We present the data release for Galaxy Zoo 2 (GZ2), a citizen science project with more than 16 million morphological classifications of 304 122 galaxies drawn from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Morphology is a powerful probe for quantifying a galaxy's dynamical history; however, automatic classifications of morphology (either by computer analysis of images or by using other physical parameters as proxies) still have drawbacks when compared to visual inspection. The large number of images available in current surveys makes visual inspection of each galaxy impractical for individual astronomers. GZ2 uses classifications from volunteer citizen scientists to measure morphologies for all galaxies in the DR7 Legacy survey with mr > 17, in addition to deeper images from SDSS Stripe 82. While the original GZ2 project identified galaxies as early-types, late-types or mergers, GZ2 measures finer morphological features. These include bars, bulges and the shapes of edge-on disks, as well as quantifying the relative strengths of galactic bulges and spiral arms. This paper presents the full public data release for the project, including measures of accuracy and bias. The majority (≳90 per cent) of GZ2 classifications agree with those made by professional astronomers, especially for morphological T-types, strong bars and arm curvature. Both the raw and reduced data products can be obtained in electronic format at http://data.galaxyzoo.org.
One of the customs observed in Avar burials is that the Avars provided their dead with food and drink, as a kind of ‘passage’ to the afterlife. However, these bone and ceramic finds may have another interpretation, as it is also possible that they were placed with the deceased during the funerary feast. The bones could be traces of a last supper, or even donations placed in the grave to win the favour of the spirits.
This study investigated the relation between the surface density of star formation rate (SFR) ($\Sigma_{\mathrm{SFR}}$), stellar mass ($\Sigma_{M_{\ast}}$), and molecular gas mass ($\Sigma_{M_\mathrm{mol}}$) on nearly 1 kpc scales averaged over concentric tilted rings using the $^{12}$CO $J=1-0$ mapping data of 92 nearby galaxies obtained in the CO Multi-line Imaging of Nearby Galaxies (COMING) project. We categorized these galaxies into three groups based on the deviation of each global SFR from the star-forming main sequence (MS), $\Delta$MS: upper MS (UMS), MS, and lower MS (LMS). UMS galaxies tend to be less massive or barred spiral galaxies, exhibiting molecular gas fraction ($f_{\mathrm{gas}}$) comparable to those of MS galaxies but higher star formation efficiency (SFE). In contrast, the LMS galaxies tend to be massive or active galaxies hosting an active galactic nucleus (AGN). Their $f_{\mathrm{gas}}$ values are lower than those of MS galaxies, and their SFEs are slightly lower or comparable to those of MS galaxies in the inner region. These trends indicate that enhanced SFE contributes to higher $\Delta$MS values, whereas reduced $f_{\mathrm{gas}}$ results in lower $\Delta$MS values. The less prominent bulge or the presence of a bar structure in UMS galaxies induces disk-wide star formation, consequently increasing the SFE. In LMS galaxies, the molecular gas is exhausted, and their star formation activity is low. Environmental effects, such as tidal gas stripping, may also reduce gas supply from the outer regions. Furthermore, our sample galaxies show that both the specific star formation rate (sSFR) and $f_{\mathrm{gas}}$ decrease in the central region in LMS galaxies but did not change in the same region in UMS galaxies. These results seem to support the inside-out quenching of star formation although the dominant cause of depletion remains uncertain.
Timely and accurate knowledge of forest composition is important for the conservation and management of ecosystems. Information on the land cover can be obtained by classifying satellite images. Still, satellite optical data are not always sufficient to get results of the required accuracy because of the similarity of spectral characteristics of tree species. One approach to improve the accuracy of tree species mapping is to use auxiliary data such as climatic, soil, topographic, and vegetation indices. The paper presents the study results for the Slyudyanskoye forestry of the Irkutsk region near Lake Baikal. A set of 101 features was collected, including both Sentinel-2 satellite images and data on soils, climate, forest canopy height, and topography. The spectral characteristics of five tree species at key sites were determined for the training dataset. Polygons corresponding to these species and common land cover types (land, grass, water, and clouds) were marked on the original image. Forest classification was performed using the Random Forests machine learning method. The paper presents classification results for eight sets of variables: spectral bands, their combinations with each type of auxiliary data, all 101 features, and a reduced set of 98 features. The results showed a strong influence of the auxiliary data on the performance of the tree species classification model – the overall accuracy increased from 49.59% for only Sentinel-2 bands to 80.69% for the set of 98 selected features. The addition of climate and soil features caused the greatest increase in accuracy, while the most important variables were the B11 band, forest canopy height, and growing season length. The result shows that auxiliary environmental data improves the accuracy of tree species mapping from satellite images.
The study devoted to the initial coinage of King W?adys?aw Jagie??o is of particular relevance due to the insufficient attention paid to the complex interrelations between monetary policy, urban institutions and the nobility. The aim of this work was to identify the key features of Jagie??o’s first coinages. To achieve this, an interdisciplinary analysis of numismatic, archival and archaeological sources was employed. Two unique coins discovered in Ukraine are described, which, in the author’s view, represent the first emissions of King W?adys?aw II Jagie??o struck in Vilnius and Wschowa. The research revealed that the new denominations introduced at the beginning of Jagie??o’s reign were closely linked to the policy of unifying currency circulation and the king’s aspiration to ensure a stable emission mechanism. The coin finds and documentary records confirmed that the quality and fineness of silver could fluctuate depending on the resource base and the conditions of specific mints.
Статья посвящена анализу одной из деталей парных сейминско-турбинских копий с автоморфным декором из Седельниковского района Омской области РФ. Целью работы является выяснение степени взаимодействия дизайна и декора на примере сейминско-турбинских бронз как отражения единства конструирования и декорирования таких предметов. Открытость вопроса об интерпретации вильчатого элемента на перьях этих копий как изображения бороды солнцеголовых янусовидных персонажей позволяет выдвинуть предположение о наличии такого элемента в окуневской изобразительной традиции. Художественное оформление и узкие лезвия копий позволяют относить эти предметы к атрибутам группы населения достаточно высокого социального статуса. В свою очередь, борода для эпохи бронзы явно входит в круг инсигний власти, где присутствуют еще булава и посох. Присутствие антропоморфных бородатых изображений на копьях, как атрибутах элитариев сейминско-турбинских кланов, могло дополнительно подчеркивать их особое положение.
Svi su fondovi, koji god stvaratelj bio, organizam za sebe i svaki ima nešto posebno i nešto samo svoje, specifično za određeno podneblje, običaje, ljude, govor… Ipak, obiteljski i osobni fondovi možda su najzanimljivije arhivsko gradivo. Oni su zaista nepresušno vrelo podataka, od prilika u kojima je obitelj živjela (povijesne, političke, socijalne, društvene) do onih koje je obitelj/osoba sakrivala, ali u isto vrijeme proživljavala i osjećala. Svaka je, pa tako i ova vrlo moćna, poznata, imućna obitelj prolazila uspone i padove, a sve se to doznaje iz dokumentacije koju je za sobom ostavila. Ta unutarnja previranja i borbe, radosne vijesti i uspjesi najbolje su iskazani u pismima koja su slali i koja su primali članovi te obitelji. Pisma su svojevrsni mali dnevnici iz kojih se najviše doznaje o događajima i osobi koja piše, a tu se misli na situaciju, stavove o situaciji i osjećaje koje je potaknula, pismenost osobe koja piše, način izražavanja i tome slično. U fondu HR-DAPA-984 Obitelj Battiala sačuvano je nešto malo više od 0,4 d/m, odnosno 4 kutije pisama gotovo svih članova. Najviše je sačuvano upravo pisama Tommasa Girolama Nicolòa. Njegova je pisma on sam ili netko drugi sređivao u vremenu kad su nastajala i pristizala ili nešto nakon toga, što je vidljivo po oznakama na njima. Ta su pisma sadržajno najraznolikija i najinformativnija. Gradivo Fonda otkriva nove, rasvjetljava manje poznate te potvrđuje već poznate činjenice o Labinu i Labinštini (imena i prezimena lokalnoga stanovništva, tko se čime bavio, koji je bio socijalni status pojedine obitelji, odnos među obiteljima višeg socijalnog statusa i tome slično, ali i važnih i utjecajnih ljudi odnosno obitelji onoga vremena s područja Istre i šire, kao i nazive ulica, lokaliteta, mikrolokacija). Iznimno je vrijedan izvor za povijesna istraživanja raznih znanstvenih disciplina: lingvistike, prava, gospodarstva, medicine, etnologije…
Julia S. Schmid, Sean Simmons, Mark A. Lewis
et al.
Understanding and predicting recreational angler effort is important for sustainable fisheries management. However, conventional methods of measuring angler effort, such as surveys, can be costly and limited in both time and spatial extent. Models that predict angler effort based on environmental or economic factors typically rely on historical data, which often limits their spatial and temporal generalizability due to data scarcity. In this study, high-resolution data from an online fishing platform and easily accessible auxiliary data were tested to predict daily boat presence and aerial counts of boats at almost 200 lakes over five years in Ontario, Canada. Lake-information website visits alone enabled predicting daily angler boat presence with 78% accuracy. While incorporating additional environmental, socio-ecological, weather and angler-reported features into machine learning models did not remarkably improve prediction performance of boat presence, they were substantial for the prediction of boat counts. Models achieved an R2 of up to 0.77 at known lakes included in the model training, but they performed poorly for unknown lakes (R2 = 0.21). The results demonstrate the value of integrating data from online fishing platforms into predictive models and highlight the potential of machine learning models to enhance fisheries management.
A variable geometry auxiliary inlet for a wide-body aircraft environmental control system with moveable deflectors operating in a large mass flow rate range is studied through numerical simulation and wind tunnel tests, which yields a design method for the variable geometry auxiliary inlet with high performance. The characteristics of the flow field are studied by numerical simulation. The results show that the favorable pressure gradient and the roll-up vortices are the major impetus that inhales the incoming flow into the inlet. The law of regulation and the performance variation under different conditions are obtained by wind tunnel test. The flow coefficient increases first but then decreases with the increase in the inlet opening, and the pressure rise ratio and total pressure recovery coefficient increase first and then decrease with the increase in the mass flow rate. In general, under the condition of a high Mach number (Ma > 0.4), the inlet opening of this test configuration should not exceed 50%. The deflectors can maintain the normal work of the environmental control system by moving properly to control the mass flow rate of the auxiliary inlet.
In this article, on the basis of various historical evidence, the location of the Khazar cities is studied. A comprehensive description of the geographical objects indicated in ancient documents makes it possible to determine their localization. The data of Persian and Arab historians and chroniclers have been studied. The routes of the Arab armies, which made campaigns against the Khazar possessions, were studied. The analysis of the mentioned landmarks made it possible to find out the localization of the cities and regions of al-Khasin, Bar’uza, Balanjar, Vabandar, Samandar, al-Bayda. On the basis of written sources, the approximate borders of the “internal” Khazaria and the external limits to which the Khazar influence extended were established. The localization of the Sarkel fortress, which acted as a military and commercial outpost in the Black Sea region, was determined. The location of the Khazar capital Itil, located in front of the Volga delta, was established. It was determined that Balanjar, one of the early Khazar capitals, was located on the territory of the present city of Makhachkala. The location of Samandar, located on the right bank of the Sulak River, on the Khodum mountain of the Nadyrbek ridge, was revealed. Along with historical sources, the author draws on the results of modern research from related fields. The proposed article gives a fresh impetus to the study of the archaeological data of the region under consideration, allows us to take a fresh look at old problems.
The phenomenon of the cognitive revolution in the field of artificial intelligence is considered. It turned out that large language models, taking into account auxiliary systems-plugins, already significantly exceeded the intellectual capabilities of not only average intellectuals, but in general the intellectual capabilities of a significant number of specialists in most fields of activity. The analogy of these transformations with the processes of emergence of the second signal system of humanity is shown. People's fears are connected not only with their removal from jobs in most industries, but also with the possibility of a revolution of robots, which are generally able to push humanity to the sidelines. Although among the elites, who no longer meet modern requirements, there are many supporters of using artificial intelligence for enrichment, creating new weapons, and solving infrastructure problems. Recently, there has been an active discussion in the scientific community and government circles about threats to humanity from artificial intelligence (AI). There are fears that artificial intelligence may put too many people out of work too quickly, and chat rooms like ChatGPT and Bard may spread inaccurate or misinformation, violate copyright, generate fakes in both audio and video formats. Other thoughts and suggestions to do a pause in scientific research on AI. At first glance, this does not bother us so much, let civilization develop in the direction of using new opportunities. But history teaches us. Look at how people are not very rational with atomic energy, chemistry, genetics and pharmacopoeia, where it is difficult but necessary to create restrictions and safeguards. Until humanity learns to create a new type of elite, which would be able to carefully and carefully approach the use of the achievements of progress, all these safeguards will be ineffective. The problem intersects with insufficient efforts in scientific and applied fields not so much in artificial intelligence, but rather in sociology, attempts to find answers in the future (futurism) and in political science.
Cosmological parameters encoding our understanding of the expansion history of the universe can be constrained by the accurate estimation of time delays arising in gravitationally lensed systems. We propose TD-CARMA, a Bayesian method to estimate cosmological time delays by modeling observed and irregularly sampled light curves as realizations of a continuous auto-regressive moving average (CARMA) process. Our model accounts for heteroskedastic measurement errors and microlensing, an additional source of independent extrinsic long-term variability in the source brightness. The semiseparable structure of the CARMA covariance matrix allows for fast and scalable likelihood computation using Gaussian process modeling. We obtain a sample from the joint posterior distribution of the model parameters using a nested sampling approach. This allows for “painless” Bayesian computation, dealing with the expected multimodality of the posterior distribution in a straightforward manner and not requiring the specification of starting values or an initial guess for the time delay, unlike existing methods. In addition, the proposed sampling procedure automatically evaluates the Bayesian evidence, allowing us to perform principled Bayesian model selection. TD-CARMA is parsimonious, and typically includes no more than a dozen unknown parameters. We apply TD-CARMA to six doubly lensed quasars HS2209+1914, SDSS J1001+5027, SDSS J1206+4332, SDSS J1515+1511, SDSS J1455+1447, and SDSS J1349+1227, estimating their time delays as −21.96 ± 1.448, 120.93 ± 1.015, 111.51 ± 1.452, 210.80 ± 2.18, 45.36 ± 1.93, and 432.05 ± 1.950, respectively. These estimates are consistent with those derived in the relevant literature, but are typically two to four times more precise.
Awwal Adejumobi, Mojeed Abiodun Yunusa, Ahmed Audu
In this research, estimators are suggested to improve modified classes of regression type estimators of finite population mean. The essence of proposing the estimators is as a result of the assumption that there may be weak relationship between study variable and auxiliary attribute. Properties (Biases and MSEs) of the proposed estimators are procured using Taylor series method. The efficiency conditions under which the proposed estimators are better than other related ones are established. Empirical findings are incentive and the results shown that the proposed estimators are more proficient compare to the existing estimators considered in the study.
: The interest of both laymen and experts in Czech proper names has been documented since the earliest times, but onomastics as a scientific discipline began to form in the Czech lands only at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, initially as an auxiliary science of history, in which two branches gradually developed: a historical one and a philological (linguistic) one. In the second half of the 19th century, when research on proper names increasingly emphasised philological and etymological analysis, onomastics began to shift progressively from historical disciplines to linguistics. This process was completed in the second half of the 20th century, since when the contemporary concept of onomastics has prevailed. This article focuses on the development of Czech onomastics in the second half of the 20th century. The aim of this text is also to remind the greatest personalities of Czech onomastics and their works.
The article considers feature film as one of the auxiliary means in teaching the Russian language to foreign students. The relevance of the article lies in the recent trend in learning a foreign language through the comprehension of culture. During the study, some results were achieved that contribute to the optimization of the work with feature films at the Russian as a foreign language lessons. The main directions of its analysis in a foreign student audience are described: textocentric, audiovisual, linguoculturological, communicative. The significance of a comprehensive feature film analysis for better knowledge of culture and language learning is determined. The complexity involves the interpretation of the visual series and audio order, the discourse meanings analysis, the definition and development of sociocultural and linguistic cultural components, as well as the identification in the film of the most typical speech behaviors. It is noted that when analyzing the film in the textocentric aspect, discourse should be considered taking into account pragmatic, sociocultural, psychological factors, students’ ethnic characteristics, differences in behavior patterns in similar situations among different countries representatives. The article considers the linguoculturological component, the use of which, when analyzing the film, helps to reveal linguistic and cultural universals for students, teach to draw parallels, adequately evaluate the situation, and identify themselves in it. The pre-viewing and post-viewing tasks system developed and tested in practice is also presented and it contributes to better assimilation of the film text in Russian cinema classes at the university. It is noted that the feature film comprehensive analysis contributes to the formation of a competent, fluent in the language, an educated specialist in philology, who has an extensive background knowledge, loves Russian language, culture, literature, history; to educate the personality – creative, tolerant, capable of intercultural interaction.
Jamiu Olasunkanmi Muili, Ahmed Audu, Ibrahim Yunusa Adamu
Ratio estimation is a technique that usages available auxiliary information which is certainly correlated with study variables. In this study, a class of ratio-type estimators of finite population means has been anticipated to solve delinquent of estimation of the population mean. Properties of anticipated estimators namely Bias & Mean Square Error were acquired up to the first order of approximation & the condition for their efficiency over some existing estimators was also established. The results show that anticipated estimators are enhanced & proficient (minimum mean square errors) than other estimators with the highest precision.
Este trabajo analiza un conjunto de placas grabadas procedentes del Golfo San Matías (provincia de Río Negro) con el objeto de evaluar recurrencias de diseño que indiquen la presencia de reglas de ornamentación y/o codificación de información visual entre las poblaciones cazadoras-recolectoras que las produjeron y utilizaron. Posteriormente, se desarrollan comparaciones sistemáticas con 170 placas procedentes de Patagonia y otras regiones de Argentina, utilizando como indicador principal la presencia de tipos de motivos compartidos. Los datos se evalúan a la luz de un modelo teórico con expectativas que vinculan variabilidad/estandarización de diseños, laxitud/estructuración ornamental y heterogeneidad/redundancia informativa. Los resultados demuestran que las placas mantienen una baja estandarización de los diseños, compatible con una función comunicativa de baja redundancia (con contenidos heterogéneos) y/o con una función ornamental con reglas laxas. Los repertorios compartidos documentan, además, numerosos vínculos interregionales, que son corroborados mediante otras líneas de evidencia arqueológica.
Статья посвящена введению в научный оборот и разноплановой интерпретации фрагмента редкого металлического зеркала из собрания Национального музея Республики Тыва им. Алдан-Маадыр (г. Кызыл). Атрибуция композиции, помещенной в сохранившуюся часть орнаментального поля зеркала, потребовала обращения к обширным коллекциям китайских предметов, отраженным в каталогах и специальной литературе. Установлено, что изделие относится к редкой группе находок с изображением сцены беседы «Сюй Ю и Чао Фу» - сюжета, известного со времен династии Хань. Рассмотрение особенностей отливки, оформления бортика и стилистики изображений зеркала показывает, что изготовление данного экземпляра может быть отнесено к периоду некитайской династии Цзинь (1115-1234 гг. н. э.). Определить место и значение фрагмента в системе подобных предметов, обнаруженных на территории Тувы, позволил осуществленный обзор известных находок. Публикуемый фрагмент, изготовление которого относится к чжурчжэньскому времени, демонстрирует наиболее поздний период в распространении таких изделий на территории Тувы. При этом важно, что изделие демонстрирует весьма редкий экземпляр зеркала, полные аналогии которому отсутствуют не только в обозначенном регионе, но также, насколько нам известно, не выявлены к настоящему времени в памятниках Северной и Центральной Азии. Не исключено, что анализируемая находка связана с появлением в Туве в монгольское время нового населения, имевшего контакты с соответствующими ремесленными центрами.
Alano Jaciguara Dantas de Alencar Martins, Daline Lima de Oliveira, Mizael Manoel Santos da Costa
et al.
Este artigo procura mostrar um perfil gráfico preliminar dos registros rupestres com gravuras na área arqueológica do Seridó (setor geográfico do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte), evidenciando as técnicas utilizadas, os suportes rochosos, as temáticas, a cenografia e discutir possíveis fatores ambientais nas escolhas das técnicas dos registros gráficos na paisagem natural das microrregiões (Seridó Oriental e Seridó Ocidental) da área da pesquisa.