Hasil untuk "Asian. Oriental"

Khamidulla Kh. Tadzhiуev, Maigul T. Shakenova

Introduction. The article examines the literary tradition of ‘Mawlid’ in works of early twentieth-century Central Asian poets, the latter be represented by Kazakh and Uzbek authors. Central Asian literature proves a synthesis of Islam and the Turkic world that would articulate the history of Islam for religious and educational purposes, develop motifs, plots, images from the Quran, Hadiths and other religious texts. The literary Mawlid tradition celebrating the Prophet Muhammad’s birthday (PBUH) holds a particular place in Muslim culture. In the literature of Central Asia of the early twentieth century this tradition acquired a special significance since it would combine elements of classical Islamic literature and local cultural features. Goals. The study seeks to consider how the literary tradition of Mawlid formed, its thematic and genre originality, and the role of such works in the world of Islam. Materials and methods. The article provides a historical/literary analysis into Mawlid-type works by Kazakh and Uzbek poets from the period in question, in particular, dastans by Mulla Yoʻldosh Xilvatiy (Mawlid [al-] Sharif) and Shadi Zhangiruly (Siyar Sharif). The original texts examined herein are housed at the Institute of Oriental Studies (Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan) and Institute of Turkic Studies (Manuscript Collection, Ahmet Yassawi University). Results. The paper outlines thematic scopes of the texts, their genre and artistic originality, identifies some key references and reminiscences from the Quran and Hadiths, explains their utmost didactic potential in transmitting religious and moral values, in strengthening faith and national identity. Conclusions. The religious and literary narratives made a significant contribution to the development of Mawlid traditions in Uzbek and Kazakh literatures in the early twentieth century.

Corò, Paola, Ermidoro, Stefania

This study investigates the material characteristics and potential functions of the holes found on Neo-Assyrian cuneiform tablets from the Library of Ashurbanipal. Often referred to as ‘firing holes’, their exact purpose has remained speculative in scholarship. By analyzing a sample of tablets with colophons, this research explores the size, shape, and distribution of these holes on the surface. We suggest that different tools were used to create holes of varying sizes, with larger holes typically found on the edges and smaller ones on the tablet’s surface. The study proposes that these holes may have been added after the writing process and could represent a visual echo of holes present on wooden writing boards, which were possibly used as templates for the clay tablets. This hypothesis opens new avenues for understanding the interplay between different writing media in Assyrian scribal practices and raises questions about the production processes of the tablets in the Library of Ashurbanipal.

Merve Akyel

Art opens new pathways for novel modes of engagement with feminism and the related history of theory, writing, and activism through transdisciplinary approaches. One pathway is the reflection of gender-based violence in artworks. This paper follows the traces of the patriarchal mindset and its reflections in various forms of gender-based violence in selected artworks of women artists based in or from Turkey between 1980 and 2020. This study has a specific focus on artists whose works are autobiographical, and who shift between experimental writing and visual art in their works. The resources for this study include artist interviews, artist books, Turkish art history literature that deal with the 1980–2020 period, archival material from artists, news articles, exhibition catalogues, art periodicals, as well as international literature on art writing as a feministic practice. Findings of this study indicate that art has the power of fore fronting, awareness raising, reframing, and thus transforming existing knowledge and commonly held beliefs concerning gender in a society through its various forms of expression.

Michael T. Heneise, Jeevan R. Sharma

Aslı Karaca

A significant evolution in women’s Islamic movements (WIMs) became apparent after the process of the ‘normalisation of the headscarf’ in Turkey. With the lifting of the headscarf ban, starting from 2008, in universities, public offices and finally in parliament, WIMs became more independent of the ‘protection’ of the religious and conservative communities and have regained time and energy to deal with other women’s and human rights issues. The issues have become diversified, and their discourses and forms of contention against the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP) governments have varied and become disruptive. This article analyses selected blogs and activities of Women who Get Together (Buluşan Kadınlar) platform, a group of self-identified religious women, and attempts at making sense of its emergence, development and demobilisation. In its active years (2003–2013), the platform defended the rights of ‘others’ and developed a discourse of co-existence within a double framework of religion and equal citizenship. The article aims to contribute to the literature on WIMs by highlighting their contributions to others’ rights beyond their oft-studied perspectives and activities on women’s issues. It shows the limitations of building a unified/molar women’s Islamic movement by revealing singular/molecular fragmentations within WIMs. The article is built on an analysis of blog posts, news media, participant observation, and personal interviews conducted between 2011 and 2016 in Turkey.

Patrick Kaplanian

Aslam Abd Jalil, Gerhard Hoffstaedter

This paper focuses on the largest group of refugees in Malaysia, the Rohingya. Many Rohingya have made Malaysia their home over recent years, even though they have no official legal status in the country. Refugees more broadly are often tolerated as workers but treated as undocumented migrants by the law. When Covid-19 was detected in Malaysia, the government followed a strategy of suppression with targeted lockdowns in areas of Covid-19 outbreaks. As most refugees are forced to work to survive, they hold important front-line jobs. As a result, they were exposed to Covid-19 at higher rates of infection than Malaysians. In this paper we trace the way the Malaysian government, Malaysian people and refugees encountered Covid-19 and how refugees especially became the subject of enhanced securitization and surveillance based on prejudice. We show how the state enacted securitization first on the borders, before it inverted this process and focused on domestic border work, wherein neighborhoods, mosques and markets became central places of immigration control and exclusion for refugees. Based on data collected during ethnographic fieldwork in peninsular Malaysia between 2020 and 2021, we argue that the securitization of refugees and migrant workers, their surveillance and even expulsion and eviction demonstrates continued and heightened scapegoating of refugees and migrants for all Malaysia’s ills. These actions reinforced the stigma and stereotype of refugees being legally undocumented and therefore outside of and too often unwelcome in the Malaysian body politic.

Richard Bownas

This study aims to explore the attitudes of young persons in Nepal toward caste using completed short stories, or ‘vignettes’, that imagine situations involving intercaste couples. A total of around 230 stories were gathered from 2018 to 2019. The study, conducted among Class 11 and 12 students in around a dozen schools in central Nepal, covered a mixture of rural and urban locations. The results were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The quantitative analysis used simple statistical techniques (p values) to test whether there were statistically significant differences in story outcomes based on author and story characteristics. The analysis suggests, tentatively, that young people do not see caste as a barrier to relationships. The qualitative analysis of tropes and themes illuminated new framings of caste that are now prominent, including narratives that may reflect social change that occurred in the civil war period, and in the rise of identities focused on ‘merit’ and ‘achievement’ in the sphere of work rather than on ascriptive identities like caste and ethnicity.

Paola Tiné

This paper examines the ongoing phenomenon of household nuclearization in the Newar city of Bhaktapur, Nepal. Building upon 15 months of ethnographic research conducted in 2018–19 among middle-class families, I investigate the reasons for household fission and the related kinship transformations. Tracing the interconnected stories of conflict and dispersal of the members of a joint family, I argue that transitions in domestic structures not only represent the consequence of improved economic possibilities but also communicate dramatic social transformations and a redefinition of hierarchies of value and power between family members, which emerge alongside new ideas of family and self. By negotiating domestic spaces and practices, householders redefine a modern dharma to attain a middle class ideal of relatedness. By considering the domestic as the locus of the negotiations between social change and continuity, and by looking at conflict as a dialogical process of cultural revision, this study provides a new perspective on the making of moral modernities in Nepal, ultimately contributing to recent debates in the fields of kinship studies, anthropology of conflict, and moral anthropology.

D. V. Mosyakov, E. M. Astafieva

A brief analysis of the general trends in Southeast Asian studies carried out by the authors of the article showed that during the Soviet era, for a long time, this region was studied in two practically unrelated aspects. The first one was closed and subordinate to the tasks of the world revolution, and the second one was opened, devoted mainly to history of the countries of Southeast Asia and certain aspects of the anti-colonial struggle. It was only in the 1950s that the formation of the Southeast Asian school of studies began, but this process was complicated by the need to withstand work in the spirit of the “general line” of the party and government. A new, one might say “golden period” on the region study began after 1991 in modern Russia. The opening of archives, the expansion of communication opportunities and the removal of ideological barriers, as well as the highest qualifications of the majority of domestic scientists made it possible to bring the research of Southeast Asia to a new level. At the same time, an important motivational component, the connection between science and power, was almost completely lost. In the ruling structures, interest in scientific research through academic institutions was largely lost in favor of “strategic centers” close to the authorities, which began to perform expert functions. Scientists began to receive beggarly salaries, many under pressure of circumstances were forced to leave the country or even leave science. However, it was during these difficult years that scientists were able to prepare and publish world-class works, which for a long time will be the main reference points for all those who study the history, politics, economy and culture of the Southeast Asian countries. The authors did not set themselves the goal of presenting a complete bibliography of publications on Southeast Asia and the South Pacific region, do not claim to fully cover the entire problem, they can be subjective in their assessments, referring only to key works that characterize, in their opinion, the main periods and main directions studies of the countries of the region.

Yi Sheng Goh, Pek Yen Teh

Festivals play a vital role in catalyzing inclusive development through their ability to in-crease social capital. They can enhance social ties through creating shared knowledge, building trust, and forming networks. In the Malaysian context, few studies have been done on how festivals promote inclusive development. Hence, this paper seeks to present a case study on Pangkor Island Festival (PIF), which is a Malaysian arts and culture festival, concerning the process, opportunities, and challenges of inclusive development from the perspectives of the festival organizer. In-depth interviews with the festival organizer and curator and field observations were conducted. Findings show that festivals promote inclusive development through a five-phase process, from establishing relationships with residents and exploring local assets to the sustainability of PIF and inclusive development. This study also suggests three-fold opportunities that include community cohesiveness, revitalization, and cultural value restoration as well as challenges of securing suitable stakeholders.

Onur İnal

Ludwig Paul

This article examines Karl Hadank’s contribution to the important publication series Kurdisch-Persische Forschungen (KPF) in a comprehensive way. It considers the academic and historical context in which Hadank edited three KPF volumes from Oskar Mann’s Nachlass (scholarly legacy) between 1926 and 1932. It furthermore provides a narrative of 25 years of Hadank’s academic life, exploring his personality, including his entanglements in ideological discourses of his time.

Tracy Fehr

Nadine Plachta

Christoph Emmrich

Robert E. Beazley

John Mock

A.O. Filonik, V.A. Isaev

The paper analyzes financial business potential in the Gulf monarchies. They have practically realized the idea of the Islamic banking industry that currently operates well enough in spite of a rather short period of its modern history. The purpose of the paper is to specify the correlation between general and particular aspects of the process using comparative analysis and critical re-evaluation of facts. The study proceeds from that the Gulf states have their special model of banking activity spread far beyond their limits reaching across Muslim-populated areas and penetrating into some niches of the economically advanced world. However, the whole industry is not free of weak points due to diseases of growth. Some bankers tend to simplify their operations and, thus, shy away the rigid Sharia standards. The current troubles are caused mainly by the reasons of technical and institutional origin. Nevertheless, some difficulties are of another ground and used to be met in the yet unfooted plains. The paper analyzes the fact that the Islamic capital has begun just recently to better cope with the relatively new models of trade, such as project and commercial financing, factoring, Islamic funding, micro-financing etc. The bankers have realized that these issues are of great importance for the industry's future. Islamic banks have to compete with the conventional banks having rather deep roots in the economy of the Gulf states and other Muslim-majority countries. The situation affects the Islamic business and makes it spend much effort on maintaining the level comparable with that of banks from the West. They still have to work very hard in this field against the fact that many problems that are now unfriendly to Islamic banks were overcome by their Western counterparts long ago. The conclusion has been made that numerous difficulties and dead ends faced by the Islamic institutions prevent them from a quick move to greater success in spite of their wealth and governmental support. The core problems of today's Sharia banks are the insufficient level of standardization, certification, lack of qualified staff and improvements as well in their Sharia boards followed by the easy focusing on the unbanked entities within the Islamic sector's scope.

L. B. Alaev

Abstract: The article gives a critical review and comparison of the concepts of history in two recently published books by sinologists L.S.Vasiliev and O.E.Nepomnin. The concept of L.S.Vasiliev is built upon the rejection of Marxism, especially historic Marxism, though Marx’s idea on the Asian type of production is still used. The main idea of Nepomnin’s book is to distinguish a few oriental models of societal relations, different not only from the West but from each other. Unlike Vasiliev who wants to generalize the East in one scheme, Nepomnin wants to stress the differences between Asian civilizations, though without determining the peculiarities of the models with the help of objective methods and not offering any convincing parameters of comparison. The article shows that now there is a mix of pieces of various concepts, which are outdated and not linked to each other. The author suggests to tackle the methodological issues of history ic process, to apply new approaches in periodization, based not on one factor (like type of production) but on multifactor paradigms and to make new research of the development of the West.