Hasil untuk "Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform"

S. Huntington

Lynnette Hui Xian Ng, Kathleen M. Carley

Societies can become a conspiratorial society where there is a majority of humans that believe, and therefore spread, conspiracy theories. Artificial intelligence gave rise to social media bots that can spread conspiracies in an automated fashion. Currently, organizations combat the spread of conspiracies through manual fact-checking processes and the dissemination of counter-narratives. However, the effects of harnessing the same automation to create useful bots are not well explored. To address this, we create BotSim, an Agent-Based Model of a society in which useful bots are introduced into a small world network. These useful bots are: Info-Correction Bots, which correct bad information into good, and Good Bots, which put out good messaging. The simulated agents interact through generating, consuming and propagating information. Our results show that, left unchecked, Bad Bots can create a conspiratorial society, and this can be mitigated by either Info-Correction Bots or Good Bots; however, Good Bots are more efficient and sustainable than Info-Correction Bots . Proactive good messaging is more resource-effective than reactive information correction. With our observations, we expand the concept of bots as a malicious social media agent towards automated social media agent that can be used for both good and bad purposes. These results have implications for designing communication strategies to maintain a healthy social cyber ecosystem.

Zheng Wei, Yunqi Li, Yucheng He et al.

Social media use has been shown to be associated with low fertility desires. However, we know little about the discourses surrounding childbirth and parenthood that people consume online. We analyze 219,127 comments on 668 short videos related to reproduction and parenthood from Douyin and Tiktok in China, South Korea, and Japan, a region famous for its extremely low fertility level, to examine the topics and sentiment expressed online. BERTopic model is used to assist thematic analysis, and a large language model QWen is applied to label sentiment. We find that comments focus on childrearing costs in all countries, utility of children, particularly in Japan and South Korea, and individualism, primarily in China. Comments from Douyin exhibit the strongest anti-natalist sentiments, while the Japanese and Korean comments are more neutral. Short video characteristics, such as their stances or account type, significantly influence the responses, alongside regional socioeconomic indicators, including GDP, urbanization, and population sex ratio. This work provides one of the first comprehensive analyses of online discourses on family formation via popular algorithm-fed video sharing platforms in regions experiencing low fertility rates, making a valuable contribution to our understanding of the spread of family values online.

Dmitry G Gorin, Svetlana N Fomina, Andrey P Andrunik

The article considers issue of increased attention of society and the state to social health of the youth. The various aspects of social health development and its influence on processes of formation of young person's personality and its civic becoming are examined. The threats to national security related to value orientations and physical and mental health of the youth, actualize research targeted to investigating problems of interdependence of social health and development of civic potential of the youth. The results of theoretical and empirical study of civic potential of students are presented. The model of development of civic potential of students is developed. The integration of social health with all components of the model is demonstrated. The necessity of system of social support of development of social health of students in educational space of University is substantiated. The empirical part of the study included results of sociological survey carried out on the basis of The G. V. Plekhanov Russian Economic University in September-October 2024 (n= 812). The original survey toolkit contained questions reflecting indicators of cognitive, axiological, motivational and praxiological components of civic potential model and social demographic block as well. It is established that social health, permeating all components of model of youth civic potential, affects its effective development. As a result of theoretical and empirical research, original model of implementation of civic potential of the youth in the educational space of University was developed. The specificity of social health in development of civic potential of students was defined.

Agustín Gómez Gómez

Analizamos Julieta (Pedro Almodóvar, 2016) desde su temática etaria. Hay tres personajes mayores: un hombre que se suicida, una ama de llaves y el padre de la protagonista. En paralelo asistimos al envejecimiento de tres personajes, dos que se jubilan y un tercero, la protagonista, que pasa de una juventud extrovertida y alegre a una mujer madura y psicológicamente abatida por la pérdida de su marido y la huida de su hija, hechos de los que se culpabilizará. Con estos presupuestos, Almodóvar establece una serie de contrastes con las edades, rompe algún estereotipo edadista y mantiene algunas de las características de sus personajes. Tenemos en cuenta que se trata de una libre adaptación de tres relatos de Alice Munro.

Stephen Scarano, Vijayalakshmi Vasudevan, Mattia Samory et al.

Social media platforms allow users to create polls to gather public opinion on diverse topics. However, we know little about what such polls are used for and how reliable they are, especially in significant contexts like elections. Focusing on the 2020 presidential elections in the U.S., this study shows that outcomes of election polls on Twitter deviate from election results despite their prevalence. Leveraging demographic inference and statistical analysis, we find that Twitter polls are disproportionately authored by older males and exhibit a large bias towards candidate Donald Trump relative to representative mainstream polls. We investigate potential sources of biased outcomes from the point of view of inauthentic, automated, and counter-normative behavior. Using social media experiments and interviews with poll authors, we identify inconsistencies between public vote counts and those privately visible to poll authors, with the gap potentially attributable to purchased votes. We also find that Twitter accounts participating in election polls are more likely to be bots, and election poll outcomes tend to be more biased, before the election day than after. Finally, we identify instances of polls spreading voter fraud conspiracy theories and estimate that a couple thousand of such polls were posted in 2020. The study discusses the implications of biased election polls in the context of transparency and accountability of social media platforms.

Emily Roberts

Dementia care organizations face a range of daunting environmental changes and challenges. Internationally, there is a long history of efforts to improve quality of care and life for individuals with dementia. In a time of particular attention to the images of older adults confined to a single or shared room in a care facility due to COVID-19, autonomy becomes the overarching problem, not only because in general institutions limit the freedom of frail elders, but because the existential conditions that create the need for long term care such as chronic disease, cognitive decline, and the need for general support with activities of daily living (ADLs) rail against the autonomy of independent self-sufficiency. Additionally, these environments are institutional in design and size, with little access to outdoor spaces and other amenities. This perspective manuscript addresses the ethics of past and future memory care models, looking specifically at the European Dementia Village (DV) model. This model allows for autonomy and continuation of patterns of daily living through housing integrated with exterior walks, gardens, restaurants, and amenities within familiar and normal surroundings. This pioneering health care experiment negotiates rivaling discourses of intimacy, professionalization, and medicalization. In order to get a deeper understanding of the culture and ethics of this integrated care model, the first two dementia village sites were visited which included meetings with care staff and administrators. Those conversations and observations led to a series of aligned themes relating to the ethics of the DV model which include: the strength of the social approach, clinical support, resident/staff collaborations, and advocating for ethical dementia care. Rethinking the ethics of dementia care entails individual perspectives and group discussions on what can keep individuals social connected within their care community, including focusing on strengths of the individual and normalized daily routines.

Hayeong Song, Zhengyang Qi, John Stasko et al.

Social media (i.e., Reddit) users are overloaded with people's opinions when viewing discourses about divisive topics. Traditional user interfaces in such media present those opinions in a linear structure, which can limit users in viewing diverse social opinions at scale. Prior work has recognized this limitation, that the linear structure can reinforce biases, where a certain point of view becomes widespread simply because many viewers seem to believe it. This limitation can make it difficult for users to have a truly conversational mode of mediated discussion. Thus, when designing a user interface for viewing people's opinions, we should consider ways to mitigate selective exposure to information and polarization of opinions. We conducted a needs-finding study with 11 Reddit users, who follow climate change threads and make posts and comments regularly. In the study, we aimed to understand key limitations in people viewing online controversial discourses and to extract design implications to address these problems. Our findings discuss potential future directions to address these problems.

A. Hohlov

Introduction. The article uses a concrete historical example through an anthropological approach to make one of the first attempts in Russian historiography to highlight the problem of the place, role and position of women within the family and intra-church relations of the early XX century. Materials and methods. The analysis of archival material demonstrates a complex system of communication and deep psychological and cultural contradictions in the environment of the provincial parish clergy of the period under review. A woman was assigned a subordinate role in it, while her violation of the traditional order turned into adverseconsequences. Results. The increase in the level of education of women and, as a result, the strengthening of their intellectual, legal and cultural emancipation in the post-reform period, ran into patriarchal attitudes of the church environment. The clash of tradition and innovation resulted in acute interpersonal and intragroup conflicts, during which the parties often annihilated basic ethical rules. It is noteworthy that, acting as an arbiter in the clashes of subordinates, the hierarchy sought to counteract the penetration of cultural and psychological innovations into the Orthodox community. It happened that such protectionism went against the canons and legislation of the church, turning into a violation of the key principles of justice. Nevertheless, thanks to this orientation and practical approaches, the church sought to achieve mental homogeneity of the clergy and internal stability of the system in conditions of external social turbulence. Conclusion. The author comes to the conclusion that the church society was a closed system with a very peculiar matrix of norms and rules, hanging in a stable disequilibrium between traditionalism and post-reform modernism. The church, which was based on a patriarchal way of life, was not ready for the correction of gender roles in the conditions of innovative changes, even where this did not pose a direct threat to its cultural tradition.

Gülşen Ulukaya

In this research, administrative reforms implemented after the Tanzimat across the Ottoman Empire is studied by taking as a sample the reform practices made through the city of Malatya.  With the declaration of the Tanzimat Edict on November 3, 1839, the Ottoman Empire made some reforms in many state institutions and organizations in accordance with the exigencies of the modern era. The starting of implementing the articles in the Tanzimat Edict throughout the country was accepted as the initial basis for modernization in state administration. However; by taking into account the conditions of the Empire, the financial, administrative, and military reforms envisaged by the Tanzimat were not implemented all at once. These reforms were first initiated in nearby states in which the government has absolute control and on where in case of any problem, can be intervened in a short time. After the success in those states, reforms are started to implement in other states. This study is important in terms of analyzing the administrative reforms of the provincial organizations adopted by the Ottoman Empire after the Tanzimat Edict. In the period between the years 1845-1883, when the reform program was carried out, official instructions were published as a requirement of the new regulations, and new governors were appointed to the cities. In the states where the aimed success was not achieved, other new regulations have been adopted. It has been determined that Malatya was subject to various administrative applications from when it was included in the Tanzimat implementation program until 1883, when the work was terminated. It is known that the Tanzimat was not applied all at once throughout the country and was applied in a certain order in the states. By establishing the Sancak Meclisi, Malatya, one of the Sancaks of the Diyarbakır State, was also included in the Tanzimat on April 15, 1845. In the following process, as a result of the continuation of the innovations brought by the Tanzimat, Harput was included in the Tanzimat and Malatya, due to its border between Diyarbakır and Harput, was connected in 1846 to the Harput State as a “county”. After the Provincial Regulations put into effect in 1867, new administrative arrangements made throughout the country, and Malatya was once again elevated to the status of “sancak” in 1869, being connected to the Diyarbakır Province. This new organizational structure continued until 1883. In this article, the reforms that were aimed to be achieved in the administrative field with the Tanzimat were implemented in Malatya, and acquired results will be observed for the period of study and will be evaluated if the Ottoman Empire achieved the success it aimed in the reform practices in the administrative field after the Tanzimat. Our research was carried out on the methods followed by Ottoman historians. Archival documents related to the subject were examined, and the information in the “Salnames” of the period was analyzed. In the light of new information belonging to this period, the administrative structure of Malatya was tried to be illuminated. In this study, it has been seen that the Ottoman Empire managed to reach the people, and the people participated in the government with the newly adopted administrative structure after the Tanzimat Edict. The fact that different new regulations had to be put into action one after another showed that the desired success in reform efforts could not be achieved. In addition, new boundaries were drawn as a requirement of reform practices during the period, and the list of managers working in Malatya were determined. * This paper is derived from Inonu University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of History, a Ph.D. dissertation entitled "Malatya in the Second Half of the 19th Century (1839-1900)", prepared under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Mehmet Karagöz.

S. A. Bakunts

The article deals with the issues of communication between doctors and nurses. Attention is paid to the obstacles which affect effective communication between doctors and nurses, which include the increase of the workload, the constant change of staff, the use of high-tech terminology, the previous negative experience of communication between nurses and doctors, etc. Recommendations for improving communication in a medical team are given. It is emphasized that the factors contributing to effective communication between hospitals and organizations providing primary health care are multidisciplinary medical care plans drawn up in cooperation with patients and caregivers

Camila Neves Guzmán, Mario Valdés Urrutia

Este trabajo plantea que las revistas montoneras representaron el golpe de Estado chileno como una coyuntura sangrienta que dejó una lección política y le otorgó trascendencia a la muerte de Allende. A partir del análisis de El Descamisado, El Peronista lucha por la liberación, La Causa Peronista y Evita Montonera, se infiere que la figura de Allende fue representada como un combatiente heroico que sacrificó su vida por la causa solidaria latinoamericana. Asimismo, la experiencia chilena adquirió una lectura asimilada a la experiencia dictatorial argentina que percibió a la “vía chilena al socialismo” como un contramodelo.

Berit Ebert

Rechtsstaatlichkeit und gender equality sind in der Europäischen Union (EU) in Artikel 2 des Vertrages von Lissabon (EUV) als Grundwerte der Union verankert. Jüngst wurde die Auszahlung von EU-Mitteln in der Richtlinie 2020/2092 an die Einhaltung der Rechtsstaatlichkeit gekoppelt. Im Rahmen der umstrittenen Justizreform in Polen leitete die Europäische Kommission zudem erstmalig ein Rechtsstaatlichkeitsverfahren nach Artikel 7 EUV ein, um die Werte der EU zu schützen. Doch das darin gewährte Gleichstellungsgebot stößt an seine Grenzen, wo Kompetenzen zwischen den Mitgliedstaaten und der Union aufgeteilt sind und der Zugang zur Politikgestaltung betroffen ist. Letzterer ist für die stetige Neudefinition von Geschlecht von Bedeutung. Dies wird am Beispiel des Gender-Quality-Aktivismus und der aktuellen Justizreform in Polen deutlich. Die in diesem Zusammenhang erfolgten Entscheidungen des Gerichtshofes der EU können nur punktuell eingreifen, sind jedoch kein Garant für eine nachhaltige politische und gesellschaftliche Berücksichtigung von gender equality.

BJ Lillis

Sören Pirk, Edward Lee, Xuesu Xiao et al.

Enabling socially acceptable behavior for situated agents is a major goal of recent robotics research. Robots should not only operate safely around humans, but also abide by complex social norms. A key challenge for developing socially-compliant policies is measuring the quality of their behavior. Social behavior is enormously complex, making it difficult to create reliable metrics to gauge the performance of algorithms. In this paper, we propose a protocol for social navigation benchmarking that defines a set of canonical social navigation scenarios and an in-situ metric for evaluating performance on these scenarios using questionnaires. Our experiments show this protocol is realistic, scalable, and repeatable across runs and physical spaces. Our protocol can be replicated verbatim or it can be used to define a social navigation benchmark for novel scenarios. Our goal is to introduce a protocol for benchmarking social scenarios that is homogeneous and comparable.

Azizan H Morshidi, Kee Y. Sabariah Kee Mohd Yussof, Jalihah Md Shah

The pandemic catastrophe caused by covid-19 poses unprecedented problems and has farreaching ramifications for how people working life. Digital technologies have been critical in preserving corporate continuity since lockdown tactics drove employees worldwide to telework, frequently leaving them ill-equipped and unprepared. Thus, labour union members as active employees have been forced to adapt to changing work conditions and practices, as articulated in the Theory of Work Adjustment (TWA). This article suggests that gender may be used to moderate the impacts of trade union support and professional isolation on labour union members' telework adjustment during the COVID-19 pandemic. This conceptual paper posits that telework adjustment may be researched by utilising a local union sample. Additionally, this article serves as a conceptual framework for future study by drawing on theoretical and empirical findings from essential works in adjacent domains. Keyword: Telework Adjustment, Union, COVID-19, Professional Isolation, Gender Introduction COVID-19's pandemic disaster offers significant health and socio-economic concerns and has far-reaching implications on how people live and work across the world. Throughout this volatile time, digital technologies have been crucial in maintaining social relationships between family units and communities and guaranteeing organisational continuity (Fana, et. al., 2020). From the employee viewpoint, governments' introduction of lockdown measures coupled with an abrupt and sudden move to teleworking frequently putting workers not ready and vulnerable to cope with sensitive family/home situations. Employees have been compelled to respond and adjust to changing work environments and practices, as defined in the TWA (Dawis, et. al., 2000). Prior to the covid-19 pandemic crisis, an organization's capacity to sustain business operations and guarantee business continuity was highly dependent on its workers' capacity to migrate from conventional to more virtual work modes successfully. Adjustment to changing work environments entails adjusting to new environmental demands due to changes in the work is organised and the nature of human relationships. By June 2021, despite hints of progress, and given the gradual easing of lockdown limits in some countries, teleworking is a still daily reality for the most of the workers, as authorities have advocated International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 1 1 , No. 8, 2021, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2021 HRMARS 219 businesses to continue remote-working wherever practicable and for an indefinite duration (Carillo, et. al., 2020). There is no doubt that the COVID-19 pandemic has left an indelible mark that altered how employees work, reshaped employer-employee relationships, and reaffirmed the crucial importance of information and communication technologies in work practices. The reshaped employee-employer relationship has created a significant avenue for a labour union to play a significant role in the work design aspect, particularly the telework adjustment. In this pandemic environment, finding and understanding what factors influence union members' ability to "adapt" would aid in the establishment of telework solutions (Agba, et. al., 2021). The effective, practical, and empathetic solutions, not just during the current COVID-19 pandemic and the post-lockdown phase, it may also benefit in the event of a new epidemic possibility (Belzunegui-Eraso and Erro-Garcés, 2020; Wang, et al., 2020). By drawing on the TWA, this paper takes an individual adjustment viewpoint on labour union members (Dawis & Lofquist, 1984). The research identified an apparent theoretical gap in the prior research concerning telework adjustment. The theory on telework adjustment is relatively new, and the current studies bear the fruit of this theoretical gap. The TWA has received less attention in the labour union sphere, notably (Allen, et. al., 2021; Chang, et. al., 2021; Carillo, et. al., 2020). This theoretical gap provides an opportunity for future exploration by attempting to address the following research question: What factors affect labour union members' telework adjustment during the COVID-19 pandemic? Furthermore, previous theoretical models need to embrace contemporary research in telework adjustment among labour union members during the pandemic to provide a more robust theoretical basis for studies. Also, based on the review of the prior studies, there is a population gap. Some of this sub-population has been under-researched. The telework adjustment appears to be essential and worthy of investigation in the context of labour union members during the COVID-19 pandemic (Benavides, et. al., 2021; Buomprisco, et. al., 2021; Sládek and Sigmund, 2021). Hence, in this paper, the terms employee and labour union members will be used interchangeably. Telework adjustment during COVID-19 has become a concern because of its operational nature. Rodinova, et. al (2021) iterate that in comparison to telework conducted in a typical setting pre-COVID-19, telework triggered by an epidemic possesses intrinsic characteristics. Telework's purported flexibility of location and working hours is no longer permitted in the COVID-19 environment. Home confinement is enforced, teleworking is made compulsory on a full-time basis, and teleworkers frequently face aggravated professional and personal time management concerns (Raghuram, et.al., 2019). Telework generated by a crisis has unique work environment characteristics due to its execution and the crisis setting in which teleworkers operate (Carillo, et. al., 2020). Work adjustment has a lengthy history in the realm of human resource management. Raghuram et al (2001) conceptualised and operationalised virtual work adjustment in the shift from conventional to virtual ways of work. They evaluated this idea by looking at crucial employee adaptability indicators to new work shifts, and they see adaptation to virtual labour as an encompassing criterion of flexibility that most accurately represents people's ability to respond to external stressors. They advocate for conducting telework adjustment research with data from multiple groups, which may include labour union members and in compulsory telework settings that is more relevant for telework adjustment, as experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic in a developing country such as Malaysia (Azizan, et. al., 2021; Ma, et. al., 2019). International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 1 1 , No. 8, 2021, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2021 HRMARS 220 Literature and Hypothesis Development Telework Adjustment This study takes a work adjustment approach to examine how workers respond to the changes in the working environment caused by the events in the Covid-19 pandemic that have compelled them to work virtually. Following TWA, the lockdown and following telework surge look like a radical change in the working environment that has changed the interaction between the employee and the environment, leading people to adapt to this challenging scenario. The concepts presented below have conceptual roots in the TWA (Dawis & Lofquist, 1984) and respond to the Corillo et al. (2020), focussing on the organisational and job variables and individual variables affecting subsequent telework adjustment. More specifically, the researchers define mandatory telework adjustment in the course of the COVID 19 pandemic in line with Raghuram et al. (2001) to be the level of adaption of employees to new environmental demands in the emerging setting of a worldwide epidemic crisis (Corillo, et. al., 2020; Caranto, et. al., 2020; Lott, et. al., 2020). Perceived Labour Union Support Even though labour unions do not provide direct technical or operational support in teleworking during the pandemic, the unions have the bargaining power to demand a more humane teleworking arrangement. Also, labour unions can demand special Internet datarelated allowances, continuous training, and technical support from their employers. External efforts in the form of perceived labour union support for change might serve the same function in addition to internal attempts to manage a new situation. In the context of our study, perceived labour union aid for change is defined as perceived facilitation by the union to facilitate the adaptation of the labour union members to new teleworking-related changes. Changing to a new method of working with a new system calls for direction and appropriate learning resources. Enabling change through mechanisms like training and the provision of resources might impact union members' response to new changes in digital technology. With increased support for change for the perceived work union, users might respond less adversely and generate less opposition towards installing a new teleworking system (Ma, et. al., 2019; Berg, et. al., 2014). Just as technology management assistance enhances the simplicity of the technology's use, perceived support from the labour union for changes in training and resources might minimise the perceived difficulty of adjusting to the pandemic-induced teleworking arrangement. More excellent organisational support for change might lessen the time and effort that members need to transition to learn the new functioning method. Therefore, union support for change might indirectly reduce customer resistance by reducing the impression of the switching costs, separate from its direct influence (Chang, et. al., 2021). Professional Isolation Professional isolation is a mental condition or an idea that someone is out of touch at work (Kim, et. al., 2021; Bérastégui, 2021; Bilotta, et. al., 2021). The fundamental effort and need to feel connected to society at work has been suppressed. Although not all teleworking workers report being professionally isolated, research may show that they frequently lack "social barometers" with which to relate t

Sumah V. Confer, J. Diller, J. Danforth

In recent years, there has been an increase in outbreaks of diseases that are preventable by vaccination. As vaccination involves behavior, behavior analysts are uniquely positioned to contribute solutions to this socially significant problem. The present article explores a behavior-analytic approach to understanding the function of the behavior of both people who have their children vaccinated and those who do not have their children vaccinated, and potential interventions to increase vaccination rates. An introduction to the problem is followed by a brief history of the antivaccination movement. In our analysis, a failure to vaccinate is conceptualized as a noncompliance response (i.e., medical nonadherence), and conditions giving rise to that noncompliance are evaluated. In this process, the roles of avoidance, the functional-altering impact of rule-governed behavior, relational frames, and countercontrol are considered. Potential solutions informed by applied behavior-analytic literature, including contingency management and behavioral safety, are discussed.

MS Reilly Kincaid, MS Marissa Rurka, PhD J. Jill Suitor et al.

OBJECTIVES Past research suggests that adult children who reform their deviant behaviors (i.e., problems with drugs/alcohol or the law) are more likely to become favored by their mothers, yet the reasons underlying this phenomenon are unclear. This study employs a longitudinal, qualitative approach to explore why adult children's behavioral reforms shape changes in maternal favoritism. METHODS Analyses are based on qualitative interview data collected at two points seven years apart from older mothers regarding their adult children in 20 families. Each of these families had a "prodigal child"-a child for whom desistance from deviant behaviors between the two waves was accompanied by newfound maternal favoritism. RESULTS Findings revealed two conditions under which mothers came to favor reformed deviants over their siblings. First, this occurred when adult children's behavioral reformations were accompanied by mothers' perceptions of these children as having grown more family-oriented. Second, this occurred when mothers came to see reformed deviants as exhibiting a stronger need and appreciation for maternal support, relative to their siblings. DISCUSSION Mothers' perceptions of children's behavioral reformations as being accompanied by greater dedication to family or reflecting a need for their mothers' support offer two explanations for why previously deviant adult children may become mothers' favored offspring. These findings contribute to a growing body of scholarship on the complexity of intergenerational relations by shedding new light on changing patterns of favoritism in families with a history of parental disappointment, conflict, and strain.

Hugo Silveira Pereira

In the second half of the nineteenth century, Portugal undertook in its mainland and colonial territories an ambitious modernising programme based on technoscientific grounds. From the late 1870s onwards, such programme was widely advertised in Occidente, the most important illustrated journal of the time that published several drawings of original photographs. In this paper, I will analyse the imagery based on authentic photography related to technoscientific activities in Portugal and its colonies, using a methodology that combines semiotics with photojournalistic analysis. I claim that Occidente, by publishing drawings of photos, was crucial to create an image of Portugal as a modern, technoscientific, and imperial nation, before the development of halftone printing and photojournalism.

Marcus Vinicius de Souza Nunes

Nesta pesquisa apresentamos algumas características teológicas e rituais próprias do Batuque, uma religião afro-brasileira típica do sul do Brasil, motivo pelo qual também é referido como Batuque afro-sul. Colocamos esta tradição em perspectiva, olhando-a no contraste com outras tradições religiosas afro-brasileiras, bem como introduzimos a sua característica teológica mais própria, chamada segredo de Orixá, dando seu conceito, sua finalidade ritual e as possíveis origens desta tradição peculiar ao Batuque.