needed to be monitored closely for a prolonged time, thus blocking hospital beds. 44% of patients needed to be hospitalized, 17% needed resuscitation, and one patient died of cardiac arrest immediately after the start of the infusion. Importantly, 82% of patients were not re-challenged with the presumedly SIR-causing regimen or re-challenged in a later line. Conclusion SIRs are unpredictable in nature, may have an extremely rapid onset, and are potentially fatal. Such events have a profound impact on the affected and surrounding patients, the care team and the organizational plan of the day-hospitals. Specific tools to reliably identify high-risk patients and predict the occurrence of events are needed.

Christina Laskaridis, Adamantios Syrmaloglou

The present article constitutes a contribution to the monetary and financial history of Greece by introducing to a wider audience the Financial Commission that was established in the late 1850s following the longstanding lack of payment by Greece on its foreign loans. The port of Piraeus was twice blockaded in the 1850s and the removal of the occupying armies was conditional on the establishment of a Financial Commission. The paper is oriented around a neglected primary document of Greek financial history, the final report of the Commission that was appointed between 1857 and 1859 and was composed of the representatives of the governments of Britain, France and Russia. The paper examines how creditors ascertained how much to demand when repayment difficulties arose and created pressure to secure their own policy objectives in the region.

Violaine Gourbet

La peinture de paysage joue un rôle central dans la réception de l’art anglais par les critiques allemands du XIXe siècle. L’époque voit le genre se renouveler différemment selon les pays et leurs traditions. Les nouveaux rapports que les paysagistes anglais entretiennent à la nature et à sa mise en scène picturale provoquent ainsi des réactions contrastées de la part des commentateurs allemands ; nous tenterons ici de les mettre en lumière et de définir plus précisément leur spécificité, notamment en les comparant aux réactions françaises face aux nouveaux courants venus d’outre-Manche.

Samantha Huo Yung Kai, Jean-Bernard Ruidavets, Camille Carles et al.

Abstract Background The role of occupational stressors (OS) on blood pressure (BP) is often suspected, but asserting its impact remains uncertain. Our goal was to evaluate their impact on BP increase and on incident cases of hypertension over a 5-year period. Methods One thousand, one hundred and fifty-six men and women from the French prospective VISAT study were followed up over five-years (T1 to T2). Exposures to a large panel of OS (physical, organizational, psychosocial and employment categories) were collected. Linear and logistic regressions were used to assess associations between OS and T2-T1 SBP difference and incident cases of hypertension. They were performed to determine the role of OS first considered separately, then in combination, in crude and adjusted models for main cardiovascular risk factors (gender, age, education, BMI, lifestyle habits and medical history). Results For initial SBP level < 130 mmHg, carrying loads, intense noise exposure, working more than 48 h/week, active and high strain tended to be associated with an SBP difference increase, while job recognition was associated with a decrease. After adjustment, only significant associations with job strain and job recognition persisted. For initial SBP level ≥ 130 mmHg, being exposed to an active job strain was positively associated with T2-T1 SBP difference only in unadjusted model. Considering all the OS, the recognition of completed tasks had a major protective role. No impact of OS on incident cases of hypertension was observed. Conclusion Associations between OS and SBP were observed mainly when initial SBP is within the normal range, and are mainly explained by cardiovascular factors, requiring physician’s particular attention to people exposed to these OS. VISAT study is registered in “LE PORTAIL EPIDEMIOLOGIE – FRANCE- AVIESAN –ID 3666”.

Benjamin Davido, Aurore Moussiegt, Aurélien Dinh et al.

Abstract Background In France, Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) are considered as Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) bacteria. Their management requires reinforcement of hospital’s hygiene policies, and currently there is few consistent data concerning the spontaneous decolonization in XDR colonized patients. Our aim is to study the natural history of decolonization of XDR carriers over time in a hospital setting in a low prevalence country. Material and methods Retrospective multicenter study over 2 years (2015–2016) in 2 different tertiary care hospital sites and units having an agreement for permanent cohorting of such XDR carriers. We gathered the type of microorganisms, risk factors for colonization and rectal swabs from patient’s follow-up. We also evaluated patient care considering isolation precautions. Results We included 125 patients, aged 63+/−19y, including 72.8% of CRE (n = 91), 24.8% of VRE (n = 31) and 2.4% (n = 3) co-colonized with CRE and VRE. CRE were mainly E. coli (n = 54), K. pneumoniae (n = 51) and E. cloacae (n = 6). Mechanisms of resistance were mainly OXA-48 (n = 69), NDM-1 (n = 11), OXA-232 (n = 8) and KPC (n = 3). Prior antibiotic therapy was reported in 38.4% (n = 48) of cases. Conversely, 17.6% (n = 22) received antibiotics during follow-up. Spontaneous decolonization occurred within the first 30 days in 16.4% (n = 19/116) of cases and up to 48.2% after day-90 with a median follow-up of 96 days (0–974). We estimated that XDR carriage was associated with a larger care burden in 13.6% (n = 17) of cases, especially due to a prolongation of hospitalization of 32.5 days (15–300). Conclusions Our study shows that spontaneous decolonization is increasing over time (up to 48.2%). We can regret that only few patients underwent screening after 1 year, emphasizing the need for more monitoring and prospective studies.

Allison Stedman

Helen Drake