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S2 Open Access 2024
The Nordic Countries Face a Colonial Reckoning

A. Andersen

In recent years, all four Scandinavian countries have been urged to reckon with their histories of dominion over and injustices committed against Arctic Indigenous Peoples and Finnic-speaking minorities on their territories. Within the past six years, truth commissions and historical inquiries have been set up in all four. With a special focus on public history and different parts of the former Danish colonial realm, this article examines both the long-term and short-term histories of injustices in Scandinavia and Greenland, and how indigenous and minority representatives have pushed governments and parliaments to act.

S2 Open Access 2024
Same yet different

I. Ivaska, Anne Tamm

The article compares the distributional differences in the use of the partitive object cases in Estonian and Finnish via multifactorial modeling in contrastive research using the European Parliament parallel text corpus. Based on previous contrastive research on Finnic, we expected the principles of object case marking to be similar for Estonian and Finnish (confirmed), and the partitive objects to be more numerous in Estonian than in Finnish (not confirmed, as countable objects with scalar verbs proved less likely to be partitive in Estonian). We hypothesized that multifactorial modeling in contrastive research design could help identify the causes for variation and unfold subtle differences between related language systems. Since preferences related to grammatical voice and constituent order revealed subtle differences between the systems, this hypothesis was confirmed.

S2 Open Access 2024
Syntax of the numeral phrase in Soikkola Ingrian

F. Rozhanskiy

This article describes the numeral phrase in Soikkola Ingrian. It focuses on the external syntax of the numeral phrase (first of all, case marking of its components) and on the number agreement between the numeral phrase in the subject position and the predicate. The sources of data are (a) a collection of spontaneous speech samples recorded in 2006–2013, (b) samples of spontaneous speech published by previous researchers, (c) elicited material recorded in 2006–2023. Though the numeral phrase in Soikkola Ingrian preserves most of the common Finnic traits, it has some less com- mon features, e.g. agreement in all numeral phrases with a numeral ending in ‘one’ or expressing approximate quantity through a reversed word order. Most likely these features arose due to the contact influence of Russian. Kokkuvõte. Fedor Rozhanskiy: Numeraalfraasi süntaks isuri keele Soikkola murdes. See artikkel kirjeldab numeraalfraasi isuri keele Soikkola murdes. Artikli keskmes on numeraalfraasi välissüntaks (eeskätt selle komponentide käändemärgistus) ja arvu ühildumine numeraalfraasi ning predikaadi vahel. Andmeallikad on (a) 2006.–2013. aastal salvestatud spontaanse kõneüksuste kogu, (b) varasemate uurijate avaldatud spontaanse kõne näited, (c) 2006.–2023. aastal salvestatud küsitletud materjal. Kuigi numeraalfraas Soikkola murdes säilitab enamiku tavalistest läänemeresoome keele tunnustest, on sellel mõningaid vähemlevinud omadusi, näiteks ühildumine kõigis numeraalfraasides numbriga ’üks’ lõppeva numeraali või ligikaudse koguse väljendamise kaudu pööratud sõnajärjega. Need omadused on tekkinud tõenäoliselt vene keele kontakti tulemusena.

1 sitasi en
S2 Open Access 2024
Karelia, Karelians and the Karel languages

Katarzyna Wojan

The article presents the most important identity issues concerning a small, sociolinguistically diverse, geopolitically and culturally divided Balto-Finnic nation – Karelians. The author describes the Karelian ethnic group, emphasizing its inhomogeneity. The paper lists and describes the ethnolects of Karelian spoken both in Russian Karelia and Finland. It points out, on the one hand, the ethnolectal differences among them and, on the other hand, their clear relationship with various Finnish dialects and vernaculars. The Karelian languages are treated as an ethnolect continuum. The article also contains a brief description of Karelian grammar, showing its Finno-Ugric characteristics. Eventually, the paper raises the issue of the rebirth of the Karelian national identity. It stresses the Karelian heritage in the culture of Finns, the development of the Karelian languages, as well as the initiated work on creating their literary variants. Moreover, the text presents Russia’s planned linguistic and cultural policy in the Karelian Republic, still unfavorable to the ethnos, against a historical background.

1 sitasi en
DOAJ Open Access 2024
“Look, it’s my first Wikipedia article!” The attitude of university students to an authentic process genre writing task

Riina Reinsalu

In the past ten years, in the context of higher education Wikipedia has started to be seen as a friend, not a foe. Hence a number of courses involve a variety of Wikipedia-based tasks. The aim of the present article is to assess the suitability of Wikipedia-based authentic writing tasks from the students’ perspective. The qualitative content analysis of students’ learning journals has indicated that the process of writing is well supported by dividing the task into separate stages and providing feedback at every stage. Nevertheless, the teaching process should also involve raising learners’ genre awareness as the knowledge that students get while reading Wikipedia might not be sufficient for writing an article that would meet all the genre requirements. *** "“Vaata, mu esimene Vikipeedia artikkel!“ Üliõpilaste suhtumine autentsesse žanripõhisesse protsessikeskesse kirjutamisülesandesse" Kuna Wikipedia on kasutussageduselt seitsmes veebisait maailmas ja üliõpilased puutuvad sellega tahes-tahtmata kokku, on viimase kümmekonna aasta jooksul jõutud arusaamiseni, et Wikipediasse tuleb suhtuda kui sõpra, mitte kui vaenlasse. Seetõttu on eri õppeainetesse ülikoolides lõimitud mitmesuguseid Wikipedia-põhiseid ülesandeid. Muu hulgas on Wikipedia artikli kirjutamist õpetatud (žanripõhise) protsessikeskse tekstiloome põhimõtetest lähtudes, kuid vähe on uuritud, kuidas üliõpilased sellesse ülesandesse suhtuvad. Üliõpilaste suhtumine on aga oluline, sest see on tihedalt seotud õpikogemuse tähenduslikkusega. Artikli eesmärk on hinnata Wikipedia artiklil põhineva autentse kirjutamisülesande sobivust üliõpilaste kirjaliku väljendusoskuse arendamisel, otsides vastust küsimusele, kuidas tulevad üliõpilased toime žanripõhise protsessikeskse tekstiloome etappidega ja millist õpikogemust žanripõhine kirjutamisülesanne üliõpilastele pakub. Artiklis käsitletakse 2019. aasta sügissemestril Tartu Ülikooli väljendusõpetuse aines kasutatud ülesannet, mille raames pidid õigusteaduse üliõpilased koostama erialase eestikeelse Wikipedia artikli. Ülesanne koosnes seitsmest etapist: eeltööst, mustandist, kaasüliõpilaste tagasisidest, puhtandist, õppejõu/õppeassistendi tagasisidest, lõppvariandist ja selle tagasisidest. Artikli kirjutamise ajal (9 nädala vältel) pidasid üliõpilased vabatahtlikult õpipäevikuid, kuhu tegid vähemalt kümme sissekannet vabalt valitud teemal (kokku 40 õpipäevikut; u 75 lk). Andmed kodeeriti kvalitatiivse sisuanalüüsi põhimõtetest lähtudes nii deduktiivselt kui ka induktiivselt, kasutades tarkvara NVivo. Nii nagu varasemates uurimustes, leidis ka praegusel juhul kinnitust, et Wikipedia artikli kirjutamine sobib kirjaliku eneseväljenduse aine õppeülesandeks. Selle käigus läbitakse samad uurimistöö protsessi etapid nagu näiteks referaadi kirjutamisel, aga kuna Wikipedia kaudu edastatakse teavet avalikkusele, mitte lihtsalt õppejõule, suurendab see vähemasti osa üliõpilaste huvi kirjutamise vastu (eeldusel et on õnnestunud valida huvipakkuv teema). Samas pööravad üli.pilased kirjutamise ajal lugejatele siiski võrdlemisi vähe tähelepanu: vaid need, kes lähtusid kasust laiemale auditooriumile juba teema valimisel, arvestasid lugejaga ülesande eri etappides, ülejäänute puhul ilmnes vajadus arvestada lugejaga peamiselt mustandijärgse tagasiside etapis. Lisaks peavad üli.pilased huvitavaks Wikipedia artiklit kui žanri, sest sellega ei olda kirjutajatena varem kokku puututud. See aga tähendab, et õppetöös ei piisa sellest, kui tutvustada artikli kvaliteedi kriteeriume ja vormistusnõudeid ning näidata häid artikleid. Žanriteadlikkuse suurendamiseks on vaja põhjalikult käsitleda ka artiklite struktuuri ja keelekasutust, et üliõpilastel tekiks selgem arusaam žanritavadest.

Philology. Linguistics, Finnic. Baltic-Finnic
DOAJ Open Access 2022
Livonian polar questions in their areal context

Miina Norvik, Helle Metslang, Karl Pajusalu et al.

This paper analyses strategies for forming polar questions and their historical sources in the two main varieties of Livonian – Courland Livonian and Salaca Livonian. The results reveal that the main means for marking polar questions in both varieties are sentence-initial particles. Their usage is compared to the means found in other varieties spoken in the Central Baltic area. This micro-areal comparison offers an in-depth analysis of the main patterns in the area, including their developmental paths. It appears that on several occasions, Livonian, Latvian, Latgalian, and Leivu South Estonian (spoken in Latvia) pattern together as opposed to the Estonian and South Estonian varieties (spoken in Estonia) and Lutsi and Kraasna South Estonian (spoken, respectively, in southeastern Latvia and the southern Pskov region in Russia). The data originate from various sources and different times, and were obtained by using both manual and automated methods; the analyses are qualitative. Kokkuvõte. Miina Norvik, Helle Metslang, Karl Pajusalu, Eva Saar: Liivi keele üldküsimused areaalsel taustal. Artiklis analüüsitakse üldküsimuse vormistamise strateegiaid ning nende kujunemise allikaid kahes liivi keele põhikujus – Kuramaa liivi keeles ja Salatsi liivi keeles. Tulemused näitavad, et mõlemas on üldküsimusi moodustatud peamiselt lausealguliste partiklitega. Liivi keele üldküsimuste struktuuri võrreldakse areaalselt lähedaste keelte ja murrete moodustusviisidega. Selline mikroareaalne võrdlus võimaldab sügavuti analüüsida Balti areaalis leiduvaid põhilisi üldküsimuste vormimalle ning nende arenguteid. Artiklist ilmneb, et mitmel juhul osutuvad sarnaseks liivi, läti, latgali ja lõunaeesti leivu keelesaare üldküsimuste moodustusviisid, erinedes eesti keele, lõunaeesti murdekujude ning lõunaeesti lutsi ja kraasna keelesaare üldküsimuse moodustusest. Andmestik on kogutud mitmesugustest eri aegade allikatest ning seda on analüüsitud kvalitatiivselt. Kubbõvõttõks. Miina Norvik, Helle Metslang, Karl Pajusalu, Eva Saar. Līvõ kīel iļammizt kizzimizt areāl kontekstõs. Kēras sōbõd vaņtõltõd amnämniz kizzimiz lūomiz stratēgijd ja nänt ovātõd kōds līvõ kīel vīțs – Kurmō līvõ kīels ja Salāts līvõ kīels. Tuņšlimi nägțõb, ku mȯlmis sōbõd kȭlbatõd partikõld, mis irdistiz ātõ lieudtõb kītõm īrgandõksõs. Kēra ītlõb līvõ kīel amnämnizt kizzimizt struktūrõ seļļizt īž struktūrõdõks munt ležgõlizt kēļši ja kīelmūrdis. Seļļi ītlimi äbțõb tuņšlõ amā sagdidi amnämnizt kizzimizt formõd modelidi ja nänt suggimizt Vāldamier areāls. Nei īž tuņšlimi nägțõb, ku amnämnizt kizzimizt struktūr pierrõ līvõ kēļ, lețkēļ, ladgal kēļ ja jedālēsti leivu kīelkōla ātõ jõvāgid ītizt – nēši kēļši struktūrõd ātõ mõitizt äbku ēsti kīels, jedālēsti kīelmūrdis, jedālēsti Lutsi ja kraasna kīelkōlis lieudtõb. Tieutõd tuņšlimiz pierāst ātõ kubbõ pandõd īžkižist ovātist ja tuņšlimiz pierāst sōbõd kȭlbatõd kvantitatīvizt metōdõd.

Philology. Linguistics, Finnic. Baltic-Finnic
DOAJ Open Access 2020
The background and research potential of the first Selkup books by N. P. Grigorovskij

Nadezhda Fedotova

This article aims to explain why the dialectal identification of the Selkup texts compiled by Nikolaj Grigorovskij in the 19th century is still open. It also provides preliminary results on the isoglosses within the Southern dialectal group and strategies on how to address this problem. In order to advance the research, the first Selkup books of the 19th century (1879) have been converted into a digital annotated corpus of texts. Their analysis has revealed language features which, on the one hand, are accurately verified by Selkup material of the 20th century (on the example of the verb conjugation and the noun declension paradigms and the main Selkup isoglosses identified by Helimski. On the other hand, it has shown that the dialectal phenomena are insufficiently described. The article also gives the combined variant of Grigorovskij’s biography existing as fragments in different sources. Kokkuvõte. Nadežda Fedotova: Esimeste N. P. Grigorovski sölkupi raamatute taust ja teaduslik potentsiaal. Siinse artikli eesmärk on välja selgitada, miks on siiani lahtine 19. sajandil Nikolaj Grigorovski poolt kogutud sölkupi tekstide murdeline määratlus. Ka annab artikkel esmased tulemused isoglosside piiride kohta lõuna-sölkupi murdegrupis ja pakub strateegiaid sellele probleemile lähenemiseks. Uurimisteema arendamiseks on esmalt esimesed 19. sajandi sölkupi raamatud (1879) viidud digitaalse tekstikorpuse kujule. Tekstianalüüs on välja toonud keelelised tunnused, mida ühest küljest kinnitavad ka 20. sajandi sölkupi materjalid (seda verbi pöördeliste ja noomenite käändeliste paradigmade põhjal ning põhiliste sölkupi isoglosside põhjal, mille on välja toonud Helimski 2004). Teisalt aga näitab analüüs, et murdelised nähtused on ebapiisavalt kirjeldatud. Artikkel sisaldab ka erinevates allikates esinevatest fragmentidest kokku kombineeritud varianti Grigorovski bibliograafiast. Аннотация. Надежда Федотова: История и перспектива исследования первых книг на селькупском языке Н. П. Григоровского. Целью статьи является выявление причин, в связи с которыми проблема определения диалектной принадлежности первых селькупских текстов, собранных в XIX веке Николаем Григоровским, остается открытой. В статье даны предварительные варианты изоглосс, позволяющие отличить южную диалектную группу селькупского языка от других диалектных групп. С тем чтобы углубить исследование, первые селькупские книги XIX века (1879) были оцифрованы и преобразованы в аннотированный корпус текстов. Анализ на основе данного корпуса позволил обнаружить языковые явления, которые, с одной стороны, точно совпадают с селькупскими материалами, зафиксированными в XX веке (на примере парадигм спряжения селькупских глаголов и склонения существительных, а также с основными изоглоссами, предложенными Хелимским [Xelimskij 2004]). С другой стороны, они демонстрируют диалектные явления, которые недостаточно подробно описаны в литературе. В статье также предложена наиболее полная версия биографии Григоровского как компиляция из различных источников.

Philology. Linguistics, Finnic. Baltic-Finnic
DOAJ Open Access 2019
Editorial Foreword

Silviu Miloiu

The theme of the 2019 conference of the Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies was crafted with our regretted colleague and distinguished academic Leonidas Donskis. In the meanwhile, conformism seems to have pervaded larger categories of public in East-Central Europe and beyond, and new “illiberal democracies” evolved. A composite of authoritarian leader and godfather have taken the reins of power in the area. Populist parties and movements are on the rise. Resurgent nationalisms are again offered as a substitute to solutions. The refugee crisis lingers on and no common decisions have been adopted within the EU to solve it on the basis of the European values. The EU institutions are in need of reform and decisions on the course of the organization and its future enlargement process are still pending.

Finnic. Baltic-Finnic, Social Sciences
DOAJ Open Access 2019
Dissenting narratives of identity in Saami, Meänkieli and Kven literatures

Enikő Molnár Bodrogi

In this study, I analyse the interconnections between language and identity in the literatures written in minority languages in Fennoscandia (Meänkieli, Saami and Kven). I concentrate on authors who write in their native languages (as well), and who can move between minority and majority language both as ordinary people and as writers. These literatures are small bodies, because there is a small number of people who can still read and write these languages. Minority literatures often deal with the relationship between minority and majority (dominant) cultures describing them by means of power relations. In the minority literatures I am going to deal with past, reconstructed on the horizon of the present, vizualised in a narrative frame, represeting an integral part of the minority writers’ great narratives, whose aim is to write their own minority histories, as opposed to the official ones. When examining the works of Fennoscandian minority writers, we can notice many a time that they build their own life-stories into the past recalled for the sake of community. In my study, I analyse some important elements of the writers’ narrative-building. I will be looking for answers for the following questions: What kind of power relations determine the life of the given minorities? How do they relate to different borders in their everyday life? How firm the virtual borders created by minority and majority populations are and what kind of consequences crossing borders has. As the theoretical basis of the lecture is concerned, I analyise the topic from the perspective of microhistorical research and the psychological study of identity and stigma.

Finnic. Baltic-Finnic, Social Sciences
DOAJ Open Access 2017
Leedu draama retseptsioon Eestis

Anneli Saro

Eesti teatril on ajaloolises plaanis kõige tihedamad sidemed olnud saksa- ja venekeelse ning angloameerika kultuuriruumiga, kuid sidemed lõunapoolsete lähinaabritega on olnud üsna sporaadilised. Käesolev uurimus käsitleb Leedu draama vastuvõttu Eestis ja Eesti teatris. Artikli eesmärgiks on (1) anda statistiline ajalooline ülevaade Eestis ilmunud ja lavastatud Leedu näitekirjandusest ning (2) uurida Leedu draama retseptsiooni Eestis, tuginedes näidendite lähilugemisele, audio- ja videosalvestustele ja ilmunud kriitikale ning tõlgendades nimetatud allikaid Eesti kultuurikontekstist lähtuvalt. Abstract. Anneli Saro: Reception of Lithuanian drama in Estonia. The article has two aims: (1) to give a statistical overview of Lithuanian drama published and staged in Estonia, and (2) to investigate the reception of Lithuanian drama in Estonia, relying on close reading of the plays and analysis of audiovisual recordings and criticism, and interpreting the sources in the Estonian cultural context. The term “reception” here covers the creative work of translators, directors, actors, scenographers, etc., as well as diverse mental activities of readers and spectators. The first part of the article tackles the historical development of cultural relations between Estonia and Lithuania in the field of theatre, listing the Lithuanian plays published and staged in Estonia during different epochs and contextualizing the reception. In the second part, the plays of four influential playwrights are analyzed: works by Juozas Grušas, Kazys Saja, Justinas Marcinkevičius and Marius Ivaškevičius. There are approximately forty Lithuanian plays translated into Estonian, most of them by Mihkel Loodus. Twenty plays have been staged in professional theatres, and twenty have been published, although some are still in manuscript. There are three groups of plays translated into Estonian: (1) plays depicting Soviet society, staged in Estonia in the second half of the 1950s and in the first half of the 1960s, 2) plays depicting Lithuanian history, mostly published as books, and 3) existential plays that form the majority of Lithuanian drama in Estonian. Keywords: Lithuanian drama; Estonian theatre; reception; cultural relations between Estonia and Lithuania

Philology. Linguistics, Finnic. Baltic-Finnic
DOAJ Open Access 2017
The Finnish logophoric pronoun <i>hän</i>: a quantitative approach

Katri Priiki

The paper examines the logophoric use of hän ‘he/she’ in contemporary Finnish conversation data. A logophoric pronoun is a device used in reported speech referring to the original speaker of a reported utterance. In informal spoken Finnish the pronoun hän is mostly used logophorically, even though in Standard Finnish, it is the regular third person personal pronoun. The paper approaches the logophoric function of hän from a new, quantitative viewpoint by examining the frequency of different aspects of the logophora. Based on the quantitative analysis of the data, the canonical construction of indirect speech seems to be the most typical context for the pronoun hän to occur, even though previous studies have claimed Finnish logophora semantic rather than structural. From the prototypical position the logophoric use spreads to reporting thoughts, interpreting feelings, and expressing the roles of the participants of the interaction. Kokkuvõte. Katri Priiki: Soome keele logofooriline asesõna hän: kvantitatiivne lähenemine. Artikkel käsitleb asesõna hän ‘tema, ta’ logofoorilist kasutamist tänapäeva soome kõnekeeles. Logofooriline asesõna on vahend, mida kasutatakse vahendatud kõnes selleks, et viidata vahendatud lausungi algsele kõnelejale. Soome kõnekeeles kasutatakse asesõna hän enamasti logofooriliselt, kuigi standardkeeles on see regulaarne kolmanda isiku isikuline asesõna. Artikkel käsitleb asesõna hän logofoorilist funktsiooni sageduse vaatepunktist. Kvantitatiivsest analüüsist ilmneb, et kanooniline vahendatud kõnet väljendav konstruktsioon on asesõna hän kasutamise kõige püsivam kontekst, vaatamata sellele, et varasemates uuringutes on logofoori soome keeles peetud pigem semantiliseks kui struktuurseks. Prototüüpsest vahendatud kõne kontekstist on logofooriline kasutus levinud ka mujale: seda kasutatakse mõtete esitamisel, tunnete tõlgendamisel ja suhtluses osalejate rollide väljendamisel. Võtmesõnad: logofoor; isikulised asesõnad; asesõnad; vahendatud kõne; kõnekeel; kolmas isik; soome keel

Philology. Linguistics, Finnic. Baltic-Finnic
DOAJ Open Access 2015
Fundamental frequency in Estonian emotional read-out speech

Kairi Tamuri

Fundamental frequency (F0, perceived as pitch) is an important prosodic cue of emotion. The aim of the present study was to find out if sentence emotion has any influence detectable in the F0 height and range of Estonian read-out speech. Thus the F0 of each vowel found in Estonian read-out sentences was measured, and its median for three emotions (anger, joy, sadness) and for neutral speech was calculated. In addition, the F0 range was measured for emotional and neutral speech, as well as the height of F0 for sentence-initial and sentence-final positions. The results revealed that in the investigated material, F0 was highest for joy and lowest for anger. The F0 range, however, was widest for anger and narrowest for sadness. The differences in F0 height at the beginning versus the end of sentences were not statistically significant, either for pairs of emotions or for emotions compared with neutral speech.

Philology. Linguistics, Finnic. Baltic-Finnic
DOAJ Open Access 2014
English denominal conversion verbs and their Estonian equivalents: comparing translations and J. Silvet’s English-Estonian dictionary

Enn Veldi

Conversion is a highly efficient and economical word-formation process. It has enriched the English vocabulary considerably; however, translators and lexicographers are faced with the challenge of finding suitable translation equivalents. The study is based on the analysis of the Estonian translation equivalents of over two hundred English denominal verbs in three novels. The results show that apart from the well-established equivalents that can be found both in translations and in the dictionary, the analysis revealed 53 suitable equivalents that were not covered by the dictionary. Two thirds of them were multi-word equivalents; this indicates that multi-word equivalents deserve more attention when compiling bilingual dictionaries. The analysis also revealed 24 meanings with suitable equivalents, which were not listed in the dictionary. Kokkuvõte. Enn Veldi: Konversiooni abil tuletatud inglise desubstantiivsed verbid ning nende eestikeelsed vasted: tõlgete ja J. Silveti inglise-eesti sõnaraamatu võrdlus. Konversioon on ökonoomne sõnamoodustusprotsess, mis on rikastanud inglise keele sõnavara olulisel määral. Samas on tõlkijate ja leksikograafide ülesanne leida neile sobivad tõlkevasted. Artikkel põhineb üle 200 inglise desubstantiivse verbi tõlkevastete analüüsil, mis esinesid kolmes romaanis. Tulemused näitavad, et lisaks väljakujunenud tõlkevastetele, mis esinevad nii tõlgetes kui sõnaraamatus, leidus tõlgetes 53 sobivat tõlkevastet, mis sõnastikus kajastamist ei leidnud. Kaks kolmandikku neist olid mitmesõnalised vasted, mis näitab, et mitmesõnalised vasted väärivad kakskeelsete sõnaraamatute koostamisel rohkem tähelepanu. Tõlgete analüüs tõi samuti esile 24 tähendust koos sobivate tõlkevastetega, mis sõnastikus kajastamist ei leidnud. Märksõnad: konversioon, inglise keel, eesti keel, tõlkimine, ekvivalentsus, kakskeelne leksikograafia

Philology. Linguistics, Finnic. Baltic-Finnic
DOAJ Open Access 2014
Loanword strata in Livonian

Eberhard Winkler

The article deals with loanword strata in Livonian. The first part of the article compares loanword strata in Courland Livonian to those of Salaca Livonian with regard to source language (Middle Low German, Latvian, High German, and Russian) and parts of speech. The second part of the article examines semantic fields in Salaca Livonian in which the influence of Latvian is particularly strong or weak. Finally, historical conclusions are drawn based on the data presented. Kokkuvõte. Eberhard Winkler: Liivi keele laensõnakihid. Artikkel käsitleb liivi keele laensõnakihte. Esimeses osas võrreldakse Kuramaa ja Salatsi liivi keele laensõnakihte, pidades silmas laenuandjat keelt (keskalamsaksa, läti, ülemsaksa ja vene), seejärel analüüsitakse laensõnu sõnaliigiti. Teises osas vaadeldakse salatsiliivi sõnavara semantilisi välju, milles läti keele mõju avaldub eriti tugevalt või piiratult. Lõpuks esitatakse keeleajaloolisi järeldusi. Märksõnad: liivi keele, laensõnakihid, läti laensõnade semantilised väljad Kubbõvõttõks. Eberhard Winkler: Līvõ kīel līensõnād kȭrdad. Kēra tuņšlõb līensõnād kȭrdidi. Ežmis jagsõ ītlõb Kurāmǭ līvõ kīel ja Salāts līvõ kīel līensõnād kȭrdidi līenāndajiz kīel pierrõ (sidāmizalāmsaksā, lețkīel, iļīzsaksā, krīevõ kēļ) ja sīetagān līensõnād sõnāvīțiņ. Tuois jagsõ vaņţlõb Salāts līvõ kīel sõnāvīļa semantiliži nūrmidi, kus lețkīel mȯj um vȯnd īžkiz kangti agā suorndõd. Lopāndõksõks tīeb pierāldõkši iļ kīelistōrij.

Philology. Linguistics, Finnic. Baltic-Finnic
DOAJ Open Access 2014
Lõimitud aine- ja keeleõppe metoodikast vene õppekeelega koolis

Helena Metslang, Mare Kitsnik, Ingrid Krall

Aastatel 2007–2012 toimus vene õppekeelega gümnaasiumide üleminek eestikeelsele aineõppele. Tallinna Ülikooli 2012. aasta sügisel koolides korraldatud uuring „Kakskeelne õpe vene õppekeelega koolis” kinnitas, et eestikeelne aineõpe on tõepoolest käima läinud ja kiirelt arenemas. Artikkel käsitleb lähemalt mõningaid õppe tulemuslikkuse faktoreid, mida uuringu käigus eestikeelses aineõppes ja seda toetavate eesti keele kui teise keele tundide juures analüüsisime. Eri sihtrühmade anketeerimise, fookusgrupiintervjuude ning ligi 80 tunnivaatluse põhjal teeme järeldusi eestikeelse õppe olukorra ja arenguvõimaluste kohta, keskendudes metoodika aspektile. Uuringu teoreetilisteks lähtekohtadeks on LAK-õpe (lõimitud aine- ja keeleõpe) ning aktiivõppe ja kommunikatiivõppe metoodika. Enamik artiklis vaadeldud metoodilisi jooni on olulised ka läbivalt eestikeelse hariduse kontekstis – nii keeleõppes kui ka aineõppes. Hoolimata vene õppekeelega koolide õpilaste arvu vähenemisest on kasulik jätkuvalt toetada haridustöötajate pädevuste arengut nendes metoodikavaldkondades – eriti arvestades õpilaskonna kultuurilist mitmekesistumist eesti õppekeelega koolis. Abstract. Helena Metslang, Mare Kitsnik, and Ingrid Krall: Content and language integrated learning methodology at Russian-medium schools. Estonian secondary schools include both the majority of schools where the language of tuition is Estonian and a minority of schools where most pupils speak Russian as their mother tongue and the language of tuition is mainly Russian. In 2007–2012, upper secondary schools of Russian-medium education in Estonia shifted to teaching 60% of the curriculum in Estonian. This was aimed at supporting Russian-medium schools’ graduates’ better coping in society, education and labour market. The study ‘Bilingual Education in Russian-medium Schools’ that our research team at Tallinn University carried out in autumn 2012 confirmed that the schools have implemented this change – Estonian-medium teaching is indeed taking place (as legislated) and is swiftly developing. This article describes, with a focus on methodology, some questions of effectiveness that we studied in content and language integrated learning (CLIL) lessons and supporting Estonian lessons. We discuss the situation and development perspectives of Estonian-medium CLIL in Russian schools. Theoretically, the study relies on CLIL principles and the methodologies of active learning and communicative language learning. Most of the methodological features described in this article are also important for the majority (Estonian-medium) education system. Despite the decrease of the number of students in Russian-medium schools, it is still useful to support the development of education practitioners’ skills in these areas of methodology – especially considering the increasing cultural diversification of the student body at Estonian-medium schools. Keywords: Estonian, second language, national minorities’ education, language teaching methodology, content and language integrated learning

Philology. Linguistics, Finnic. Baltic-Finnic
DOAJ Open Access 2014
Syllabi of disciplines of Baltic and Nordic Summer School

Silviu Miloiu

This educational programme in form of a multiannual summer school includes activities divided into two modules: one on Scandinavian, Finnic and Baltic languages (Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Finnish, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian taught in 2014), and the other one on culture, history, geography, law and economy courses related to the North. It also includes workshops both for the students and the staff with a focus on the exchange of good practices and transfer of expertise between the Romanian trainers and the Norwegian partners.

Finnic. Baltic-Finnic, Social Sciences
DOAJ Open Access 2013
Acquisition of compounds in Estonian and Russian: Frequency, productivity, transparency and simplicity effect

Reili Argus, Victoria Kazakovskaya

<p><span>This article discusses the early phases of acquisition of noun compounds in two typologically different languages – Estonian and Russian. Longitudinal data on three Russian and two Estonian typically-developing monolingual children and their caregivers was analysed and compared in relation to first emergence, the development of different compound types, productivity, frequency, simplicity and transparency of compounds, and also to the impact of morphological wealth in the input on the output. </span></p><div class="column"><p><span>Although the frequency of compounds is somewhat different in the two languages being observed, the first compounds emerge in the speech of Estonian and Russian children almost at the same age and quite early, at the end of the second year of life. </span></p> <p><span>In both Estonian and Russian, children first acquire productive pat- terns in both languages, Estonian and Russian, respectively. Factors such as simplicity and frequency are intertwined in the acquisition process. Simple structures occur at the same time as frequent ones but it cannot just be assumed that simplicity is a stronger factor influencing the choice of first noun compounds than frequency. Frequency effects are not straightforward: there are differences in the individual usage of compounds by the caregivers, and the frequency of compounds in child-directed speech does not always seem to be reflected in the speech of the children. </span></p></div><p>DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5128/ERYa9.02</p>

Philology. Linguistics, Finnic. Baltic-Finnic

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