Objetivo: Obtener el perfil genético de diferentes tejidos de dos individuos sometidos a embalsamamiento con un tiempo aproximado de ocho meses.
Introducción: Las técnicas de embalsamamiento buscan la preservación temporal de los tejidos después del deceso mediante la aplicación de sustancias químicas, a través de la red de vasos sanguíneos; llenando la cavidad torácica y abdominal o directamente embebiendo partes del cuerpo. Estas sustancias ocasionan daños a la integridad del material genético, por ejemplo, el formaldehido, ampliamente utilizado en la tanatopraxia, puede llegar a causar entrecruzamiento de los ácidos nucleicos y proteínas; otro ejemplo son los colorantes, identificados como inhibidores de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (por sus siglas en inglés PCR). Obtener material genético de muestras problema para la identificación humana en términos de impartición de justicia, requiere de metodologías que optimicen el análisis en todas sus etapas; la cantidad y tipo de muestra, insumos y temporalidades.
Metodología: A partir de dos individuos sometidos a embalsamamiento desde hace aproximadamente ocho meses, se seleccionaron 33 muestras de: tejido muscular visiblemente putrefacto, cartílago, hueso compacto, hueso esponjoso de la médula y la médula ósea amarilla (huesos largos), la cual fue embebida en tarjetas QIAcard FTA. Las tarjetas se lavaron con QIAcard FTA Wash Buffer, mientras que las muestras de tejido, cartílago y hueso se trataron con los reactivos de QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit y PrepFiler® BTA Forensic DNA Extraction Kit (con el equipo AutoMate Express™ Forensic DNA Extraction System). La amplificación del DNA genómico fue mediante PCR, utilizando PowerPlex® Fusion 6C System, se identificaron los alelos por electroforesis capilar en el equipo Genetic Analyzer 3500 y finalmente los datos del corrimiento se analizaron mediante el software GeneMapper ID-X.
Resultados: Las muestras de médula ósea amarilla embebida en tarjeta QIAcard FTA resultaron con mayor eficiencia en la recuperación de ADN, seguidas de las muestras óseas y el tejido muscular, extraídas con perlas magnéticas y membranas de sílice, siendo el cartílago el que presenta mayor alteración del ADN debido a la exposición directa a las sustancias químicas utilizadas en el proceso de embalsamamiento. En total se obtuvieron 16 perfiles completos, 10 perfiles parciales y 7 nulos, posibilitando la identificación de ambos individuos en un periodo corto de tiempo.
Discusión y conclusión: Con las metodologías utilizadas se obtuvieron perfiles genéticos de diferentes tejidos sometidos a embalsamamiento, suficiente para la identificación de los individuos. Sin embargo, la médula ósea amarilla constituida principalmente por grasa y células madre que se embebió en tarjeta QIAcard FTA permitió acelerar el proceso de extracción y purificación de ADN comparada con las muestras de tejido muscular, cartílago y óseo (compacto y esponjoso) que conllevan un proceso de muestreo y extracción con un tiempo considerablemente mayor, evidenciando que, un plan adecuado de muestreo es clave para la obtención de resultados, optimizando la estandarización de los protocolos y kits forenses del laboratorio.
Johanna Korfitsen, Eva Samuelsson, David Forsström
et al.
To strengthen the right to support for people with gambling problems in Sweden, legislative changes were enacted in 2018. This study aims to critically examine how problems and solutions are represented in 69 appeals concerning gambling treatment within the general administrative court (2014–2022) and to assess how these representations have evolved following the legal amendments. The study employs Bacchi’s WPR approach to scrutinize court judgments. The results reveal that gambling problems are unequivocally recognized as severe issues requiring intervention, with both explicit and implicit notions of the problem rooted in the concept of loss of control. Prior to the legal amendments, rulings primarily focused on identifying the responsible actor for providing care, often framed within a medical discourse. Post-amendment, the focus shifted to how treatment needs should be met, emphasizing an evidence-based discourse. These varying representations produce discursive, subjectifying, and material consequences, significantly affecting access to different welfare interventions. The new legislation has solidified the responsibility of social services to provide treatment for gambling problems. However, as the study demonstrates, responsibilization of gamblers occurs not only in policy and treatment frameworks, but also within the court system.
This article explores the legal and economic principles underlying the legal regime of budget funds, with a view to ensuring sound public financial management. It focuses on identifying and systematising the fundamental principles that govern the use of public budget resources, such as efficiency, transparency, legality, accountability and targeted use. Particular attention is paid to the interconnection between these principles and their practical implementation in Ukraine during the post-reform and wartime periods. Methodology. The study employs a combination of economic and legal analyses, incorporating a systematic review of legislation, an evaluation of fiscal policy, and an analysis of budget execution data and public audit reports. The research also considers EU practices and OECD standards in public finance governance, integrating comparative approaches. Results. The findings demonstrate that, although the principles of sound financial management are formally recognised in Ukrainian budget legislation, their practical application remains inconsistent. The implementation of budget governance is hindered by institutional and procedural shortcomings, a lack of transparency, and limited accountability mechanisms. The findings from international studies indicate that the presence of legal clarity, procedural safeguards, and integrated audit systems is imperative in achieving both fiscal discipline and social outcomes. Practical implications. The article's findings are outlined in a series of legal and policy recommendations, the aim of which is to strengthen the budgetary legal framework and promote institutional reforms. These include the enhancement of regulatory clarity, the facilitation of public access to budget information, the expansion of the powers of oversight bodies, and the adoption of a results-based management approach. Value / Оriginality. The article provides a structured analysis of the fundamental principles of the legal regime of budget funds and their role in enhancing the quality of fiscal governance. The research contributes to the ongoing discourse on legal mechanisms for the management of public funds in emerging economies, with a particular focus on fragile and conflict-affected contexts.
This article examines the uncertainties arising from agent interactions in interregional resource-intensive markets, particularly those prevalent in northern regions, and explores factors undermining their effectiveness Given these circumstances, the study aims to establish an optimal balance of interests between external and internal beneficiaries by taking into account interests, as well as reducing transaction uncertainty by considering their interests and mitigating transaction uncertainty through the optimization of market regulators in the context of interregional resource-intensive markets typical of northern regions. The analysis reveals that the condition of a single market equilibrium is compromised due to the influence of exogenous factors and the endogenous formation of institutional mechanisms that coordinate agent actions amid uncertain collaborations. Contrary to the neoclassical approach, which focuses on competitive pricing without altering the market structure, an alternative perspective posits that spatial externalities induce endogenous mechanisms characteristic of Chamberlin-type market structures. The study expands the understanding of uncertainty causes within the theory of incomplete contracts, incorporating social system costs into transaction costs in line with the neo-institutional concept. This conceptual framework enables the exploration of spatial entities as meso-economic systems, with a specific emphasis on the organizational and geographical characteristics of northern territories. The research evaluates four institutional zones governing economic management practices in northern regions. Through competence enhancement and optimization of market regulator design, the study demonstrates the feasibility of achieving a balance of interests between external and internal beneficiaries by strengthening institutional capital, thereby reducing social system costs. The proposed system of organizational and institutional measures enhances local institutional practices within the existing institutional matrix without violating antimonopoly legislation, as its focus is on restoring competitive conditions and reducing the costs of operating the social system.
Abstract In the wake of the Paris Agreement, countries have yet to embark on deep decarbonisation pathways. This article explores the reasons for this limited response, taking a comparative political economy lens to identify national constraints that actively hinder climate policy progress. We discuss different metrics of climate policy progress, including emissions trends, climate legislation adoption, policy adoption, policy stringency, and policy outcomes. We then review literatures that explain varying national outcomes along these dimensions. Identified constraints include (but are not limited to) exposure to fossil fuel extraction activities, supply-side coal dependency, a lack of democratic norms, exposure to corruption, a lack of public climate awareness, and low levels of social trust. Correlation and principal component analysis of these variables demonstrates strong co-dependencies, including a North-South divide in institutional quality, trust and climate awareness that limits full participation in climate legislation and the removal of fossil subsidies. Recent trends indicate stability in corruption across the whole sample, and the continued durability of autocratic and extractivist states. We identify common constraints for five distinct country groups using cluster analysis: ‘oil & gas states’, ‘fragile states’, ‘coal-dependent development’, ‘fractured democracies’ and ‘wealthy OECD’. We highlight the need to scrutinise architectures of constraint – combinations of political economic factors that are mutually reinforcing and highly resistant to intervention.
Abstract This paper examines the advancement of literature on gender diversity on corporate boards (board gender diversity). We discuss important management theories cited in the literature and examine the factors that affect board gender diversity. We present evidence from developed and emerging markets based on a review of studies to show how board gender diversity impacts a firm performance. We also review growing literature on the gender quota legislation that mandates the appointment of female director(s) on corporate boards. Research on board gender diversity reveals director characteristics, firm size, board size, board diversity, industry, type of ownership, customer base, and social and cultural characteristics as the factors that influence representation of female directors on corporate boards. Studies on the impact of board gender diversity on firm performance present inconclusive results. In a similar vein, studies on the impact of gender quota legislation on firm performance also present mixed results. Our study contributes to the growing literature on board gender diversity and provides a further understanding of factors that influence gender diversity on corporate boards. It also offers insights to regulators on potential limitations and the benefits of gender quota legislation.
Kummer Ingrid, Mudrić Jovana, Čikarić Tamara
et al.
Background/Aim. The Critical Incident Technique (CIT) is a qualitative research method for measuring consumer satisfaction by collecting and analyzing information on participants and their activities. This method allows participants to present their detailed experiences related to a particular service in the way they perceive them. The aim of this study was to examine patients' perceptions of an incident that occurred in community pharmacies using CIT and determine recommendations for improving the quality of pharmacy services. Methods. A qualitative study using an interview based on the CIT was conducted in three pharmacies in Serbia, on the territory of Kruševac city. The entire course of the interviews was audio-recorded, which provided detailed research. Results. A total of 68 critical incidents were collected and divided into two groups: positive (37) and negative (31), depending on the (dis)satisfaction of patients with the services of pharmacists in community pharmacies. The following thematic clusters of pharmacy services were covered: accessibility of community-based pharmaceutical services, pharmacist behavior, patient counseling, dispensing drugs and/or medical devices, compounding, and pharmacy sales/commercial practice. Conclusion. The results show that the CIT is a useful tool for evaluating and improving pharmaceutical services. Based on the data collected, various aspects of community pharmacy services can be improved, and further research should be carried out.
Nowadays in countries with developed industry, there is a marked shift from
formal to informal employment. In this context, the impact of self-employment on the
development of the state should be one of the topical issues in the debate on employment
policy.
Due to the development of the platform economy, self-employment is developing as the
main or additional source of income. The development of Ukraine as a socially oriented state
governed by the rule of law is determined by the level of development of all state spheres,
including self-employment of the population of state institutions, including the institution
of personal income taxation.
As of today, in countries with developed industry, there is a marked shift from formal to
informal employment. In this context, the impact of self-employment on the development
of the state should be one of the topical issues in the debate on employment policy. Due
to the development of the platform economy, self-employment is developing as the main
or additional source of income. The development of Ukraine as a socially oriented state
governed by the rule of law is determined by the level of development of all state spheres,
including self-employment of the population of state institutions, including the institution
of personal income taxation.
It was emphasized that the above-mentioned provisions of international legal acts became
the basis for consolidation of the principles of labor freedom and the prohibition of forced
labor in the Constitution of Ukraine. In turn, these constitutional principles are the normative
and legal basis for the consolidation of the principle of freedom of labor agreement within
the framework of labor law.
It has been established that the establishment in the national legislation of the principle
of freedom of the labor contract should enable an employed person and an employer
who exercises the right to recruit staff to determine the working conditions that are most
appropriate for them. The terms of the employment contract should not be burdensome for
their parties and disturb.
In such situations, the legislator prefers social rather than economic rights, since social
law is more closely connected with the natural right of a person to life and freedom and
security.
Thomas Gregor Issac, Abhishek Ramesh, Shiv Shanker Reddy
et al.
Background: The sociocultural changes associated with globalization and development have weakened the traditional values and family support systems for senior citizens (age 60 years and above). There is an increase in the prevalence of elder abuse and difficulties in getting appropriate care and support. This has mandated legal measures to protect the rights of the senior citizens and provide them care and support by the family and other stakeholders. Consequent to being the signatory for the “Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002,” several countries, including India, have introduced legislation for the social protection of senior citizens. “The Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens(MWP) Act, 2007” is an important legislation in India to safeguard the elderly from exploitation and abuse. Methods: This article critically evaluates the implementation of the MWP Act, 2007, and the related challenges in protecting senior citizens from abuse. The article will also highlight the proposed amendments in the Act to strengthen the effective implementation of legal protection for senior citizens and ensure their well-being and dignity. Conclusions: The MWP act is an important legal measure to ensure mainatinence and welfare of senior citizens and protect them from abuse and neglect. There is an immediate need to incorporate the necessary amendments so that the act gets more pragmatic value and becomes and important tool for elderly care and protection and reduce vulnerabilities and ensure holistic care with support in various bio-psycho-social domains.
Maria Inês Souza Bravo, Elaine Junger Pelaez, Juliana Fiuza Cislaghi
et al.
The article rescues the process of permanent fiscal adjustment underway in Brazil, since the 1988 Constitution, which follows neoliberal progress in all countries in a context of capital crisis. It analyzes the impact of this economic policy on the health, Social Security and Social Assistance policies that make up Social Security in Brazil through budget pieces, government plans and legislation. Finally, it points out challenges and possibilities in the face of the conservative and regressive situation we live in.
Political science, Political institutions and public administration (General)
The aim of this work is to delve into the history of Mexico’s colonial silk industry and of its workers in order to demonstrate, from a microsocial analysis, the existence of long-standing gender-exclusion processes and of integration mechanisms, displayed in the framework of institutional modernization, that were implied by the Bourbon Reforms on both sides of the Atlantic. To this end, an analysis of the bibliography on the subject has been made. The viceroyalty policies created to revive the industry have been briefly reconstructed and it has been possible, within this contextualization, to understand the circumstances in which the process was carried out. Multiple sources from the General Archives of the Nation of Mexico have been used to look into an episode of the social history of New Spain. In the course of the research, it has been found that women in the silk industry were not limited to spinning mills, and that they could have greater aspirations. Gertrudis Gutiérrez Estrada’s opposition to the silk spinning guild of Mexico City in 1795, and her triumph in the dispute, showed a circumvention of the restrictions imposed within the silk industry to a particular sex and the implementation of resistance mechanisms that were institutionally —by the Bourbon legislation— and socially —by her family— constructed. It was a paradigmatic case that served to modify, in 1806, all the guild ordinances of the time and it is, at the same time, one of many examples that must be traced in the archives in order to rethink the role of women in the colonial industry.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
Cybersecurity is a growing concern for governments, with the push for universal access to the Internet, the increasing ubiquity of social networks and the growing reliance on digital government service, and given a growing range of threats from foreign powers, terrorists and criminals. These complex issues span all government ministries, their agencies and contractors, plus provincial and municipal government, and require the state to create legal frameworks and agencies to protect data and offer advice to businesses and citizens, plus ensuring a sufficient supply of skilled technicians and engineers. In the case of South Africa, its government responded in 2015 with a National Cybersecurity Policy Framework (NCPF), with implementation led by the Ministry of State Security. The Protection of Personal Information (POPI) Act of 2013 created the Information Regulator to ensure data privacy. The POPI regime is only being implemented slowly and has overly wide exemptions for national security. South Africa lags behind advanced economies in cybersecurity legislation, in government coordination, in engagement with business and citizens, and in the supply of skilled labour. Delays have meant it lacks the experiences obtained in faster moving countries, and the improvements they have made to their policies and, especially, implementation. Parliament has neither pressed the government for faster action nor explored areas where powers might have been taken that infringe human rights.
<p>Obiectul prezentului studiu îl constituie modificările şi completările operate în Codul penal prin Legea nr.60/2016. Acestea vizează: persoana juridică în calitate de subiect al infracţiunii; confiscarea specială; spălarea banilor; actul terorist; finanţarea terorismului; abuzul de putere sau abuzul de serviciu. În procesul analizei, sunt examinate proiectul care se află la baza Legii nr.60/2016, Nota informativă la acest proiect şi alte asemenea acte preparatorii. De asemenea, se face referire la Convenţia privind spălarea, descoperirea, sechestrarea şi confiscarea produselor infracţiunii şi finanţarea terorismului, adoptată la Varşovia la 16.05.2005, precum şi la raportul explicativ la această Convenţie. Scopul prezentului studiu constă în stabilirea efectelor pozitive şi a celor negative ale adoptării modificărilor şi completărilor operate în Codul penal prin Legea nr.60/2016. În rezultatul investigaţiei efectuate se ajunge la concluzia că nu toate amendamentele operate prin legea amintită au tangenţă cu domeniile ce ţin de prevenirea şi combaterea spălării banilor şi a finanţării terorismului. Nu toate aceste amendamente pot asigura armonizarea legislaţiei naţionale penale cu standardele stabilite de Curtea Europeană pentru Drepturile Omului. Unele din aceste amendamente sunt îndoielnice sub aspectul calităţii lor tehnico-legislative şi/sau în ce priveşte aportul lor în planul eficientizării apărării ordinii de drept. Impresia de ansamblu este că nu preocuparea pentru interesul social a constituit scopul principal al adoptării Legii nr.60/2016.</p><p><strong>SOME REMARKS ON THE AMENDMENTS OPERATED TO THE PENAL CODE BY LAW No.60/2016</strong></p><p>The object of this study is formed by the modifications and additions operated to the Penal Code by Law No.60/2016. The content of the respective initiatives addresses the following elements: the legal person as the subject of the offence; special confiscation; money laundering; terrorist act; terrorism financing; abuse of power or abuse of office. Within the analysis phase, there are examined the draft project of the Law No.60/2016, the explanatory note to this project and other such preparatory documents. It is also made reference to the Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime and on the Financing of Terrorism, adopted at Warsaw on 16.05.2005 and to the explanatory report to the convention. The purpose of this study is to establish the positive and negative effects of the adoption of the modifications and additions operated to the Penal Code by Law no.60/2016. As a result of the performed investigation, it is concluded that not all the amendments induced by that law pertains to preventing and combating money laundering and terrorism financing. As well as not all these amendments can assure the harmonization of national penal legislation with the standards set by the European Court of Human Rights. Some of them are questionable in terms of their technical legislative quality and/or their contribution to increase the defense of the rule of law. The overall impression is that the main purpose of the adoption of the Law No.60/2016 was anything but the concern for the social interest.</p>
Since the extension of jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights to
Ukraine, when European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
came into force (11 September 1997; ratified on July 17 of the same year), there are
examples of estimation of norms of Ukrainian legislation in General, and Art. 8,
which is the subject of our consideration, from the point of compliance with the
provisions of the Convention. Unfortunately, the annual practice of the Strasbourg
Court demonstrates the discrepancy of the legislation of Ukraine with the provisions
on protection of rights guaranteed by the Convention itself and the Protocols thereto.
Ukraine is consistently among the top five on amount of applications on the
protection of violated rights to the European Court of Human Rights, taking into the
accountand the fact that object to the appeal against Ukraine could be violations
committed since 11 September 1997. On the contrary, there is consistently low
percentage of enforcement of the European Court Judgments on Ukraine, particularly
in damages. Our work is in grater extent devoted to understanding of the concept of
«family life» within the meaning of Art. 8 of the Convention and its relationship with
the concept of «private life».
Current understanding of the concept of «family life» by the Convention
passed a certain evolutionary way. Not accidentally Art. 8 of the Convention aplies
the term «family» using a multifaceted construction «family life», and of coursr,
considering understanding of «family» in face legal orders. Understanding of the
concept of «family life» constantly goes through expansion due to the influence of
different social processes, from migration to advanced medical technologyies, that
illustrates the application of the principle of effective and dynamic interpretation of
law the Strasbourg court. This principle stipulates the evolutionary interpretation of
Convention norms, transforming Convention into a living instrument that responds to
the changing of present situation and allows to constantly expand guarantees
provided by this document.
In the examples considered in the paper, we note that the interpretation of the
term «family life» primarily carried out by the Court from giving preference to
protecting the interests of children, even if not their rights are violated in fact.