Hasil untuk "Urbanization. City and country"

M. Antrop

Megha Kumar

This paper examines the lasting influence of neoliberalism on urban planning and policy in the Global South, shaped significantly by the Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs) promoted by International Financial Institutions (IFIs) during the 1980s and 1990s. These policies introduced key elements such as market-based governance, privatization of state-owned enterprises, the promotion of private property rights, and the weakening of public interest criteria, all of which have become central to urban development processes.Urban governance in Global South cities remains heavily influenced by these IFI-driven policies, with a focus on world-class infrastructure projects that often overlook equity and the needs of the urban poor. These cities increasingly rely on market mechanisms rather than state intervention to allocate scarce resources, further entrenching socio-spatial disparities.Using examples from the water sector in Bolivia and Jakarta, the housing sector in Ghana, urban development in African cities, and emerging urban governance models in India, the paper demonstrates how neoliberal policies have struggled to prioritize socio-spatial redistribution. Instead of mitigating social inequalities, these policies often exacerbate them. The paper advocates for a reimagined urban governance approach that centres on equity and improved access to essential services, underscoring the need to rethink development paradigms in the Global South.

Benjamin Büttner

Buchrezension

Romina Rodela, Miriam Williams, Johanna Ohlsson et al.

Abstract This Perspective suggests six conceptual propositions to advance care-centric planning and governance in support of SDG 11. By prioritizing relationships, responsiveness, and collective well-being, while also integrating empowerment, environmental stewardship, and cultural diversity, a care-centric approach fosters more inclusive and sustainable cities. Drawing on selected practice-based examples, we illustrate care’s potential to inspire novel governance approaches, and to stimulate discussion about urban planning for more just and resilient urban environments.

Chaolin Gu

Alberto Mosca, Analía Virginia Saiquita

Existe en la Quebrada de Humahuaca en Jujuy un sentido común asumido asociado al uso del color tierra en las construcciones, por lo que se propone indagar a través de herramientas de la etnografía, el modo en que se constituyó esta idea, partiendo de la creación pictórica y su abordaje de aspectos culturales y naturales, mediante una paleta de colores cálidos. Esta propuesta estética se desarrolló de la mano de un proceso de valoración patrimonial con énfasis en las construcciones históricas y con fuerte presencia del adobe. Resulta de interés observar cómo el proceso de patrimonialización de la región se articuló con el avance del turismo, potenciando la creación de un paisaje cultural. En este marco, el color del adobe se configuró como un condensador de sentidos y valores positivos, al punto de convertirse en criterio de regulación en forma de normativas municipales. Sin embargo, el artículo propone distinguir otros modos respecto al uso del color en la actualidad, que se desprende de las lógicas de armonía y preservación asociado al color del adobe. El uso de tonos vibrantes y contrastantes con el entorno suscita pensar el paisaje de la Quebrada de Humahuaca no como un continuo lineal sino como un proceso con continuidades, discontinuidades y solapamientos.  

Carlo Volf, Bruno Bueno, Peter Edwards et al.

Daylight is essential for ecosystems and for the physical and mental well-being of people. In densely populated cities, only a small proportion of total daylight is available to support urban greenery and most people have little daily exposure to natural daylight. Despite this, many cities have followed a strategy of densification as a way of preventing urban sprawl and reducing energy consumption. In this article, we review the biological importance of daylight and show that urban densification leads to a reduction in the daylight available for both people and nature. We conclude that daylight in cities should be treated as a limiting resource that needs to be planned and managed carefully, much like water or energy. We suggest elements for a policy framework aimed at optimizing urban daylight, including how to determine daylight needs, how to determine the maximum viable urban density, and policy options for built and unbuilt areas.

Gloria Pellicelli, Silvia Rossetti, Michele Zazzi

Active mobility, within the context of sustainable urban development, plays a crucial role by positively affecting carbon and greenhouse gasses emissions, promoting healthy lifestyles, relieving urban traffic congestion, and therefore enanching the overall quality of urban life. Nowadays, active mobility plays a crucial role also in the contexts of urban regeneration projects, as highlighted both within the framework of Smart City assessments and within the main urban regeneration evaluation protocols. This paper pursues to establish a protocol for assessing the transformation of public spaces in the context of urban regeneration, using specific indicators to measure impacts on active mobility. The proposed assessment method aims at benchmarking urban regeneration initiatives, with a particular focus on mobility and accessibility issues. The methodology has been tested in several case studies within the major medium-sized cities of the Emilia-Romagna Region (Parma, Reggio Emilia, Modena, Cesena and Rimini), in the North of Italy, outlining potential guidelines for the integration of active and smart mobility in the processes of urban regeneration.

Yiyi Huang, Tao Lin, Guoqin Zhang et al.

Equitable access to urban green spaces (UGS) is an important component of social justice and can be quantified using indices such as urban green space accessibility (UGSA). However, the spatiotemporal patterns and inequity of UGSA among cities with different developments during rapid urbanization are unclear, especially lack evidence at a macroscopic national scale during rapid urbanization. Therefore, we evaluated the UGSA in 366 cities of China during 1990-2015 by the Gaussian-based two-step floating catchment area method (Gaussian-based 2SFCA). Then, the inequity pattern of UGSA among cities with different economic developments was analyzed by the concentration curve and concentration index. Finally, the relationship between UGSA and urban spatial expansion was explored quantitatively by the spatial econometric model. The results showed that: (1) The overall UGSA in China declined significantly by nearly 57.23% during 1990-2015. From the regional perspective, the UGSA in the southeastern region was always lower than that in the northwestern region, the Eastern zone presented a downward trend. From the perspective of different sizes cities, the UGSA of the megacities kept decreasing during 1990-2015, while UGSA of the large, medium, and small cities had turned to increase since 2010. (2) During rapid urbanization, the equity of UGSA among the cities gradually improved, while the cities with low economic developments tended to have higher UGSA. (3) Urban spatial expansion led to the decrease of UGSA during 1990-2015, while the impact had spatiotemporal heterogeneity, and UGSA had a positive spatial spillover effect. Our research provides a comparative baseline for the improvement of UGSA from a macroscopic perspective for China's urbanization policy in the future and novel insights into the green justice issue. The results can be compared with the development of UGS in other countries at different urbanization stages to promote UGS design and policy.

Sílvia Jorge, Vanessa Melo

Fernando Diniz Moreira

Al igual que otras grandes ciudades latinoamericanas, la ciudad de Recife convive con grandes necesidades sociales, falta de infraestructura y altos índices de violencia. Las experiencias de Medellín y Bogotá, construyendo equipamientos sociales en zonas necesitadas, inspiraron un programa de la Alcaldía de Recife, denominado Centros Comunitarios de Paz (COMPAZ). Iniciado en 2013, el programa generó cuatro complejos, inaugurados entre 2016 y 2020, que ofrecen equipamientos culturales, deportivos y de esparcimiento en zonas necesitadas, brindando asistencia a la población de manera integrada. Este artículo analiza cómo el diseño de dos de estos conjuntos responde a los diferentes contextos urbanos en los que se insertan. Partiendo del supuesto de que debían ser hitos en el paisaje urbano, señalizadores de un cambio en la acción del Estado, buscamos comprender cómo establecieron una mediación con el lugar y qué estrategias se utilizaron para hacerlos francos y abiertos a la comunidad. También se pretende entender cómo se gestionaron los diferentes flujos, accesos y particularidades de cada uso dentro del edificio. Así, este trabajo busca mostrar el potencial de la arquitectura para satisfacer demandas sociales urgentes.

María Alejandra Saus

Tras indagar experiencias urbanístico-ferroviarias en ciudades intermedias españolas, el artículo explora las vicisitudes de Valladolid en su proceso hacia la integración ferroviaria. A partir de ese caso de estudio, el objetivo del trabajo es exponer buenas y malas prácticas de ordenamiento, gestión y financiamiento para contribuir a los desafíos ferroviarios que enfrentan otras ciudades. La investigación tiene un enfoque metodológico mixto y emplea diversas técnicas: análisis documental, trabajo de campo, entrevistas a informantes clave y relevamiento de crónicas periodísticas. El texto introduce la problemática y el estado de la cuestión, explica el marco teórico-metodológico, desarrolla el estudio del caso de Valladolid en forma cronológica y discute los resultados para concluir con algunas premisas generalizables.

Khalid Khan, Chiwei Su

C. A. Ngong, Dimna Bih, C. Onyejiaku et al.

PurposeThis study investigates the relationship between urbanization and carbon dioxide emission in the Central African Economic and Monetary Community from 1990 to 2019. The literature reveals that the relationship between urbanization and carbon dioxide emissions is still debatable and the existing findings are inconclusive.Design/methodology/approachCarbon dioxide is the regressand; while, urbanization, gross domestic product (GDP) and financial development (FD), rule of law (ROL) and government effectiveness (GEF) are the regressors. Johansen Fisher and Kao residual co-integration tests alongside the fully modified and dynamic ordinary least squares.FindingsThe results show a significant positive relationship between urbanization and carbon dioxide emissions. The causality tests results show that carbon dioxide granger causes urbanization, GDP and FD unit directionally.Research limitations/implicationsThe countries' governments should effectively improve their legal systems to regulate carbon dioxide emissions. Urbanization laws should be implemented to limit urbanization environmental deteriorating effects on carbon dioxide emissions. This occurs as the countries practiced unregulated urbanization which increases population's environmental impacts. The study recommends sustainable green urbanization policies for environmental conservation through tree planting and horticulture. Balance development in urban and rural areas is vital to decongest the urban cities' pressure in the states. The governments should motivate the private sector with rural investments captivating policies to limit rural urban migration.Originality/valueThe findings contribute value by supporting a positive link between urbanization and carbon dioxide emissions in the CEMAC zone. The causality tests findings confirm the view that carbon dioxide granger causes urbanization, GDP and FD unit directionally. This value addition is essential to the governments and policy makers to mitigate urbanization and carbon dioxide emissions in the CEMAC region.

H. Bourenane, Y. Bouhadad

P. Han, N. Zeng, T. Oda et al.

Background Quantifying CO 2 emissions from cities is of great importance because cities contribute more than 70% of the global total CO 2 emissions. As the largest urbanized megalopolis region in northern China, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji, JJJ) region (population: 112.7 million) is under considerable pressure to reduce carbon emissions. Despite the several emission inventories covering the JJJ region, a comprehensive evaluation of the CO 2 emissions at the prefectural city scale in JJJ is still limited, and this information is crucial to implementing mitigation strategies. Results Here, we collected and analyzed 8 published emission inventories to assess the emissions and uncertainty at the JJJ city level. The results showed that a large discrepancy existed in the JJJ emissions among downscaled country-level emission inventories, with total emissions ranging from 657 to 1132 Mt CO 2 (or 849 ± 214 for mean ± standard deviation (SD)) in 2012, while emission estimates based on provincial-level data estimated emissions to be 1038 and 1056 Mt. Compared to the mean emissions of city-data-based inventories (989 Mt), provincial-data-based inventories were 6% higher, and national-data-based inventories were 14% lower. Emissions from national-data-based inventories were 53–75% lower in the high-emitting industrial cities of Tangshan and Handan, while they were 47–160% higher in Beijing and Tianjin than those from city-data-based inventories. Spatially, the emissions pattern was consistent with the distribution of urban areas, and urban emissions in Beijing contributed 50–70% of the total emissions. Higher emissions from Beijing and Tianjin resulted in lower estimates of prefectural cities in Hebei for some national inventories. Conclusions National-level data-based emission inventories produce large differences in JJJ prefectural city-level emission estimates. The city-level statistics data-based inventories produced more consistent estimates. The consistent spatial distribution patterns recognized by these inventories (such as high emissions in southern Beijing, central Tianjin and Tangshan) potentially indicate areas with robust emission estimates. This result could be useful in the efficient deployment of monitoring instruments, and if proven by such measurements, it will increase our confidence in inventories and provide support for policy makers trying to reduce emissions in key regions.

Mine EGBATAN

This study uses the analytical lens of the “revanchist city” to examine the neoliberal urban renewal processes in Ulus, a historical district in Ankara, Turkey’s capital city, in which prostitutes work. This study takes a comparative approach to examine the construction of femina grata by analyzing the law, practices, and political projects in relation to women in the radical modernity period of Turkey. It also analyzes current neoliberal revanchist interventions that have taken place in Ulus and looks at their gendered meanings in accordance with implemented urban renewal strategies. I mainly argue that neoliberal revanchist policies carried out in Ulus aim to cultivate city spaces for capital and attract families who engage in pious activities, and thus do not include those women and families who remain secular through the creation of a moment of “triple dualism.”

F. Rajé, M. Tight, F. Pope

Abstract Congestion and traffic-related pollution are typically the largest contributors to air pollution in cities. Rapid urbanization in developing countries has caused large-scale proliferation in motor vehicle use making cities increasingly congested and, subsequently, polluted. There is a growing awareness that the air quality status quo in East African cities is unacceptable. This paper uses the case of Nairobi, Kenya to discuss current traffic pollution challenges and how they may be addressed. The paper begins with an overview of urbanization and pollution effects. It goes on to look at the specific case of Nairobi as it searches for solutions to the negative impacts of pollution through a lens which sees resolution of congestion effects as key to amelioration of traffic-related air pollution. It suggests that a combination of infrastructure, policy, regulatory and softer measures may provide the most effective way to address traffic congestion and, thus, traffic pollution. In addition, the paper highlights the need for further research into the lived experience of negotiating daily life in Nairobi, as well as further exploration of the social, economic and environmental feasibility of potential solutions for the city. While Nairobi is used as the case study city, the lessons learned are generalized for cities in the East African region, which often share similar traits of congestion and traffic related pollution.

Restu Mahesa, G. Yudoko, Yudo Anggoro

Smart city movements are growing all over the world. The undertaking is expected to solve a plethora of problems arising from urbanization. Indonesia is one of the countries who march toward the development of sustainable smart cities. However, before the government can start a smart city project, they need to assess the readiness of each target city. Data in this article illustrate the readiness of six major cities in Indonesia, which are Semarang, Makassar, Jakarta, Samarinda, Medan, and Surabaya. They represent the four biggest islands in Indonesia. The readiness assessment was based on three main elements and six Smart City Pillars taken from Smart City Master Plan Preparation Guidance Book prepared by Ministry of Communication and Information Technology of the Republic of Indonesia. Those elements serve as a checklist to determine the readiness of the cities. Data for qualitative analysis were gathered through interviews and triangulated through secondary sources, such as publication from Statistics Indonesia and the assessment reports. The dataset contains information on the readiness assessment is presented in this article. The indices of the six region's readiness assessment are presented in percentages.

J. Smart, D. Tschirley, F. Smart

Robust income growth combined with the highest urban population growth in the world is driving rapid changes in the food system of sub-Saharan Africa. Demand is increasing for higher quality as well as more processed foods. Countries are increasingly experiencing a double burden of over and under nutrition as the overweight and obesity epidemic spreads. In this context, we seek to understand the key drivers and likely evolution of diet quality in Mozambique, in both its positive and negative dimensions, while specifically examining the role of farm ownership among increasingly urban populations. We use national household expenditure survey data and a set of ordinary least square and analysis of variance regressions to observe patterns of current diet quality across city size categories, household income, household education, and other demographic variables. We then anticipate the likely directions of change in diet quality over these same dimensions based on expected income growth and expenditure elasticities developed for several alternative nutrients. We find that growing incomes and the consumption of processed foods are associated with a worsening of negative factors in the diet. Furthermore, urbanization, controlling for income, is associated more strongly with a worsening of negative factors than with an improvement in positive factors in the diet. The effect on diet quality of farm ownership, however, is positive and significant, primarily driven by these households purchasing fewer unhealthy foods. African cities need to consider what mix of policies will counteract the negative effects of continued urbanization and rising incomes on diets.