Hasil untuk "South Asia. Southeast Asia. East Asia"

Amy L. Chua

M. Spalding, M. Kainuma, L. Collins

A. Stavert, M. Saunois, J. Canadell et al.

The ongoing development of the Global Carbon Project (GCP) global methane (CH4) budget shows a continuation of increasing CH4 emissions and CH4 accumulation in the atmosphere during 2000–2017. Here, we decompose the global budget into 19 regions (18 land and 1 oceanic) and five key source sectors to spatially attribute the observed global trends. A comparison of top‐down (TD) (atmospheric and transport model‐based) and bottom‐up (BU) (inventory‐ and process model‐based) CH4 emission estimates demonstrates robust temporal trends with CH4 emissions increasing in 16 of the 19 regions. Five regions—China, Southeast Asia, USA, South Asia, and Brazil—account for >40% of the global total emissions (their anthropogenic and natural sources together totaling >270 Tg CH4 yr−1 in 2008–2017). Two of these regions, China and South Asia, emit predominantly anthropogenic emissions (>75%) and together emit more than 25% of global anthropogenic emissions. China and the Middle East show the largest increases in total emission rates over the 2000 to 2017 period with regional emissions increasing by >20%. In contrast, Europe and Korea and Japan show a steady decline in CH4 emission rates, with total emissions decreasing by ~10% between 2000 and 2017. Coal mining, waste (predominantly solid waste disposal) and livestock (especially enteric fermentation) are dominant drivers of observed emissions increases while declines appear driven by a combination of waste and fossil emission reductions. As such, together these sectors present the greatest risks of further increasing the atmospheric CH4 burden and the greatest opportunities for greenhouse gas abatement.

Gary Tang, Ying-ho Kwong

The Anti-Extradition Bill Movement in 2019 sparked the most radical mass protests seen in Hong Kong since the transfer of sovereignty. Scholars have proposed various explanations for the radicalization of the protests, as well as for the mass support for this radicalization across various sectors of society. However, economic grievances have been relatively downplayed in attempts to understand the radical protests. Using data from a survey conducted during the suspension of the movement in 2020 (N = 1,574), this study examines the relationship between economic grievances and support for the protests. Through mediation analysis, the findings show that individuals who perceived themselves as belonging to a lower class tended to have a diminished sense of social mobility and equality. These negative perceptions contributed to concerns about the activities of Mainland Chinese individuals and the use of public resources. Thus, these particular economic grievances were found to be positively associated with support for the 2019 movement.

Rubi Wu, Rubi Wu, Eric J. Belfield et al.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important cereal crop across East, South and Southeast Asia, from prehistory to today, and grows in a range of ecological conditions, from rainfed upland to deep water. Previous research on early rice in the Lower Yangtze River basin (LYRB) suggested shifts back and forth over time between wet and dry field conditions, and some application of animal dung and/or human feces as fertilizer. In this study, stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis was conducted on grains from rice of heritage landraces and modern varieties grown in a glasshouse pot experiment with three watering levels and two manuring levels, and from recent rice fields in China and South Korea including paddy and dry conditions, and with variable manuring histories. The pot experiment results indicate that there is a negative correlation between the δ13C values and watering levels in one heritage accession and three modern accessions; in the remaining two heritage accessions and one modern accession, a similar trend in δ13C values is observed between watering levels. The rice field results show that, similarly, the δ13C values of rice from paddy fields were significantly lower than those from dry fields. The results from the pot experiment also indicate that both watering and manuring tend to increase the δ15N values of rice grains, while the field samples show that intensive manuring in initial growing seasons does not have a consistent effect on rice δ15N values. Overall, stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values of rice grains appear to be useful indicators of water status, with potential in combination to disentangle watering and manuring practices.

Erman Wu, Erman Wu, Tong Tang et al.

BackgroundSubarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is increasingly recognized as a PM2.5-linked neurological emergency, yet global spatiotemporal burden evidence across socioeconomic, demographic, and geographic subgroups remains scarce, impeding tarsgeted prevention. This study quantifies current burden, trends, and future SAH projections attributable to PM2.5 using the latest data.MethodsUsing data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, we analyzed deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from SAH attributable to ambient PM2.5 pollution (1990–2021) across 204 countries/territories, stratified by age, sex, region, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Temporal trends were quantified using estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs), and Bayesian age-period-cohort modeling projected disease burden through 2050.ResultsBetween 1990 and 2021, global age-standardized mortality (ASMR) and DALY rates (ASDR) for PM2.5-related SAH declined by 36% (0.99 to 0.63 per 100,000) and 34% (27.42 to 17.96 per 100,000), respectively. However, absolute deaths surged 40% (38,130 to 53,562), driven by aging populations and demographic shifts. Burden disparities were stark: Middle SDI regions had the highest ASMR (1.07, 95% UI, 0.68–1.43) and ASDR (27.42, 95% UI: 17.96–35.65), while high SDI regions achieved the steepest declines (−67% ASMR). South Asia (+246% deaths) and Southeast Asia (+147% deaths) experienced the most rapid mortality growth, contrasting with East Asia’s high absolute burden (229,553 deaths in 2021). Males faced higher risks (ASMR: 0.72, 95% UI: 0.48–0.99) compared with females (0.55, 95% UI: 0.36–0.75). In South Asia, the female mortality share was rising from 31 to 41%. Mongolia had the highest national burden [2.49 (95% UI, 1.23–3.82) and ASDR of 61.92 (95% UI, 30.6–93.24)], while Central Asia and Southern Sub-Saharan Africa exhibited worsening trends. Projections indicate a resurgence in ASMR and ASDR by 2050, disproportionately impacting low-middle SDI regions.ConclusionDespite declining age-standardized rates, a 40% surge in absolute PM2.5-attributable SAH deaths over three decades, due to aging populations and regional inequalities (e.g., South Asia +246% deaths, Middle SDI highest ASMR), demands urgent air-quality and healthcare policies for high-growth Asian and African regions and vulnerable low-middle SDI populations to curb projected 2050 increases.

Dr Zhou Zhanggui, Dr. Zhou Jingbao

Southeast Asia's cultural tourism industry has been booming in recent years, and the contribution rate of Chinese tourists has increased significantly, becoming an important driving force for regional economic growth. However, the prosperity of the tourism industry also faces non-traditional security threats, such as public health crises and terrorism. This paper analyses the development status of Southeast Asian cultural tourism industry, the contribution rate of Chinese tourists and the experience of non-traditional security response cooperation, and discusses its inspiration for the sustainable development of Pakistan's cultural tourism industry. The study shows that China and Southeast Asia have accumulated rich experience in cultural and tourism cooperation, including policy coordination, infrastructure construction and security cooperation mechanisms.

Ahmer Bilal, Xiaoping Li, N. Zhu et al.

This study explores the connection between technological innovation, globalization, and CO2 emissions by controlling the critical influence of information and communication technology (ICT) and economic growth in a panel of One Belt One Road (OBOR) countries from 1991 to 2019, utilizing advanced and robust econometric strategies (second generation). In addition, this study also uses an interaction variable (TI*GLOB) to check the interaction role of technological innovation on the linkage between globalization and CO2 emission, besides their direct effect on CO2 emissions in OBOR countries. The outcomes revealed that the linkage between technological innovation and CO2 emissions is negative, and statically significant in all the regions (e.g., OBOR, South Asia, East and Southeast Asia, MENA, Europe, and Central Asia). Moreover, the results of globalization show a significant positive relationship with CO2 emissions in OBOR and South Asia region. Nevertheless, it significantly negatively affects environmental pollution in East and Southeast Asia, MENA, Europe, and Central Asia. The results of TI*GLOB indicate that, for the OBOR sample, East and Southeast Asia, and Central Asia, the moderation effects of technological innovation with globalization are significantly negatively associated with CO2 emissions. However, in MENA and Europe, the interaction effect is a significant positive. The coefficient of ICT for OBOR, Europe, and Central Asia are positive and statistically significant; however, for East, Southeast Asia, and MENA regions, these results are statistically negative. Furthermore, the findings are robust, according to various robustness checks that we have performed for checking the reliability of our main findings. The study establishes numerous polities and makes various recommendations, in light of relevant conclusions.

P. Rana, Xianbai Ji

Shiqi Tian, Shijie Wang, Xiaoyong Bai et al.

Carbon emissions from land use (ELUC) are an important part of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, but its size and location remain uncertain, and our knowledge of the relationship between ELUC and GDP remains partial. We showed that the carbon emissions directly caused by land use change (direct ELUC) during 1992–2015 was 26.54 Pg C (1.15 Pg C yr-1), with a decreased trend and a net reduction rate of −0.15 Pg C yr-1. The areas that exhibited reductions were concentrated in South America, Central Africa, and Southeast Asia, and those with increments were scattered in Northwestern North America, Eastern South America, Central Africa, East Asia, and parts of Southeast Asia. For the indirect carbon emissions from the utilization of built-up land (indirect ELUC), it manifested an upward trend with a total emission of 27.51 Pg C (1.2 Pg C yr-1). The total value resulted by global ELUC was $136.3 × 109 US, and the value of annual was equivalent to 3.7 times the GDP of the Central African Republic in 2015 ($5.93 × 109 US yr-1). Among the 79 countries and regions considered in this study, 54 represented the upward GDP with increased emissions, and only 25 experienced GDP growth with emission reductions. These findings highlight the pivotal role of land use change in the carbon cycle and the significance of coordinated development between GDP and carbon emissions.

Benjamin A. Taylor, Luke R. Tembrock, Madison Sankovitz et al.

Abstract The northern giant hornet Vespa mandarinia (NGH) is a voracious predator of other insect species, including honey bees. NGH’s native range spans subtropical and temperate regions across much of east and southeast Asia and, in 2019, exotic populations of the species were discovered in North America. Despite this broad range and invasive potential, investigation of the population genomic structure of NGH across its native and introduced ranges has thus far been limited to a small number of mitochondrial samples. Here, we present analyses of genomic data from NGH individuals collected across the species’ native range and from exotic individuals collected in North America. We provide the first survey of whole-genome population variation for any hornet species, covering this species’ native and invasive ranges, and in doing so confirm likely origins in Japan and South Korea for the two introductions. We additionally show that, while this introduced population exhibited strongly elevated levels of inbreeding, these signatures of inbreeding are also present in some long-standing native populations, which may indicate that inbreeding depression alone is insufficient to prevent the persistence of NGH populations. As well as highlighting the importance of ongoing monitoring and eradication efforts to limit the spread of this species outside of its natural range, our data will serve as a foundational database for future genomic studies into introduced hornet populations.

Olawale O. Adejuwon, Waheed O. Oladele

Many countries in Southeast Asia have used technological spillovers from textile and apparel related Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to industrialise and diversify their economies and integrate their markets to the global economy. In a bid to promote similar industrial activities in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the African Growth Opportunity Act (AGOA) was implemented by the American government in 2000 to give countries in SSA tariff free access to American markets on specific products, including textiles and apparels. While few SSA based countries have utilised this opportunity to attract textile and apparel related FDI, create employment and grow exports to the US, even fewer have benefited from spillovers. This study prescribes policy options for SSA countries to attract textile and apparel related FDI and how technological spillovers can be obtained from such activities. The study revealed that an Export Processing Zone and an East/South Asian connection established before the implementation of the AGOA, low cost of inputs and good industrial relations served as magnets for FDI. The study also revealed that the lack of local ownership of textile and apparel firms and mid-level management skills in the SSA countries, the nature of the locating firms and restriction of global value functions to production by the foreign firms were obstacles to FDI spillovers. The study recommends promoting the establishment of local firms and situating them in proximity to foreign firms, skills upgrading of the local labour force especially in upstream value chain functions, promoting backward and forward linkages with foreign firms and encouraging FDI by large multi-national textile and apparel firms rather than small family-owned businesses.

H. Wang, X. Liu, C. Wu et al.

<p>Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are important precursors to ozone and secondary organic aerosols in the atmosphere, affecting air quality, clouds, and climate. However, the trend in BVOC emissions and driving factors for the emission changes in different geographic regions over the past 2 decades has remained unclear. Here, regional to global changes in BVOC emissions during 2001–2020 are simulated using the latest Model of Emission of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGANv3.2) with the input of time-varying satellite-retrieved vegetation and reanalysis meteorology data. Comparison of model simulations with the site observations shows that the model can reasonably reproduce the magnitude of isoprene and monoterpene emission fluxes. The spatial distribution of the modeled isoprene emissions is generally comparable to the satellite retrievals. The estimated annual average global BVOC emissions are 835.4 Tg yr<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span> with the emissions from isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and other BVOC comprised of 347.7, 184.8, 23.3, and 279.6 Tg yr<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span>, respectively. We find that the decrease in global isoprene emissions (<span class="inline-formula">−0.07</span> % per year) caused by the increase in CO<span class="inline-formula">₂</span> concentrations (<span class="inline-formula">−0.20</span> % per year) is stronger than that caused by changes in vegetation (<span class="inline-formula">−0.03</span> % per year) and meteorological factors (<span class="inline-formula">0.15</span> % per year). However, regional disparities are large. Isoprene emissions increase significantly in Europe, East Asia, and South Asia (0.37 % per year–0.66 % per year). Half of the increasing trend is contributed by increased leaf area index (LAI) (maximum over 0.02 m<span class="inline-formula">²</span> m<span class="inline-formula">⁻²</span> yr<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹)</span> and tree cover. Changes in meteorological factors contribute to another half, with elevated temperature dominating in Europe and increased soil moisture dominating in East and South Asia. In contrast, in South America and Southeast Asia, shifts in vegetation type associated with the BVOC emission capacity, which partly results from the deforestation and agricultural expansion, decrease the BVOC emission and offset nearly half of the emission increase caused by changes in meteorological factors. Overall, isoprene emission increases by 0.35 % per year and 0.25 % per year in South America and Southeast Asia, respectively. In Central Africa, a decrease in temperature dominates the negative emission trend (<span class="inline-formula">−0.74</span> % per year). Global monoterpene emissions show a significantly increasing trend (0.34 % per year, 0.6 Tg yr<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹)</span> compared to that of isoprene (<span class="inline-formula">−0.07</span> % per year, <span class="inline-formula">−0.2</span> Tg yr<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹)</span>, especially in strong greening hotspots. This is mainly because the monoterpene emissions are more sensitive to changes in LAI and are not subject to the inhibition effect of CO<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>. The findings highlight the important roles of vegetation cover and biomass, temperature, and soil moisture in modulating the temporal variations of global BVOC emissions in the past 2 decades.</p>

Zhiling Zhou, Liping Zhang, Jie Chen et al.

Drought risk assessment can identify high‐risk areas and bridge the gap between impacts and adaptation. It is thus vital to investigate changes in drought risk and exposed social economy under climate change. Here, the future global meteorological drought risk is projected for the 2021–2100 period under four combined scenarios of Representative Concentration Pathways and Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), i.e., SSP1‐2.6, SSP2‐4.5, SSP3‐7.0, and SSP5‐8.5. And then the exposed population and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) under high risk are analyzed. Drought risk will further strengthen in the future under SSP2‐4.5, SSP3‐7.0, and SSP5‐8.5, with large increases distributed in South Asia, the Mediterranean, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Central America. The strongest increasing trends in drought risk are concentrated in equatorial regions including South Asia, West Africa, and Central America. A large percentage of the population and economy are exposed to high drought risk. The exposed population under the highest risk level is the largest under SSP5‐8.5 and the smallest under SSP3‐7.0 for regions in North America, while being the largest under SSP3‐7.0 for other regions. The exposed GDP under the highest risk level is the highest under SSP5‐8.5 and the lowest under SSP3‐7.0, while the disparity among diverse scenarios is larger for the rich regions than the developing ones.

Flinta Rodrigues, Prakash Gupta, Afzal Parvez Khan et al.

Plagiarism is one of the most frequent forms of research misconduct in South and East Asian countries. This narrative review examines the factors contributing to research misconduct, emphasizing plagiarism, particularly in South, East and Southeast Asian countries. We conducted a PubMed and Scopus search using the terms plagiarism, Asia, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, research misconduct and retractions in January of 2022. Articles with missing abstracts, incomplete information about plagiarism, publication dates before 2010, and those unrelated to South, East, and Southeast Asian countries were excluded. The retraction watch database was searched for articles retracted between 9th January 2020 to 9th January 2022. A total of 159 articles were identified, of which 21 were included in the study using the database search criteria mentioned above. The review of articles identified a lack of training in scientific writing and research ethics, publication pressure, permissive attitudes, and inadequate regulatory measures as the primary reasons behind research misconduct in scientific publications. Plagiarism remains a common cause of unethical publications and retractions in regions of Asia (namely South, East and Southeast). Researchers lack training in scientific writing, and substantial gaps exist in understanding various forms of plagiarism, which heavily contribute to the problem. There is an urgent need to foster high research ethics standards and adhere to journal policies. Providing appropriate training in scientific writing among researchers may help improve the knowledge of different types of plagiarism and promote the use of antiplagiarism software, leading to a substantial reduction in the problem.

J. Healey, J. Oldgren, M. Ezekowitz et al.

Domakhina Yu.A.

Nowadays, the Korean Peninsula is a long-term source of tension in the Asia-Pacific region. The international community is particularly concerned about the DPRK ’s nuclear missile program and Pyongyang’s tests, which a number of countries view as a serious threat to the regional security. Therefore, many international actors became involved in the situation around the Korean Peninsula. For several decades, certain countries have been making intensive efforts to solve this problem. Apart from China and Russia, Japan, the United States, and South Korea play a significant role in this process. The author analyzes the current situation on the Korean Peninsula, examines the degree of influence of the DPRK problem on the situation in the region and possible consequences for regional security. The article examines Japan’s policy towards North Korea, to counter which Tokyo is pursuing a course of strengthening the Japan–US alliance and increasing sanctions pressure. The North Korean factor is highlighted in the Japan –US–South Korea triangle. The author analyzes the role of trilateral defense cooperation, which has seen a significant expansion. The article describes various approaches to resolving the situation on the Korean Peninsula and identifies the most optimal scenario.

Korneev K.A.

Turbulence in global energy markets, caused, among other reasons, by anti-Russian sanctions, has led to additional challenges for the energy security of Japan, a country whose dependence on fossil fuel imports remains critically high. Despite the relative success in the development of renewable and hydrogen energy, as well as the implementation of plans to increase the share of nuclear power plants in the structure of electricity generation, Japan will not be able to count on energy self-sufficiency in the next 10–15 years, and these factors form mandatory conditions for reducing energy security risks. This is reflected not only in the diversification of suppliers and in the conclusion of mutually beneficial contracts with them, but also in strengthening the policy for the widespread utilization of “clean” energy sources, often even without taking into account the economic feasibility of such steps. In addition, significant funds are invested in achieving better energy efficiency indicators by improving intelligent control systems.

Harald Kleinschmidt

This paper examines the ideologies informing the expansion of Japanese rule at c. 1900. The core feature discussed is the idea of tenka (天下; literally translated: all under heaven), constituting the group of ruled in terms of a universalist indigenat (kokumin 国民), which allowed its expansion beyond the Japanese archipelago at government discretion. The concept of the universalist indigenat, having been tied to the Confucian perception of the world as a well-ordered and change-absorbing entity, conflicted with the European concept of the nation as a particularistically conceived type of group, tied to the perception of the world as a dynamic and largely unruly entity. During the latter third of the nineteenth and the early years of the twentieth century, some Japanese intellectuals came to appreciate the dynamism enshrined in the European perception of the world and worked it into established universalism. The fusion produced a powerful ideology of colonial expansion targeted primarily at East and Southeast Asia as well as the South Pacific. By contrast, European military strategists and political theorists, unaware of the Japanese strategic conceptions, expected that solely Russia formed the target of Japanese military expansion.

Wei-Ping Li, Yan-Wu Zhang, Mingquan Mu et al.

Gross primary production (GPP) is the largest flux and a crucial player in the terrestrial carbon cycle and has been studied extensively, yet large uncertainties remain in the spatiotemporal patterns of GPP in both observations and simulations. This study evaluates the performance of the second version of the Beijing Climate Center Atmosphere−Vegetation Interaction Model (BCC_AVIM2.0) in simulating GPP on multiple spatial and temporal scales in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experiments. Model simulations driven by two meteorological datasets were compared with two observation-based GPP products covering 1982–2008. Spatial patterns of annual GPP show a significant latitudinal gradient in each dataset, increasing from cold (tundra) and dry (desert) biomes to warm (temperate) and humid (tropical rainforest) biomes. BCC_AVIM2.0 overestimates GPP in most parts of the globe, especially in boreal forest regions and Southeast China, while underestimating GPP in subhumid regions in eastern South America and tropical Africa. The four datasets broadly agree on the GPP seasonal cycle, but BCC_AVIM2.0 predicts an earlier beginning of spring growth and a larger amplitude of seasonal variations than those in the observations. The observation-based datasets exhibit slight interannual variability (IAV) and weak GPP linear trends, while the BCC_AVIM2.0 simulations demonstrate relatively large year-to-year variability and significant trends in the low-latitudes and temperate monsoon regions in North America and East Asia. Regarding the possible relationships between annual means of GPP and climate factors, BCC_AVIM2.0 predicts more extensive regions of the globe where the IAV of annual GPP is dominated by precipitation, especially in mid-to-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and tropical Africa, while the observed GPP in the above regions is temperature- or radiation-dominant. The positive GPP biases due to earlier spring growth in boreal forest regions and negative GPP biases in off-equator tropical areas in the BCC_AVIM2.0 simulations imply that cold stress on biomes in boreal mid-to-high latitudes should be strengthened to restrain plant growth, while drought stress in low-latitude regions might be eased to enhance plant production in the future version of BCC_AVIM.