“Prolonged Occupation and International Law”, published in late March 2023 by Brill Publishing House, is a landmark collection of essays on the Israeli regime's protracted occupation of Palestinian territory. The 16-chapter book is a treasure trove of valuable contributions from eminent scholars, professors, lawyers, practitioners, and policymakers, including former UN Special Rapporteurs. The book has received acclaim from several legal scholars, including William A. Schabas, Professor of International Law, School of Law, Middlesex University, who has offered a glowing review, stating: “Scholarly and comprehensive, this impressive collection of essays by renowned experts...offers a tour d'horizon of the fundamental legal issues raised by Israel’s prolonged occupation of Palestine as well as potential remedies that can confront the illegalities.” The book intends to draw international attention to the extraordinary length of the occupation of the Palestinian territory by Israel, which has now lasted more than half a century. Chapters in this book cover a broad spectrum of topics related to the prolonged occupation and Israel’s control, ranging from colonialism to apartheid. Authors unanimously assert the illegality of the occupation from day one, and emphasize that indefinite occupation and colonialism collide with the foundational requirement under international humanitarian law that the occupied territory be returned to the occupied population. The miscellany also underscores the critical importance of historical analysis in comprehending the root causes that have propelled Israel onto its current trajectory of apartheid, colonialism, and annexation. Unfolding the past - the book argues- is essential for addressing the intergenerational trauma and injustice inflicted upon the Palestinian people and ultimately achieving a just and durable resolution. This brief analysis will summarize the book's principal arguments and evaluate its key themes presented in two parts, followed by a critical assessment.
The Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States (hereafter referred to as the Convention), as well as the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) was established within the framework of the Convention, aims to resolve disputes encountered in international investments in a prompt and facilitated manner under an independent credible judicial mechanism. ICSID tribunals can order provisional measures in a dispute presented before them to protect the parties’ mutual rights as mentioned in Article 47 of the Convention. The raison d’être for these measures is to ensure the integrity of the proceedings and exclusivity of the ICSID arbitration by preserving the status quo and preventing aggravation of the dispute. However, no explicit statement occurs in the Convention which suggests that the possibility of rendering a decision regarding provisional measures against a national criminal proceeding. Criminal proceedings are perhaps the most indisputable component of state sovereignty. Hence, the tribunals acknowledge a high threshold shall be required to justify an intervention in national criminal proceedings. Therefore, any intervention related to criminal proceedings that conflict with the sovereignty of a state authority should be evaluated case by case and kept at a minimum.In this context, the current paper will address the provisional measures that are orderable by ICSID tribunals, the impact these measures have on pending criminal proceedings in domestic law. ICSID’s authority to impose sanctions on state parties if they do not comply with the measures in relation to the criminal proceedings. In addition, the article will evaluate requests for provisional measures to comprehend whether or not they intervene in the sovereign authority of a state party. We should also point out that, arbitration is a multidisciplinary subject, it has connections with International law, Constitution and other legal disciplines. However, the issue will only be handled within the scope of ICSID and criminal procedure.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Did the populations around Paris in the 18th century entrust the settlement of their disputes to the justice system or did they settle them alone, before a notary? In other words, what was the relationship between justice as a virtue and the courts of first instance as an administration?
Nisa Dewi Asmar, Darmini Roza, Syofiarti Syofiarti
Peraturan Mahkamah Agung No 7 Tahun 2022 tentang Perubahan Peraturan Mahkamah Agung No. 1 Tahun 2019 tentang Administrasi Perkara dan Persidangan di Pengadilan secara Elektronik mengatur proses beracara di pengadilan dengan sistem elektronik. Pengadilan Agama Padang sebagai salah satu lembaga peradilan yang berada di bawah Mahkamah Agung harus menjalankan kebijakan Mahkamah Agung disusul dengan Surat Keputusan Ketua Mahkamah Agung Nomor 363/KMA/SK/XII/2022 tentang Petunjuk Teknis Administrasi Dan Persidangan Perkara Perdata, Perdata Agama, dan Tata Usaha Negara di Pengadilan Secara Elektronik. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum dengan spesifikasi penelitian yang bersifat deskriptif analitis. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan yuridis normatif sebagai pendekatan utama, didukung pendekatan yuridis empiris. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer sebagai data utama dan data sekunder sebagai data pendukung yang dikumpulkan melalui studi lapangan dengan teknik wawancara dan studi kepustakan. Data tersebut kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif dan disajikan dalam bentuk deskriptif kualitatif.
A ideia de inserção de fórmulas negociais no processo penal sempre gerou controvérsia. A cada nova proposta de lei buscando a abreviação do processo ou a obtenção de provas por meios consensuais, renovam-se as críticas relativas à suposta sobreposição de critérios de efetividade em relação aos critérios de justiça.
Criminal law and procedure, Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology
Kesehatan merupakan hak setiap manusia di dunia. Hal ini tertuang jelas dalam Deklarasi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tahun 1948 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia Pasal 25 ayat (1) “setiap orang berhak atas derajat hidup yang memadai untuk kesehatan dan kesejahteraan dirinya dan keluarganya termasuk hak atas pangan pakaian, perumahan dan perawatan kesehatan serta pelayanan sosial yang diperlukan dan berhak atas jaminan pada saat menganggur, menderita sakit, cacat, menjadi janda/duda, mencapai usia lanjut atau keadaan lainnya yang mengakibatkan kekurangan nafkah, yang berada di luar kekuasaannya.Dengan landasan inilah setiap negara berusaha memenuhi hak kesehatan bagi warga negaranya. Sistem pembiayaan kesehatan yang dipakai setiap negara pun berbeda-beda. Secara umum sistem pembiayaan di dunia terbagi menjadi 4 tipe yaitu Konsep Asuransi swasta dengan subsidi pemerintah (Traditional Sickness Insurance), Konsep pemerintah membiayai asuransi kesehatan nasional (National Health Insurance), Konsep penyediaan layanan kesehatan oleh pemerintah (National Health Service), Campuran antara pembiayaan tradisional dan pembiayaan kesehatan nasional (Health Insurance dan Health Service).
Background: The law governing the National Criminal Procedure Law must be based on the views/philosophies of national life and the basis of the state, therefore the provisions of articles or paragraphs contained in the National Criminal Procedure Law describe the protection of human rights and the obligations of citizens. Objectives: This study aims to find out and analyze things that can be considered aggravating circumstances and mitigating circumstances in criminal convictions. As well as knowing and analyzing the effect of consideration of burdensome circumstances and mitigating circumstances in criminal convictions Methods: This research belongs to the normative type of research. So that it can be known that the matters that can be considered as aggravating circumstances and mitigating circumstances in the judgment of conviction must be by the characteristics. Result: The most important consideration of aggravating and mitigating circumstances affects the proportionality of criminal convictions, both the proportionality between the criminal act imposed and the degree of guilt committed by the defendant, the proportionality related to the disparity of the verdict, and the proportionality between the conviction and the profits obtained from the criminal act. Conclusion: The form is in the form of the nature, subject, atmosphere, or situation that prevails, relating to the criminal act. The formulation is found outside of the criminal act itself outside the elements of the criminal act and describes the seriousness of the crime or the degree of danger of the perpetrator, which affects the size of the severity of the crime to be imposed.
Modern, systemic understanding of resilience as the ability of the
individual, but also the community and other systems to select and provide
the resources needed for positive functioning despite risk exposure, has
opened space for designing programs that will provide the same resources. A
review of the literature shows that experts and scientists have successfully
directed the results of practice, which refer to the positive systems
functioning despite the presence of risk, to create recommendations for
designing programs that will help individuals, communities and other systems
to build resilience. Such programs are of particular importance for victim
empowerment. This paper aims to explain the basic assumptions of the
effectiveness of programs aimed at building system resilience, which relate
to the elements of assessment, design principles and key characteristics of
resilience-building programs.
Jeffrey D. Nador, Michael Vomland, Markus M. Thielgen
et al.
Accurate face identity processing (FIP) is a critical component of security professions. Unfortunately, however, rapid face matching as required in real-life situations such as passport controls cannot be improved via training. While in such situations accuracy is a high priority, it is neither the only, nor most important performance measure. Officers must process high-throughput information as efficiently as possible – i.e. both accurately and rapidly. In scenarios with grave public safety implications, however, efficiency is not sufficient. Suspect surveillance and mass data analysis in criminal investigations also demand processing ample sensitive material consistently over extended periods.Police agencies have sought to optimize operations through personnel selection targeting FIP abilities. Yet to date, the lab-based tests researchers have proffered neither reflect officers’ specific tasks, nor the efficiency and consistency critical to accomplishing them. Therefore, we aimed to benchmark the three most challenging FIP tests available against two work-samples — tasks developed in consultation with police practitioners to measure specific, situationally critical performance. We solicited participation from 390 police professionals from regional police and criminal investigation departments, yielding a representative sample of 114 participating Security Officers, Mass Data Analysts, and Search Unit Members who regularly employ FIP skills in their work.Data-driven analyses of officers’ FIP abilities revealed that work-sample efficiency and consistency represented most relevant dimensions of variation, and accounted for lab-test performance. Furthermore, performance on either work-sample was better predicted by performance on the other, than by lab-based test scores. This demonstrates the limitations of lab-based tests for applied settings, and stresses the need for predicting police officers’ FIP abilities through contextually and practically relevant performance measures.
Wound age estimation is a crucial and challenging problem in forensic pathology. Although mRNA is the most commonly used indicator for wound age estimation, screening criteria are lacking. In the present study, the feasibility of screening criteria using mRNA to determine injury time based on the adenylate-uridylate-rich element (ARE) structure and gene ontology (GO) categories were evaluated. A total of 78 Sprague-Dawley male rats were contused and sampled at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, and 48 h after inflicting injury. The candidate mRNAs were classified based on with or without ARE structure and GO category function. The mRNA expression levels were detected using qRT-PCR. In addition, the standard deviation (STD), mean deviation (MD), relative average deviation (d%), and coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated based on mRNA expression levels. The CV score (CVs) and the CV of CV (CV’CV) were calculated to measure heterogeneity. Finally, based on classic principles, the accuracy of combination of candidate mRNAs was assessed using discriminant analysis to construct a multivariate model for inferring wound age. The results of homogeneity evaluation of each group based on CVs were consistent with the MD, STD, d%, and CV results, indicating the credibility of the evaluation results based on CVs. The candidate mRNAs without ARE structure and classified as cellular component (CC) GO category (ARE–CC) had the highest CVs, showing the mRNAs with these characteristics are the most homogenous mRNAs and best suited for wound age estimation. The highest accuracy was 91.0% when the mRNAs without ARE structure were used to infer the wound age based on the discrimination model. The accuracy of mRNAs classified into CC or multiple function (MF) GO category was higher than mRNAs in the biological process (BP) category. In all subgroups, the accuracy of the composite identification model of mRNA composition without ARE structure and classified as CC was higher than other subgroups. The mRNAs without ARE structure and belonging to the CC GO category were more homogenous, showed higher accuracy for estimating wound age, and were appropriate for rat skeletal muscle wound age estimation.
Criminal law and procedure, Public aspects of medicine
The paper analyzes the criminal offense of illegal entry, movement and stay in the Republic of Croatia, another Member State of the European Union or a signatory state to the Schengen Agreement under Article 326 of the Criminal Code and its connection with the misdemeanor of the prohibition of assisting a thirdcountry national from Article 43 of the Law on Foreigners with regard to the difficulties and implications that may arise during their delimitation. In particular, the implementation of Council Directive 2002/90/EC on the definition of facilitation of unauthorized entry, transit and residence as well as its harmonization is analyzed. The differentiation between the misdemeanor in question and the criminal offense is not simple and includes a number of factors that in fact depend on each individual case, but when it comes to the classification of criminal offences, the decisive factor is greed, whereas recent case law shows that when it comes to criminal offenses under Article 326 of the Criminal Code, these are wellorganized groups that, upon detection, do not shy away from attacking police officers in pursuit of their goals.
СЕРГЕЙ АЛЕКСЕЕВИЧ СТАРОСТИН, НАДЕЖДА ВЛАДИМИРОВНА АНИСКИНА
Введение: статья посвящена изучению вопросов, связанных со становлением в Российской Федерации государственной службы пробации, законодательным регулированием ее
деятельности. Цель: изучение особенностей организации и деятельности службы пробации
России с учетом специфики функционирования уголовно-исполнительной системы Российской Федерации. Методы: в основе проведенного исследования лежит диалектический метод
научного познания. В статье использованы общенаучные (анализ, синтез, индукция и т. д.),
частнонаучные и специальные методы познания (сравнительно-правовой, формально-юридический, статистический). Результаты: дана общая характеристика и выделены специфические
черты применения института пробации в рамках проводимой государством пенитенциарной
политики. К основным чертам службы пробации в России представляется возможным отнести: комплексное решение вопроса по социальной адаптации и ресоциализации осужденных
посредством внедрения трех видов пробации – приговорной (исполнительной), пенитенциарной и постпенитенциарной; установление широкого перечня субъектов пробации, наделенных соответствующим объемом полномочий с учетом специфики деятельности; организация
работы с осужденными по специально формируемым индивидуальным программам; ведение
реестра осужденных, задействованных в программе пробации. Осуществлен анализ проекта
федерального закона «О пробации в Российской Федерации» (ID 01/05/04-22/00126333). Установлено, что данный законопроект в значительной степени носит рамочный характер. В частности, в нем не урегулирован порядок взаимодействия и координации деятельности субъектов пробации, отсутствуют положения об осуществлении контроля и надзора над службой
пробации, не раскрыты принципы функционирования службы пробации, порядок заполнения
и ведения личного дела осужденного, в отношении которого будет осуществляться пробация,
не затронуты вопросы осуществления пробации в отношении лиц, находящихся под административным надзором. Выводы: с учетом изучения зарубежного опыта обозначены возможные перспективы развития службы пробации в России, сформулированы отдельные предложения по совершенствованию системы исполнения наказаний, не связанных с лишением
свободы. В целях эффективной организации деятельности создаваемой в России службы
обосновывается необходимость разработки качественной нормативной правовой базы, регулирующей институт пробации, обеспечения межведомственного взаимодействия субъектов пробации, установления системы квалификационных требований к должностям службы
пробации, должного материально-ресурсного и научного обеспечения, использования прогрессивного международного опыта деятельности аналогичных служб с учетом специфики
российских условий.
Short tandem repeat (STR) profiling is one of the mostly used systems for forensic applications. In certain circumstances, STR profiling is time-consuming and costly, which potentially leads to delays in criminal investigations. LGC (Laboratory of the Government Chemist, UK) Forensics has developed a robust STR profiling platform called the ParaDNA® Intelligence Test System which can provide early tactical intelligence and aid investigators in making informed decisions on sample prioritization for detection. Here, we validated the ParaDNA intelligence test for its application in forensic cases using a range of mock evidence items following guidelines set by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM). Specifically, we tested the sensitivity and accuracy of the ParaDNA intelligence test, as well as the success rates for detecting mock samples and for use in case scenarios. Our findings demonstrate that the ParaDNA intelligence test generates useful DNA profiles, especially for samples such as blood, saliva, and semen that contain ample DNA, indicating the benefits of including ParaDNA as a prior step in forensic STR profiling pipelines.
Criminal law and procedure, Public aspects of medicine
After recalling the context in which the sidewalk literature of the years 1885-1900, the Boulangist Crisis, the Panama Scandal and the Dreyfus Case unfolded, this article examines more specifically the complaints linked to the collapse of the Universal Company of the Inter-Oceanic Canal. Although not all the songs produced in 1892-1893 are related to the lament genre, many of them are part of it, the victims being either the small savers who were robbed or the people, the true recipients of this particularly poisonous form of propaganda. Anti-Semitism and anti-parliamentarianism are the two main ingredients, the aim being the subversion of institutions and the overthrow of the republican regime.
The ineffectiveness of punitive-based approaches after the occurrence of terrorist attacks in preventing this criminal phenomenon has led to the development of new strategies in order to control terrorism through preemptive mechanisms and the adoption of preventive measures before the occurrence of terrorist crimes. The present article by using descriptive-documentary research method seeks to answer the question that, in order to prevent the harmful risks of terrorism in the precrime stage, what Anticipatory measures have been presented in legal systems? Findings of this research demonstrate that today Anticipatory approaches to containment terrorism have a special station in legal systems. legislative systems by adopting Anticipatory mechanisms before the occurrence of terrorist threats, Have the future-based approach Against this dangerous phenomenon. The most important Anticipatory strategies to control terrorism to include the limitation or prohibition of ownership, financial transparency and prevention of terror financing, communication, training and employment restrictions, residence and monitoring obligations , control on travelling and inspect places. Safeguards for Anticipatory measures in the face of terrorism include administrative measures, Control orders and arrest.
Court statistics developed over the time from bureaucratic data collection to monitoring and evaluation of court performances and judicial reforms. In the Europe, the Council of Europe CEPEJ contributed to the promotion of court statistics as a tool for management over judiciary and evaluation of judicial performances. Modern use of statistical reporting requires setting of performance indicators, which tracking will enable monitoring of court performance and inform decision making on further actions. Some of performance indicators are recommended by the CEPEJ and are widely accepted, like clearance rate and disposition time. However, court statistics could include information beyond court cases, like financial data per court and human resource data, which could inform interventions in the area of human resource management and financial resource management, i.e. equalization of workload among courts and judges, as well as calculation of cost per case. The use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the courts and court statistics contributed significantly to improvement of administration of justice, through development of automatized case management systems, automatic export of relevant reports on court performance based on predefined indicators. However, few preconditions are required for successful deployment of the ICT in judiciary. Countries were putting efforts to strengthen court statistics and some good practices were developed over time. Slovenia dashboard for improvement of disposition time and Serbian court maps for tracking backlog reduction are good examples that could be used replicated in countries with similar challenges and goals.
Evidentiry of the existence of the alleged medical negligence, who is performed by a doctor is very difficult to do, provisions of law of general application, both in civil law (Burgerlijk Wetboek), criminal law and criminal procedure law can not necessarily be applied to cases in which one side is the doctor as medical personnel. After the enactment of Act No. 29 Year 2004 concerning Medical Practice, there is an institution which authorized to determine the presence of errors in the application of medical disciplines performed by a doctor. In the Indonesian Medical Council Regulation No. 32 Year 2015 Article 62 paragraph 2 implicitly mentioning the MKDKI Decision can not to use as evidence in determining medical negligence actions performed by a doctor. This is not accordance with the Constitutional Court Decision No. 14/ PUU-XII/ 2014 and the Criminal Procedure Code.
Private international law. Conflict of laws, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law