Hasil untuk "Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration"

Nadav Kunievsky

This paper examines how age at migration affects cultural assimilation by studying convergence in gender role attitudes between immigrants and the UK-born population. Although cultural values are central to policy debates about integration and social cohesion, most work on migration timing focuses on economic outcomes, leaving effects on values and beliefs far less explored. We address this gap by combining a sibling design with a distributional framework for measuring attitude convergence. Using the UK Household Longitudinal Study, we compare siblings within the same family who arrived in the UK at different ages, exploiting within-family variation to identify the causal effect of childhood exposure to host-country norms. To measure convergence, we compare the full distributions of ordinal survey responses to questions on gender norms for immigrants and locals. Our distance metric is the Total Variation (TV) distance between response distributions. TV has a clear policy-relevant interpretation: it equals the worst-case difference in mean responses over all bounded scoring rules. We then use our estimates to construct two measures of how migration timing changes this distance. The first asks how large the immigrant-UK-born TV distance would be if every immigrant had arrived at birth, and compares it to the observed distance. The second is a marginal measure that asks how the distance changes under a small uniform shift in arrival ages. Our results show that if all immigrants had arrived at birth, the cultural distance between immigrants and locals would decrease substantially, and that marginal increases in migration age incrementally widen this gap. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of early-life exposure in shaping cultural beliefs and provide a robust, broadly applicable framework for quantifying convergence in survey responses.

Gegham Petrosyan

The article provides a comparative analysis of the geopolitical situation in Transcaucasia during the period of 1919, when Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan declared their independence and began nation-building and state-building. The author focuses on the regional dimension of the geopolitical processes of 1919, arguing for the existential significance of issues of defense capability and diplomatic support for their new statehoods of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Based on the analysis of archival and diplomatic documents, as well as periodical press materials, the article determines the positions of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia in the formation of independent states. In this context, the article argues the main causes of ethno-territorial contradictions and the role of the Entente states. Based on historical facts, the author comes to the conclusion that, having given priority to issues of delimitation and demarcation in the formation of their own statehood, the Transcaucasian countries relied more on the arbitration of the Entente countries, without seeking to resolve the issue themselves.

José David Gutiérrez-Sánchez

Abstract The following article aims to analyse how minors and young people who carry out their migration projects accompanied by their parents end up immersed in the protection systems of the region of Andalusia (Spain). After conducting 62 interviews with people who have experienced a migration project, the article focuses on the processes of abandonment between minors and families. The results expose the personal conflicts that are experienced during migratory mourning, institutional reception in child protection centres, and the processes of social inclusion/exclusion in the host society. It is shown that family accompaniment is carried out with the aim of providing protection throughout the migration process up to the destination.

Dennis de Caires, Clare Parfitt

Hwai-Ray Tung, Sean D Lawley

Many scientific questions can be framed as asking for a first passage time (FPT), which generically describes the time it takes a random "searcher" to find a "target." The important timescale in a variety of biophysical systems is the time it takes the fastest searcher(s) to find a target out of many searchers. Previous work on such fastest FPTs assumes that all searchers are initially present in the domain, which makes the problem amenable to extreme value theory. In this paper, we consider an alternative model in which searchers progressively enter the domain at a constant "immigration" rate. In the fast immigration rate limit, we determine the probability distribution and moments of the $k$-th fastest FPT. Our rigorous theory applies to many models of stochastic motion, including random walks on discrete networks and diffusion on continuous state spaces. Mathematically, our analysis involves studying the extrema of an infinite sequence of random variables which are both not independent and not identically distributed. Our results constitute a rare instance in which extreme value statistics can be determined exactly for strongly correlated random variables.

Chaeeun Han, Sangpil Youm, Hojeong Yoo et al.

This study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on information-seeking behaviors among international students, with a focus on the r/f1visa subreddit. Our study indicates a considerable rise in the number of users posting more than one question during the pandemic. Those asking recurring questions demonstrate more active involvement in communication, suggesting a continuous pursuit of knowledge. Furthermore, the thematic focus has shifted from questions about jobs before COVID-19 to concerns about finances, school preparations, and taxes during COVID-19. These findings carry implications for support policymaking, highlighting the importance of delivering timely and relevant information to meet the evolving needs of international students. To enhance international students' understanding and navigation of this dynamic environment, future research in this field is necessary.

Vincent Hickl, Abid Khan, René M. Rossi et al.

The spread of microbial infections is governed by the self-organization of bacteria on surfaces. Limitations of live imaging techniques make collective behaviors in clinically relevant systems challenging to quantify. Here, novel experimental and image analysis techniques for high-fidelity single-cell segmentation of bacterial colonies are developed. Machine learning-based segmentation models are trained solely using synthetic microscopy images that are processed to look realistic using state-of-the-art image-to-image translation methods, requiring no biophysical modeling. Accurate single-cell segmentation is achieved for densely packed single-species colonies and multi-species colonies of common pathogenic bacteria, even under suboptimal imaging conditions and for both brightfield and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The resulting data provide quantitative insights into the self-organization of bacteria on soft surfaces. Thanks to their high adaptability and relatively simple implementation, these methods promise to greatly facilitate quantitative descriptions of bacterial infections in varied environments.

Edilmar Cardoso Ribeiro

Este artigo busca descrever as iniciativas do Governo Provincial da Bahia para catequizar e civilizar os chamados “índios selvagens” do município de São José de Porto Alegre (1842-1849). Em um primeiro momento, aborda-se acerca da presença dos indígenas no município de São José de Porto Alegre, destacando os conflitos entre indígenas e colonos. Em um segundo momento, apresenta-se as percepções das autoridades sobre o melhor meio para catequizar e civilizar os indígenas, evidenciando a adoção de dois meios: a fundação de um aldeamento e de uma Colônia militar. Em um terceiro momento, analisa-se a iniciativa de fundação do aldeamento, demonstrando sua falência por falta de missionário e, principalmente, pela resistência dos indígenas ao aldeamento. Em seguida, examina-se a iniciativa de implantação da Colônia militar, mostrando seu insucesso devido a pouca adaptabilidade dos não indígenas às matas e pela falta dos meios financeiros adequados. Conclui-se ressaltando a incapacidade do governo em promover adequadamente o serviço de catequese e civilização e a ausência do poder público na região do Mucuri.

Ameera Masoud, Tuuli Kurki, Kristiina Brunila et al.

Finland’s integration policy is praised for its inclusivity and for guaranteeing equal opportunities. This paper examines how integration processes work within such an ideal image. Building on theoretical and critical discussions of integration and racialisation, we approach integration as a mechanism of racialisation and discuss the consequences of racialised integration practices for Arabic-speaking refugees and immigrants living in Finland. We move beyond the established discussions of high unemployment rates among refugees and immigrants and provide a critical examination of the reasons for their unemployment. We argue that while the national integration policy officially promotes equality and even antiracism, integration practices themselves can be racialising, affecting people’s access to and opportunities for employment.

Rodrigo Cabrera, Leila Salem

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo central repensar el ámbito de los Estudios del Próximo Oriente antiguo –en especial, de la Asiriología y la Egiptología– en el contexto historiográfico argentino y brasileño, a partir de la comparación de las tradiciones académicas y los recorridos teórico-metodológicos de Abraham Rosenvasser y Ciro F. S. Cardoso. Nuestra preocupación historiográfica se funda en una acción introspectiva y a la respectiva deconstrucción teórico-metodológica e, incluso, de vigilancia epistemológica para la delimitación de una Historia de la Historia de la Asiriología y la Egiptología. A tal fin, proponemos la instauración de una Asiriografía y una Egiptografía que permitan poner en tensión conceptos y modalidades de abordaje vinculadas al poder colonialista-eurocentrado, el anticuarismo y el coleccionismo, precursores de los Estudios del Próximo Oriente antiguo en Europa, Estados Unidos y, también, en el Sur Global.

Anastasiia Tkalich, Nils Brede Moe, Rasmus Ulfsnes

With the increasing availability of software usage and the influence of the Lean Startup mindset, more and more companies choose to innovate through internal software startups. Such startups aim at developing new business models while at the same time relying on the resources from the companies where they emerged. The evidence from both researchers and practitioners indicates that driving internal software startups is challenging. This paper seeks to address this problem by asking the research question: how to make internal software startups work? We examined a unique case of a venture builder, a company primarily focusing on building internal software startups and launching them as independent companies. Applying a Grounded Theory approach, we analyzed data on four internal software startups at the case company. The results suggest that four strategies drive the examined startups, cultural, financial, personnel, and venture arrangement. We interpret our results by drawing on earlier literature on intrapreneurship and internal ventures and suggest four recommendations to succeed with internal software startups 1 establish shared arenas for the employees, 2 provide necessary resources for experimentation in the initial phase and increase them incrementally, 3 build up in-house product management competence through coaching, and 4 harness employees own motivation to develop their own ideas.

Young Ern Saw, Edina YQ Tan, P Buvanaswari et al.

Introduction: Worldwide, COVID-19 clusters have emerged within communities of international migrant workers operating in high-density work and living environments. Despite their increased vulnerability, no study has documented the mental health burden of COVID-19 amongst these groups. To address this gap, we conducted a survey of migrant workers involved in large-scale dormitory outbreaks within Singapore. Methods: Between 22 June to 11 October 2020, questionnaires were distributed to 1011 migrant workers undergoing extended movement restrictions. Mental health symptoms were measured using the 21-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). As covariates, we assessed participants’ socio-demographics, quarantine status, COVID-19 health concerns, financial stability, and exposure to news and misinformation. Linear regression models were fitted to identify factors associated with DASS-21 scores. Results: Complete movement restrictions were associated with increased depression and stress symptoms, while being diagnosed with COVID-19 was associated with increased anxiety. Participants who harboured fears about their health or job, perceived their health to be poorer, or had greater exposure to COVID-19 rumours reported higher depression, anxiety, and stress levels. Across the cohort, rates of severe or extremely severe depression (3.1%, 95% CI: 2.1-4.3%), anxiety (4.1%, 95% CI: 2.9-5.5%), and stress (1.3%, 95% CI: 0.7-2.2%) were similar to those observed in the general population for the host country (Singapore). Conclusions: As the first mental health survey of low-waged migrant workers during the pandemic, our findings provide a basis to identify and support at-risk individuals. This is critical as migrant workers often have limited access to healthcare services. At the same time, we documented resilience within the cohort as a whole.

Sergio Carciotto

Albeit geographically distant, Europe and South Africa have a great deal of similarities in their management of migratory flows. As many countries in Europe, South Africa is a migration hub attracting numerous migrants, including refugees, seasonal workers, students, cross-border traders and entrepreneurs from both the rest of Africa and Asia. South Africa is also considered, like European states, a country with a generous welfare system, where over 10 million people are living below the poverty threshold and are relying on social grants as a main source of income. Moreover, because of its strong social and economic contradictions, South Africa is not immune to divisive populist politics and xenophobic reactions. Although up to now no nationalist anti-immigration party has emerged in the political arena, immigrant workers (amakwerekwere1) are often accused of stealing jobs and being a burden on the country’s economy. On many occasions, the discontent of poor and disenfranchised black communities has raised tensions and led to violent clashes between locals and foreign nationals.

Vilmantė Kumpikaitė -Valiūnienė, Vilmantė Liubinienė, Ineta Žičkutė et al.

Daihui Lu, Ivan C. Christov

We harness the physics-informed neural network (PINN) approach to extend the utility of phenomenological models for particle migration in shear flow. Specifically, we propose to constrain the neural network training via a model for the physics of shear-induced particle migration in suspensions. Then, we train the PINN against experimental data from the literature, showing that this approach provides both better fidelity to the experiments, and a novel understanding of the relative roles of the hypothesized migration fluxes. We first verify the PINN approach for solving the inverse problem of radial particle migration in a non-Brownian suspension in an annular Couette flow. In this classical case, the PINN yields the same value (as reported in the literature) for the ratio of the two parameters of the empirical model. Next, we apply the PINN approach to analyze experiments on particle migration in both non-Brownian and Brownian suspensions in Poiseuille slot flow, for which a definitive calibration of the phenomenological migration model has been lacking. Using the PINN approach, we identify the unknown/empirical parameters in the physical model through the inverse solver capability of PINNs. Specifically, the values are significantly different from those for the Couette cell, highlighting an inconsistency in the literature that uses the latter value for Poiseuille flow. Importantly, the PINN results also show that the inferred values of the empirical model's parameters vary with the shear Péclet number and the particle bulk volume fraction of the suspension, instead of being constant as assumed in some previous literature.

Sylwia Majchrowska, Jarosław Pawłowski, Grzegorz Guła et al.

The Annotated Germs for Automated Recognition (AGAR) dataset is an image database of microbial colonies cultured on agar plates. It contains 18000 photos of five different microorganisms as single or mixed cultures, taken under diverse lighting conditions with two different cameras. All the images are classified into "countable", "uncountable", and "empty", with the "countable" class labeled by microbiologists with colony location and species identification (336442 colonies in total). This study describes the dataset itself and the process of its development. In the second part, the performance of selected deep neural network architectures for object detection, namely Faster R-CNN and Cascade R-CNN, was evaluated on the AGAR dataset. The results confirmed the great potential of deep learning methods to automate the process of microbe localization and classification based on Petri dish photos. Moreover, AGAR is the first publicly available dataset of this kind and size and will facilitate the future development of machine learning models. The data used in these studies can be found at https://agar.neurosys.com/.

Xinyi Zhao, Samin Aref, Emilio Zagheni et al.

The international migration of researchers is an important dimension of scientific mobility, and has been the subject of considerable policy debate. However, tracking the migration life courses of researchers is challenging due to data limitations. In this study, we use Scopus bibliometric data on eight million publications from 1.1 million researchers who have published at least once with an affiliation address from Germany in 1996-2020. We construct the partial life histories of published researchers in this period and explore both their out-migration and the subsequent return of a subset of this group: the returnees. Our analyses shed light on the career stages and gender disparities between researchers who remain in Germany, those who emigrate, and those who eventually return. We find that the return migration streams are even more gender imbalanced, which points to the need for additional efforts to encourage female researchers to come back to Germany. We document a slightly declining trend in return migration among more recent cohorts of researchers who left Germany, which, for most disciplines, was associated with a decrease in the German collaborative ties of these researchers. Moreover, we find that the gender disparities for the most gender imbalanced disciplines are unlikely to be mitigated by return migration given the gender compositions of the cohorts of researchers who have left Germany and of those who have returned. This analysis uncovers new dimensions of migration among scholars by investigating the return migration of published researchers, which is critical for the development of science policy.

Hilmar Mjelde

This article analyzes through qualitative content analysis what role the populist radical right parties have had in Scandinavian immigration debate in the press from 1970 to 2016. The press may highlight other dimensions of these parties’ relationship with the immigration issue than party programs and statements. I identify six distinct roles the parties have performed in the debate: 'the radical traditionalist, the deviant, the extremist, the powerful (against the little guy), the persecuted, and the policy innovator'. Showing that the populist radical right parties are not just exchanging the same set of familiar arguments with their political opponents over and over again, this analysis adds to our understanding of how these parties debate immigration and the kinds of criticism they draw, and it shows that the immigration issue can actually lead to highly unfavorable media coverage that goes beyond their policy radicalism, which I suggest could hurt their electoral prospects.

Isac Alves Correia, Ricardo Ojima, Alisson Flávio Barbieri

Resumo A partir de um survey urbano realizado em 2017, com representatividade para a região do Seridó Potiguar (Rio Grande do Norte), no Semiárido Nordestino, o objetivo desse artigo é entender como os programas sociais e as remessas de migrantes têm-se constituído em estratégias centrais de adaptação às secas. A metodologia consiste em estatísticas descritivas, testes estatísticos de representatividade amostral e de diferenças entre proporções. Os principais resultados mostram que as remessas enviadas pelos emigrantes foram mais presentes para famílias com níveis de renda mais baixos, de até dois salários mínimos per capita, representando um apoio fundamental para as famílias na região de origem. Os programas sociais também foram mais marcantes em famílias de menores rendas. A concentração da população na zona urbana parece interligada a esses processos, apresentando determinadas vantagens em termos de estratégias domiciliares com a busca por ocupações no mercado de trabalho urbano para incrementar a renda familiar.

Luisa Cruz Lobato, Victória Monteiro da Silva Santos

This article contrasts two different logics of prevention that participate in contemporary crime governance: predictive policing and international crisis management. We demonstrate how, in the two cases analyzed here, “crime” is made legible as a problem, enabling different forms of intervention, based on the relocation of the police presence in the case of predictive policing, and on the diffusion of models of good governance in the case of international crisis management. We illustrate how both processes rely on the authoritative construction of risk cartographies to inform the adoption of such modes of intervention in the name of crime management. In these cartographies, the spatial distribution of risk is based, on the one hand, on the authority of statistical knowledge, and, on the other hand, on the presence of crisis experts in the "field". The forms of intervention prescribed in these contexts, in turn, reproduce a managerial reading of crime prevention, which prioritizes interventions focused on the management of crime as a conjunction of risks, relegating to the background structural elements that contribute to its existence and circumscribing, thus, its policy to the management of crises and events