Hasil untuk "Cooperation. Cooperative societies"

Yilun Wu, Anna Tur, Peichen Ye

This paper considers a hybrid pollution-control differential game with two farsighted players and one myopic player. Both the seasonal regime shifts in the state dynamics and the players' heterogeneous preferences are introduced into the model. The strategies under cooperative, noncooperative and partially cooperative scenarios are obtained by utilizing the Pontryagin's Maximum Principle. Under all feasible coalition structures, the convergence of the state variable is proved. A new sustainably--cooperative optimality principle is proposed according to the coalition structures, which belongs to the imputation set. The prerequisite for the existence of time-consistency in the sustainably-cooperative optimality principle is explicitly obtained. The seasonal imputation distribution procedure (IDP) is designed to maintain the time-consistentcy (dynamic stability) of cooperation over time.

Pierre Bousseyroux, Gilles Zérah, Michael Benzaquen

Stabilizing cooperation among self-interested individuals presents a fundamental challenge in evolutionary theory and social science. While classical models predict the dominance of defection in social dilemmas, empirical and theoretical studies have identified various mechanisms that promote cooperation, including kin selection, reciprocity, and spatial structure. In this work, we investigate the role of localized imitation in the evolutionary dynamics of cooperation within an optional Public Goods Game (PGG). We introduce a model where individuals belong to distinct groups and adapt their strategies based solely on comparisons within their own group. We identify different dynamical regimes, including stable fixed points, limit cycles, and Rock-Scissors-Paper-type oscillations. Our analysis, grounded in a replicator-type framework, reveals that such group-level imitation can stabilize cooperative behavior, provided that groups are not initially polarized around a single strategy. In other words, restricting imitation to group-level interactions mitigates the destabilizing effects of global competition, providing a potential explanation for the resilience of cooperation in structured populations.

Guozhong Zheng, Zhenwei Ding, Jiqiang Zhang et al.

The inherent complexity of human beings manifests in a remarkable diversity of responses to intricate environments, enabling us to approach problems from varied perspectives. However, in the study of cooperation, existing research within the reinforcement learning framework often assumes that individuals have access to identical information when making decisions, which contrasts with the reality that individuals frequently perceive information differently. In this study, we employ the Q-learning algorithm to explore the impact of information perception on the evolution of cooperation in a two-person Prisoner's Dilemma game. We demonstrate that the evolutionary processes differ significantly across three distinct information perception scenarios, highlighting the critical role of information structure in the emergence of cooperation. Notably, the asymmetric information scenario reveals a complex dynamical process, including the emergence, breakdown, and reconstruction of cooperation, mirroring psychological shifts observed in human behavior. Our findings underscore the importance of information structure in fostering cooperation, offering new insights into the establishment of stable cooperative relationships among humans.

Bulat Nasrulin, Rowdy Chotkan, Johan Pouwelse

Traditionally, peer-to-peer systems have relied on altruism and reciprocity. Although incentive-based models have gained prominence in new-generation peer-to-peer systems, it is essential to recognize the continued importance of cooperative principles in achieving performance, fairness, and correctness. The lack of this acknowledgment has paved the way for selfish peers to gain unfair advantages in these systems. As such, we address the challenge of selfish peers by devising a mechanism to reward sustained cooperation. Instead of relying on global accountability mechanisms, we propose a protocol that naturally aggregates local evaluations of cooperation. Traditional mechanisms are often vulnerable to Sybil and misreporting attacks. However, our approach overcomes these issues by limiting the benefits selfish peers can gain without incurring any cost. The viability of our algorithm is proven with a deployment to 27,259 Internet users and a realistic simulation of a blockchain gossip protocol. We show that our protocol sustains cooperation even in the presence of a majority of selfish peers while incurring only negligible overhead.

Daiki Miyagawa, Koki Miyabara, Genki Ichinose

Cooperation in human society is sustained by reputation. In general, the reputation of an individual is determined by others who observe his behavior, but this rarely happens in private situations. This may cause people to behave inconsistently, cooperating in public and not cooperating in private. A previous experiment showed that people gave a lower reputation to an individual who cooperated in public but defected in private rather than a consistently uncooperative individual regardless of public and private situations. However, the reason behind this is unclear. Here, we study how cooperation and the reputational mechanism co-evolve on the condition that two types of interaction (public and private) exist. The simulation results show that the evolved social norm is characterized by at least one of the following: preference for consistent or aversion of inconsistent behavior in both interactions when the risk that behaviors in private interactions are observed exceeds a certain threshold. We also find that such social norms promote cooperation in private situations as well as in public ones.

Balint Varga, Dongxu Yang, Sören Hohmann

In this paper, a cooperative decision-making is presented, which is suitable for intention-aware automated vehicle functions. With an increasing number of highly automated and autonomous vehicles on public roads, trust is a very important issue regarding their acceptance in our society. The most challenging scenarios arise at low driving speeds of these highly automated and autonomous vehicles, where interactions with vulnerable road users likely occur. Such interactions must be addressed by the automation of the vehicle. The novelties of this paper are the adaptation of a general cooperative and shared control framework to this novel use case and the application of an explicit prediction model of the pedestrian. An extensive comparison with state-of-the-art algorithms is provided in a simplified test environment. The results show the superiority of the proposed model-based algorithm compared to state-of-the-art solutions and its suitability for real-world applications due to its real-time capability.

Kosuke Ikeya, Koki Ho

As many satellite constellations are proposed, deployed, and operated, their maintenance becomes increasingly important to provide satisfactory services; therefore, on-orbit refueling to spacecraft has become one of the most promising technologies for realizing more sustainable space development. This paper develops an analytical model to examine two types of mission architectures for multi-target on-orbit refueling missions: a non-cooperative architecture and a cooperative architecture. In the (rather conventional) non-cooperative refueling architecture, a servicer spacecraft visits passive targets one by one, whereas, in the cooperative refueling architecture, both the servicer and the targets can actively maneuver to complete refueling cooperatively. This paper analytically compares the fuel mass required in each architecture to support the decision-making process of mission architects. Furthermore, the condition under which the cooperative architecture becomes more efficient than the non-cooperative architecture is analytically derived. The sensitivities of this condition against key mission parameters, such as the number of targets and their inclination, are also analyzed through a case study of multi-plane multi-target on-orbit refueling in low Earth orbits.

Chenguang Liu, Yunfei Chen, Jianjun Chen et al.

Cooperative perception has been widely used in autonomous driving to alleviate the inherent limitation of single automated vehicle perception. To enable cooperation, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication plays an indispensable role. This work analyzes the performance of cooperative perception accounting for communications channel impairments. Different fusion methods and channel impairments are evaluated. A new late fusion scheme is proposed to leverage the robustness of intermediate features. In order to compress the data size incurred by cooperation, a convolution neural network-based autoencoder is adopted. Numerical results demonstrate that intermediate fusion is more robust to channel impairments than early fusion and late fusion, when the SNR is greater than 0 dB. Also, the proposed fusion scheme outperforms the conventional late fusion using detection outputs, and autoencoder provides a good compromise between detection accuracy and bandwidth usage.

Timothé Albouy, Davide Frey, Mathieu Gestin et al.

As shown by Reliable Broadcast and Consensus, cooperation among a set of independent computing entities (sequential processes) is a central issue in distributed computing. Considering $n$-process asynchronous message-passing systems where some processes can be Byzantine, this paper introduces a new cooperation abstraction denoted Context-Adaptive Cooperation (CAC). While Reliable Broadcast is a one-to-$n$ cooperation abstraction and Consensus is an $n$-to-$n$ cooperation abstraction, CAC is a $d$-to-$n$ cooperation abstraction where the parameter $d$ ($1\leq d\leq n$) depends on the run and remains unknown to the processes. Moreover, the correct processes accept the same set of $\ell$ pairs $\langle v,i\rangle$ ($v$ is the value proposed by $p_i$) from the $d$ proposer processes, where $1 \leq \ell \leq d$ and, as $d$, $\ell$ remains unknown to the processes (except in specific cases). Those $\ell$ values are accepted one at a time in different orders at each process. Furthermore, CAC provides the processes with an imperfect oracle that gives information about the values that they may accept in the future. In a very interesting way, the CAC abstraction is particularly efficient in favorable circumstances. To illustrate its practical use, the paper describes in detail two applications that benefit from the abstraction: a fast consensus implementation under low contention (named Cascading Consensus), and a novel naming problem.

Fijnanda van Klingeren

Rising migration numbers and the resulting increase in economic and sociocultural heterogeneity in societies all over the world are theorised to put pressure on the sustainable use of common-pool resources [CPRs]. Increased heterogeneity is argued to decrease trust and diversify interests between resource users, leading to overuse and decline of natural and man-made CPRs. The aim of this paper is to understand cooperative behaviour under economic and sociocultural heterogeneity in CPRs, through the analyses of experimental data including 344 subjects from the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, and 144 subjects from India. Multilevel regression, ordinal logistic regression, linear conditional-contribution profiles [LCPs] and agent-based models [ABMs] are used to analyse and replicate experimental outcomes on the micro- and macro-level. Results show that the combination of economic and sociocultural heterogeneity affects cooperation negatively when the decision-situation is perceived as unfair, but that neither economic nor sociocultural heterogeneity on themselves affect cooperation negatively. Economic heterogeneity is even found to affect cooperation positively relative to homogeneity. Player type classification based on LCP scores shows that experimental outcomes can be interpreted with player types, and ABM simulations validate the experimental results by replicating the main outcomes.

soraya Talaty, امیرحسین علی بیگی, ali mirakzadeh

Empowerment and development of job skills of rural youth has been proposed as one of the key strategies for the development of entrepreneurial activities in rural areas, the development of which depends on various factors. In the meantime, teamwork skills have a special place in empowerment and development of job skills. Accordingly, the present study was conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner with the aim of analyzing the role of teamwork skills on the capabilities of rural youth in Sanjabi rural district of Kermanshah. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the validity of the research tool was confirmed by a panel of expert. The statistical population was 15-35 years rural youth (N=4288). A sample of 351 people was selected by stratified multi-stage sampling technique. Based on results, the respondents had a moderate level of teamwork skills and a high level of job empowerment. Interpersonal communication level in the rural youth was higher than other dimensions of teamwork skills. The ability of young people in cooperative activities was above average. Based on correlation analysis there was a direct and significant relationship between teamwork skills and job empowerment. Based on the results of multiple regressions, adaptation, decision making, interpersonal communication, leadership and coordination explain 52.5% of the changes in youth job empowerment.

محمدشریف شریف‌زاده, Atiye Askari, Gholamhossein Abdollahzadeh et al.

Using Grounded Theory methodology, this research was carried out with aim of explaining cooperative-based social entrepreneurship in the form of saffron cultivation chain in rural areas of Golestan province. In order to collect qualitative field data, a semi-structured deep interview was used. The research target group included those stakeholders involved in the development of saffron cultivation in the Tilabad watershed of Azadshahr County of Golestan province. Purposefully, to select the interviewees as key informants, the reputational sampling technique in the first stage and snowballing sampling in the second stage were used. The sample size and data collection process continued to the level of theoretical saturation or usefulness threshold of available information and 22 people were interviewed, totally. The process of data analysis consisted of a three-step chain of open, axial, and selective coding. Nvivo10 QSR software was used to extract the concept map of the codes. The research findings were summarized in the form of a paradigm model of cooperative-based social entrepreneurship. This model was formed from five components: causal conditions (demographic contexts, socio-economic constraints, agricultural-based livelihoods, and economic incentives towards income generation), contextual conditions (capacities and emerging challenges), intervening conditions (intervening agents, interventions, and intervention consequences), strategies (development of saffron value chain and serial entrepreneurship), and consequences (job and income diversification to achieve livelihood sustainability, the transformation of production arrangements based on the transition from independent family farming systems to the cooperative production system, increasing socio-economic resilience and in general, the realization of an entrepreneurial rural community).

Akihisa Okada, Daisuke Inoue, Shihori Koyama et al.

We consider a Schelling-like segregation model, in which the behavior of individual agents is determined by a mixed individual and global utility. With a high ratio of global utility being incorporated, the agents are cooperative in order to realize a homogenized state, otherwise the agents are less cooperative, leading to an undesired Nash equilibrium with low utility. In the present study, we introduce a dynamically varying cooperation degree parameter to prevent the agents from falling into such a low-utility equilibrium state. More precisely, a large cooperation degree is assigned when the agents are in high-utility regions, whereas agents having low utility behave more individually. Simulation results show that homogenized phases with globally high utility are achieved with the present dynamical control, even for the case of a low mean value of cooperation degree. Since the cooperation degree represents the magnitude with which Pigouvian tax is enforced in the model of residential movement within a city, this result suggests the possibility of tax intervention to circumvent the undesired segregation of residents.

BEHZAD RAKHSHANI, Ali Sardar Shahraki, Neda Aliahmadi

Today, the issue of cooperation and togetherness is very important and necessary considering the current situation in the Sistan region. Sistan region suffers from problems such as unemployment, lack of sustainable employment and reduction of water resources and stagnation of the agricultural sector. The implementation of rural cooperative business in rural areas prevents the loss of capital and benefits of rural areas. The implementation of cooperative business is also a good opportunity for educated people in the village to use their education for rural development and rural economic growth. So considering the importance of this issue, which is derived from the research priorities of the General Directorate of Cooperatives, Labor and Social Welfare of Sistan and Baluchestan Province, The purpose of this study was to identify the problems of business development of cooperatives in the villages of Sistan region.In this regard, 20 questionnaires based on 68 options and 13 indicators were developed by experts of the General Department of Cooperatives, Labor and Social Welfare of Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Rural Cooperatives of Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Zahedan Insurance Offices and professors of Sistan and Baluchestan University. For this purpose, Gray Theory (GRA) technique and GRA solver 2015 software were used to extract the results. According to the results, the most important obstacles and problems of cooperatives in Sistan region are Lack of liquidity to raise working capital, which is the first priority. In addition, the lack of a proper cultural context to promote the spirit of cooperation is a second priority. On the other hand, the lack of familiarity of university graduates with the structure and method of activity in cooperatives and the lack of counseling centers to guide and solve the unemployment problems of cooperatives is the third priority. Therefore, according to the results, it is necessary to rebuild the business development infrastructure of cooperatives in the region in order to remove obstacles.

leila Andervazh, ebrahim naiemi, iman ghasemi hamedani et al.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to model the factors affecting the competitiveness of industrial clusters and the method of conducting mixedexploratory research. Accordingly, the statistical population consisted of a combination of qualitative and quantitative parts. The quality department consisted of experts from industrial clusters (senior manager or director of marketing and sales with at least 10 years of useful work experience and doctoral education). The statistical population of the quantitative section consisted of all managers and administrative staff of the agricultural implements cluster of the industrial town affiliated to Sari agricultural cooperatives, numbering 107 people. Using Maxqda quality software and open and axial coding, the factors affecting the competitiveness of industrial clusters and agricultural conversion industries were identified and with PLS software, the research model was tested. According to the research results, these factors are: network of supporting institutions and industries, social backgrounds, innovation facilitation, geographical focus, company strategy and competition structure. The main factors of the "Network of Supporting Institutions and Industries" are: public mergers, liaison with suppliers, government liaison with research centers, banking contracts, tax adjustment mechanisms, and government support. The main factors of "social backgrounds" are: common social value, creation of common behavioral norms, sense of sociability, existence of common tariffs and opportunities. The main factors of "facilitating innovation" are: creativity training, actualization of innovation, increasing the capacity of innovation, the rate of innovation, the existence of universities and knowledge centers. The main factors of "geographical concentration" are: specialization, concentration of related and complementary companies, geographical proximity of companies. Finally, the main factors of "Structure and Competition Company Strategy" are: strategy selection, flexibility in competition, competition and cooperation sharing, local competition, increasing demand and the presence of customers in domestic markets.

Asmaa Fouad Zaki

Those involved in the matter of learning are concerned with everything related to the learner, developing his various abilities and skills, and investing everything that supports educational situations to build the learner’s personality in an integrated way. Collaborative learning is one of the teaching techniques It was brought by the contemporary educational movement, which has proven some positive research and studies on the positive impact of the academic achievement of students. Gupta & Pasrija (2012) classifies cooperative learning models into four: group student learning, gesco, learning together, and group investigation.JESCO method was chosen in this research because it encourages students to work in small groups, and is interested in training students in groups and assigning them to work or activity they do in cooperating societies. Also, learning takes place in a comfortable atmosphere free from tension and anxiety, and the motivation of students increases significantly. In the 1970s, educationalists and psychologists working in Austin, Texas schools adopted the cooperative learning method (Jigsaw) and noted that this method contributes to creating friendliness and harmony among group members, and other students in the class to a large degree. .The research problem is due to the effectiveness of cooperative learning (Jigsaw 1) in developing students' knowledge and skills to draw a pattern of some pants. What is the possibility for students to achieve some social skills to communicate and interact with others during the educational situation.This research aims to determine the effect of using cooperative learning strategy (Jigsaw 1) in developing students' skills in drawing a pattern of some pants.The current research followed the experimental method. The experiment was applied in the first semester of 2019: 2020, and the achievement and skill aspect took about three weeks.The research found that a fundamental difference was found between the scores of the pre and post tests in both the achievement and the skill tests, and this means an improvement in the level of post performance of the students due to the effectiveness of the cooperative learning strategy (Jigsaw 1) in acquiring information and concepts related to some types of pants as a result of increasing the effective participation of students in the process Educational, which achieves positive participation and mutual cooperation between them, and this affects the survival of the learning impact among students.

Naser Seifollahi

AbstractRural cooperatives provide an organizational framework for increasing the ability of members in society, producing and selling products, creating employment, increasing income, and meeting the social and economic needs of the people. In terms of research method, this research is considered as exploratory-causal research. The statistical population of the study includes 45 managers of rural production cooperatives in Tehran province who have been selected by counting method. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts in the field. Cronbach's alpha was used to determine the reliability and reliability of the research tool. Validity was checked using confirmatory factor analysis and reliability was assessed by Cronbach's alpha. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the hypotheses. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS software. According to the research findings, jihadi management, knowledge management and risk management have a positive and significant effect on the performance of rural production cooperatives and among them knowledge management has the most impact. The findings of this study can be effective in guiding rural production cooperatives to pay more attention to improving their management.

jalal olfati, Hassan Rangriz, Kumars Ahmadi et al.

The main objective of this research is design and explanation of agricultural development model with grounded theory approach. This research is applicable in terms of purpose, development - functional and in terms of nature of qualitative research. Experts were identified by purposive sampling and snowball. With respect to the adequacy of the data, we interviewed about 26 interviewed experts; the method of data analysis was based on the systematic approach based on the systematic approach so that the data were collected through a deep interview. The qualitative results of the interviews showed that in Ali's condition, it is knowledge, competence, individual ability, teamwork, and legitimacy; in the main phenomenon, cooperative culture , strategy , needs assessment , economic stability , providing opportunities for production and exportation; In the context of context, the support of state institutions, the enhancement of the scientific capability and the emergence of knowledge and technology of cooperatives and the strengthening of the infrastructure; Relationship with the main strategy, government incentives, enhancing members ' awareness, efficiency of cooperatives and scientific planning; in the intervening conditions, the formulation of appropriate laws, investment risk, economic and political stability and financial independence, social capital, risk reduction, efficiency enhancement, political bargaining power, sustainable development and satisfaction were identified as model outcomes.

Frank Schweitzer, Luca Verginer, Giacomo Vaccario

In our multi-agent model agents generate wealth from repeated interactions for which a prisoner's dilemma payoff matrix is assumed. Their gains are taxed by a government at a rate $α$. The resulting budget is spent to cover administrative costs and to pay a bonus to cooperative agents, which can be identified correctly only with a probability $p$. Agents decide at each time step to choose either cooperation or defection based on different information. In the local scenario, they compare their potential gains from both strategies. In the global scenario, they compare the gains of the cooperative and defective subpopulations. We derive analytical expressions for the critical bonus needed to make cooperation as attractive as defection. We show that for the local scenario the government can establish only a medium level of cooperation, because the critical bonus increases with the level of cooperation. In the global scenario instead full cooperation can be achieved once the cold-start problem is solved, because the critical bonus decreases with the level of cooperation. This allows to lower the tax rate, while maintaining high cooperation.

Siroos Ahmadi

<strong>Introduction</strong> Work ethic is a fundamentally set of values based on moral virtues of hard work and diligence. Work ethic generally is associated with attendance and punctuality, character (<em>honesty, reliability, self-discipline, self-responsibility</em>), teamwork (<em>respecting the rights of others, being a team worker, being cooperative, being assertive</em>), good appearance, positive attitude and self-confidence, productivity, organizational skills, clear verbal and nonverbal communication, cooperation and good relationships, and respect for oneself and for other people. Work ethic is considered as an important need for every country because human labor with a strong work ethic can play a key role in realizing the national goals. But, many managers and employers believe that it is becoming increasingly difficult to hire workers who have a strong work ethic. Therefore, work ethic and the strategies to improve it have been highly considered. Regarding the cross-cultural studies, Muslim, developing and collectivistic societies have a stronger work ethic than Protestant or Catholic, developed and individualistic cultures. Work ethic obviously influences different aspects of human life, and it is, in turn, affected by micro, meso, and macro factors. While macro level puts emphasis on some wide-ranging causes like economic conditions, cultural values, and religion, meso levels refer to some organizational attributes. And micro levels put more value on individuals and personal attributes like locus of control. There are two indicators to assess work ethic; working hours per week, and national productivity of labor force. Although human labor in Iran with working 44 hours per week is considered as an appropriate work ethic, labor national productivity as another indicator of work ethic is not desirable in this country. The cross-cultural study of work ethic has not received any attention in Iran, and there is no research comparing work ethic between Muslim and Catholics. This research has tried to compare Iran as a Muslim, developing, and collectivistic culture with Italy as a Catholic, developed, and individualistic one. Thus, this research is trying to respond the following questions; 1) is there any significant difference between Iranian and Italian employees in work ethic? 2) Is there any significant relationship between locus of control and work ethic among the Iranian and Italian employees?   <strong><br clear="all" /> </strong> <strong>Material & Methods</strong> This cross-cultural survey was conducted on 306 administrative employees working at two state universities in Iran and Italy. They were chosen by using the systematic sampling method. For assessing work ethic, the short form of Multidimensional Work Ethic Profile (MWEP) developed by Meriac et al. (2013) was used. The MWEP consists of 28 items measuring seven dimensions; (1) centrality of work, a belief that work is important in its own rights, (2) self-reliance, representing a drive toward independence in task accomplishment, (3) hard work, the belief that an increased level of effort is the key to effective task accomplishment, (4) leisure, a value on downtime/non-work activities, (5) morality/ethics, a proclivity to engage in just/moral behavior, (6) delay of gratification, the capacity to postpone rewards until a later date, and (7) wasted time, a value regarding the productive use of time. The MWEP is rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale and the range is between 28 and 140. On the other hand, for estimation of locus of control, the Rotter’s (1966) internal external scale was applied. This scale comprises a single bipolar dimension or continuum; high internals are located at one end, and high externals are located at the other. The scale consists of 29 forced-choice items; six of them are filler items and 23 are scoring items. Each item is made up of a pair of statements, one for the internal locus of control dimension, the other for the external locus of control one. The respondents were asked to choose one statement (a) or (b) from each sentence. Every item is interchangeably scored zero or one and generally, the scale score ranged from zero to 23. The higher scores were indicative of an external locus of control, and lower scores were representative of an internal locus of control.   <strong>Discussion of Results & Conclusion</strong> Research findings clearly showed that while the Iranian employees put more value on hard work and leisure, the Italian employees placed more value on self-reliance, morality/ethics, and wasted time. Moreover, the two groups were the same in terms of the delay of gratification, and centrality of work. However, the Italian employees achieved higher scores in MWEP. Based on the research findings, there was a statistically significant difference between the Iranian and Italian employees in terms of work ethic so that the mean work ethic of the Italian staffs was higher than the Iranian counterparts. On the other hand, there was a positive significant relationship between locus of control and work ethic in the both groups (Iranian and Italian employees). It indicated that, the participants with high internal locus of control get more score in work ethic. This research finding was empirically well-matched with the results of Furnham (1987) demonstrating people with high internal locus of control were more likely to endorse the Protestant work ethic. Theoretically, this research result was logical because people who believed the world is ordered based on the personal effort and ability (internal LOC), were more likely motivated to do their job ethically compared to people who believed the world is unordered based on fate and chance (external LOC). In other words, a person with an external locus of control was less likely to take responsibility for the consequences of ethical/unethical behavior and was more likely to rely on external forces. But, a person with an internal locus of control was more likely to take responsibility for consequences and rely on his/her internal determination of right and wrong to guide his/her behavior.