The homestay industry, an essential component of rural tourism, plays a crucial role in promoting the rural industries and realizing rural revitalization strategies. Female homestay owners, as important participants in this industry, have driven the development of rural tourism and the homestay sector and benefited from it. Therefore, further research is necessary to explore how female homestay owners leverage their feminine traits to become rural tourism elites, thus becoming a significant force in developing and revitalizing rural homestays. This study considerd 30 female homestay owners in Guangdong Province as research subjects, combines the four core principles of life course theory, and employs interviews and thematic analysis to explore the bidirectional interaction mechanism between the growth of female homestay owners and the development of rural homestays. This study divides the driving forces of female homestay owner growth into personal agency, accumulation of past resources, socio-historical conditions, and social relationship networks, thereby analyzing the growth path of female homestay owners. The results indicate that female homestay owners are key in promoting rural tourism development. Under certain socio-historical conditions, they actively exercise personal agency; integrate accumulated resources with family, social, and governmental relationship networks; obtain elite status; respond to rural development needs at different stages; and contribute to developing rural tourism and the homestay industry while achieving personal growth. In the exploration phase, they rely on developing rural tourism, seizing opportunities using social relationship networks, promoting the number of homestays, improving rural living environments, and responding actively to rural homestay development needs. In the foundation-building phase, they use accumulated resources and business experience to weave social relationship networks, drive outstanding homestay practitioners, and meet the need for standardization and branding in rural homestays. In the formation phase, they return to rural tourism, shape social images, pursue social recognition, address homestay clustering and branding issues, and promote exemplary development in the rural homestay industry. The feminine traits of female homestay owners play a vital role in this process; they use traits such as affinity, delicacy, and sensitivity to enhance homestays' competitiveness and customer satisfaction, create a warm accommodation environment, and keenly capture market changes. The traditional role of women in family structures influences homestay owners' career choices. They achieved economic independence through homestay businesses, enhanced their say in the family, and supported their families. In terms of care ethics, they focus on women's development, improving the employment situation of rural women, offering training and support, promoting economic independence and self-development of rural women, and contributing to rural revitalization. This study, from the perspective of integrating micro-individuals with macro-society, provides a reference for clarifying the formation and evolution mechanism of the positive interaction between local elites and local development, offers a new perspective for understanding the role of female homestay owners in rural revitalization, and provides a rich set of empirical data and a theoretical framework for future research.
Alejandro Pacheco-Reyes, Juliana Saucedo-Velázquez, Geydy Luz Gutiérrez-Urueta
et al.
More efficient systems and renewable energies are determinants of reducing the negative impact on the environment. A novel cogeneration system is modeled for the simultaneous production of power and cooling driven by geothermal energy utilizing an ammonia–water mixture. The system can be used in rural communities by using renewable energies or in industries where waste heat is available. The system is a modification of a Goswami cycle in which a separator has been added to produce an extra amount of ammonia vapor to increase the cooling effect. Energy and exergy analyses are conducted as a function of the main operating temperatures. From the optimization, it is found that the maximum energy utilization factor is 0.54, and the exergy efficiency is 0.37, producing 81.45 kW of power and 1068 kW of cooling. A case study is also conducted for a rural community located in the estate of Jalisco, México. The proposed system is capable of preserving 3750 L of milk/day while simultaneously producing 12.53 kW of power when 230.6 kW of geothermal energy is supplied at 120 °C.
Institutional environment is the most fundamental soil for the survival and development of industries, and the synergistic effect of institutional environment factors can help the development of rural industries. The article uses the marketization index related data of 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government) in China in the year of 2019, and adopts the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis method (fsQCA) to explore the path of institutional environment driving rural industrial development from the perspective of configuration. The results of the study show that: (1) One single institutional environment factor is not a necessary condition for generating high efficiency of rural industries. (2) The development of rural industries is influenced by multiple institutional environment factors, which are “multiple and concurrent” to form diverse groupings, that is, to promote the development of rural industries in the way of “different paths to the same destination.” (3) There are two types of institutional environment groupings that can enhance the efficiency of rural industries: legal environment-driven type and product market-driven type. The significance of this study is that analyzes the impact of the interaction of various institutional environment factors on rural industrial development, enriches the research on rural industrial development, and reveals the complex causal mechanism of the institutional environment in promoting rural industrial development.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Social Sciences
Collins Amponsah Asiamah, Sara de las Heras-Saldana, Sosthene Musigwa
et al.
Protein is an essential component of poultry diets and directly influences growth performance, profitability, and the environment. While the relationship between animal performance and nutrient intake is modulated by gene expression, the transcriptomic mechanisms underlying broiler adaptation to varying dietary protein levels remain underexplored. This research investigated the liver transcriptomic response of broiler chickens fed a reduced crude protein (RCP) diet, aiming to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and metabolic pathways that may underlie protein metabolism and growth. A total of 256 as-hatched Cobb 500 broilers were fed standard starter and grower diets. At the finisher stage (days 19-28), birds were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: normal crude protein (NCP) or RCP diets, with eight replicates per treatment and 16 birds per replicate. The performance results showed no significant difference in weight gain or feed intake between the groups, but the feed conversion ratio was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in RCP-fed birds. Notably, protein utilization efficiency was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in RCP-fed birds than in NCP-fed birds. Transcriptomic analysis of NCP vs RCP revealed 28 DEGs with 9 upregulated and 19 downregulated, including ACSL6, ME1, IGFBP2, HSD3B1, HAO2, MYO1A, and PNPLA3. Functional enrichment analysis revealed significant involvement of DEGs (P < 0.05) in the PPAR signaling pathway and a tendency toward enrichment in the metabolic pathway (P = 0.053). These findings suggest that metabolic adaptations, supported by the DEGs and increased protein utilization, likely enabled RCP-fed birds to perform comparably to those fed the NCP diet. These insights reveal potential transcriptomic markers for optimizing reduced-protein diets in broiler production, aligning the industry goals of balancing productivity with sustainability.
Ardy Wibowo, Defia Ifsantin Maula, Dani Fikri Setiawan
et al.
Introduction: The growth of rural entrepreneurship significantly impacts economic growth and the well-being of rural communities. Background Problem: Innovation is crucial for entrepreneurs' success, with rural government playing a pivotal role in rural societies. Novelty: This study overviews the role of rural government in fostering entrepreneurial innovation, focusing on inter-organizational collaboration and the village head's leadership style. Research Method: Employing a quantitative survey methodology, the study undertook direct surveys of 300 rural micro- and small-scale entrepreneurs from diverse industries in Indonesia. A simple random sampling technique was used to ensure a representative sample of the population. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling—Partial Least Squares. Findings: The analysis reveals that rural government cooperation and transformative leadership positively influence entrepreneurs' perceptions of organizational support. In turn, perceived organizational support significantly impacts the desire for knowledge sharing and innovation capability enhancement. This study diverges from previous research by examining the mediating roles of knowledge sharing and perceived organizational support in innovation capability enhancement. It confirms that perceived organizational support is a vital mediator in the relationship between government cooperation intensity, transformational leadership, and innovation capability. Conclusions: The findings underscore the need for rural governments to practice effective cooperation and leadership and provide consistent support. Such strategies facilitate a supportive environment that fosters knowledge sharing and significantly boosts rural entrepreneurs' innovation capabilities.
Modern agro-industrial complex should combine both the most modern digital and innovative developments and traditional, time-tested agricultural technologies. It is an indisputable fact that without a labor force - people who are ready to work in rural areas, there will be no development of the agro-industrial complex. In 2021, the rural population in Russia decreased by 3.5% compared to 2015, while the working-age population in rural areas decreased by 4.6% over the same period. At the same time, the demand and consumption of agricultural products remains extremely high, so in 2021, compared to 2015, the consumption of meat and meat products in the Russian Federation increased by 6.8%, fruits and berries by 5.0%, milk by 3,4%, eggs by 2.9%, vegetables and melons by 2.0%. The relevance of the topic is confirmed by a set of measures developed by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, which are aimed at improving the living standards of rural citizens and combating the so-called “village crisis”. For these purposes, on May 31, 2019, the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 696 approved the program “Integrated Development of Rural Territories”. It implies not only the preservation of the rural population and the improvement of the life of rural citizens, but also the increase in the efficiency of traditional agriculture and the development of modern industries in rural areas.Purpose of the study. In the context of sanctions pressure and unpredictable consequences for the Russian economy, the state and domestic agrarians should take special responsibility for the stability of the agro-industrial sector. In this regard, it is necessary to prevent possible risks for the industry at an early stage and assess the possibilities for its development in the regional context. The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of the development of rural areas on the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation. It is necessary to determine the differentiation of Russian regions in terms of the level of development of rural areas and assess the impact of their development on the agro-industrial complex.Materials and methods. The source of data for the study is data from the Russian Population Census (2010 and 2020), the Agricultural Micro-Census 2021, and Sample Survey of the Labor Force for 2010-2021. These data allow us to draw conclusions about the state of rural areas, the level of their development and determine the potential of the agro-industrial complex of the region. In addition, the paper differentiates the regions of Russia, using the method of hierarchical clustering, according to the level of development of rural areas with a linkage to the development of the agro-industrial complex of the region.Results. The results obtained based on the data of the Russian Population Census 2020 on the share of rural settlements with a population of less than 10 people indicate that in the European territory of Russia the share of “extinct” rural settlements becomes maximum closer to the north. With a shift to the South, their share is significantly reduced. The most densely populated rural areas should be considered: the Republic of Crimea (2.6%), the Stavropol Territory (3.0%), the Republic of Dagestan (4.5%), the Krasnodar Territory (4.6%), the Chechen Republic (8.1%) and the Rostov region (8.3%). The share of the working-age population in rural areas, employed in agriculture is systematically decreasing from year to year and in 2021, according to the Survey of the Labor Force, it reached 17.3%. The largest share of the working-age population in rural areas, employed in agriculture is noted in the Chechen Republic (35.1%), Tambov (35.0%), Belgorod (29.7%), Kirov (29.7%) and Saratov regions (29,1%).The growth rate of agricultural products in 2021 in 2010 prices, compared to 2010, amounted to 56.8%. At the same time, livestock production is growing much faster, surpassing the growth rate of crop production. In 2021, livestock production in 2010 prices increased by 105.0%, compared to 2010, the increase in crop production over the same period was only 18.4%.Cluster analysis divided 85 regions of Russia into 6 clusters, in accordance with their level of development of rural areas (the share of rural settlements with a population of less than 10 people; the share of the working-age population in rural areas, employed in agriculture) and the level of development of the agro-industrial complex (the share of agricultural land in the total area of the territory of the subject; the growth rate of agricultural products in 2021 in prices of 2010, in% of 2010). In the course of the analysis, regions were identified as leaders in the industry and regions with certain problems, the elimination of which will enable the growth of the agro-industrial complex.Conclusion. The paper pays special attention to the development of rural areas; the author considers the regions of Russia with a share of rural settlements with a population of less than 10 people as “endangered” settlements. Such villages can no longer develop agriculture and be points of growth for the agro-industrial complex in the region. Particular attention is paid to the share of the workingage population in rural areas, employed in agriculture, since these people are now the basis of agriculture and their work contributes to the development of the industry. The state of the agro-industrial complex in the region is assessed using the share of agricultural land in the total area of the territory of the subject and the growth rate of agricultural products. These indexes reflect the demand for the agricultural industry in the region; show the importance of the industry and the prospects for its development.Based on these indexes, the cluster analysis of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation identified six groups of regions with similar vectors for the development of the agro-industrial complex. The first cluster included the most stable regions in the agricultural sector, with a high proportion of the working-age population in rural areas, employed in agriculture, a large share of agricultural land and a high growth rate of agricultural products. The second cluster was filled with extremely low potential for the development of the agro-industrial complex - the regions of Siberia, the European North and the Far East. The third cluster contains regions with the greatest potential for the development of the agro-industrial complex. The fourth cluster includes regions in which there is a “stagnation” in the agricultural sector. The regions of the fifth cluster need to increase the workingage population, ready to engage in agriculture, in which case they are provided with a significant increase in agricultural production. The sixth cluster consists of industry leaders; however, they should develop the industry by attracting more people to agriculture, as well as expanding farmland areas.
Md. Anisur Rahman Mazumder, Worawan Panpipat, Manat Chaijan
et al.
Meat is typically considered as a significant source of high-quality protein along with other nutritional advantages and sensory characteristics. However, production and consumption of meat have been linked to human health issues such as an increased risk of zoonoses, chronic illness, and air pollution-related health issues. Plant proteins (PP) may replace meat to generate carbon efficient meat analogs (MA) products that are both nutritionally and structurally comparable to meat. Food scientists are currently investigating alternative PP raw materials including pulses to prepare MAs because of their high nutritional content, including essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, as well as their low-calorie count. MAs such as emulsion type sausages, burgers and patties and steak-like meats, which are prepared using extrusion, shear cell technology, and freeze structuring are available in the markets. However, scientists are still working on bioavailability and consumer acceptance of MAs despite having high fiber and less or no cholesterol. This review discusses different sources of PP, types of MAs available in the market, the effect of different PP on the structure and quality of MAs, nutritional aspects, and challenges, bioavailability, and consumer acceptance of MAs.
Nutrition. Foods and food supply, Food processing and manufacture
With the acceleration of urbanization and industrialization, the migration of rural labor force has led to the decline of rural industries and communities. As one important way to adjust the rural industrial structure and revitalize rural culture, rural tourism has developed through the rural revitalization strategy and the leisure tourism transformation. In this context, with the use of idle housing resources, homestay inns are meeting consumers' increasing demand for leisure, while also improving facility capability regarding rural tourism, maintaining local landscape, and becoming an important industry for rural tourism. Thus, we took southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang, which have strong economic power and close regional cooperation, as examples, and used the location retrieval service in the Baidu Map API to obtain information on homestay inns. Then, we analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics of homestay inns with the help of ArcGIS, and Geodetector was used to further analyze the influencing factors leading to the spatial differentiation of homestay inns. The main conclusions are summarized as follows: (1) Homestay inns in southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang are both clustered in terms of spatial distribution, and tend to be distributed in areas with low terrain and water systems around tourism resources and traffic roads. (2) Homestay inns in southern Jiangsu have differences in the degree of agglomeration among cities, showing "a lumpy distribution of four core and secondary centers," while the spatial agglomeration of homestay inns in northern Zhejiang is balanced and has a wide range of contiguous areas, with a gradient distribution in the west, east, and middle. (3) Consumption level, market conditions, and traffic capacity are important common factors affecting the distribution of homestay inns. Interactions between any two factors enhances the explanatory power of the spatial differentiation, which proves that the unique distribution phenomenon of homestay inns is formed under the interaction of multiple influencing factors. (4) Homestay inns in northern Zhejiang are weakly affected by objective factors. In addition, the spatial distribution of homestay inns along a lake or river is a distinguishing characteristic between southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang. Homestay inns in southern Jiangsu are usually close to scenic spots, while homestay inns in northern Zhejiang are less dependent on tourism resources. Overall, the study aims to provide a reference for factors suitable for homestay inn operation and those to be improved, and to promote the transformation and rational layout of the homestay industry. The study is of practical significance to the distribution planning of homestay inns in areas with higher economic development, and it also summarizes the distribution characteristics of typical clusters of homestay inns.
Agro-tourism integration is a breakthrough to flourish rural industries and fulfill rural revitalization. Also, agricultural eco-efficiency and agro-tourism integration are closely linked, so investigating the relationship between the two is significant for realizing high-quality agro-ecological development in China. However, existing studies have ignored the impact of agro-tourism integration on agricultural eco-efficiency. For this purpose, using a dataset of 30 provincial administrative regions in China from 2001 to 2019, this paper employs the Entropy weight approach and super efficient Slack-Based Measure (SBM`) approach to measure the agro-tourism integration level and agricultural eco-efficiency, respectively. The system Generalized Method of Moments (SYS-GMM) approach is applied to investigate the effect of agro-tourism integration on agricultural eco-efficiency. The statistical results reveal that agro-tourism integration significantly contributes to agricultural eco-efficiency, which remains valid after the robustness checks are executed. There is also significant path-dependence of agro-tourism integration. Finally, agro-tourism integration significantly contributes to agricultural eco-efficiency in the eastern region, while it significantly inhibits agricultural eco-efficiency in the central-western region. Our findings suggest that policymakers not only reinforced the deep integration of agriculture and tourism to stimulate the overall rural revitalization, but also formulated agro-tourism integration policies in a differentiated and green manner to contribute to agricultural eco-efficiency growth.
Because e-commerce is based on the Internet, it has the advantages of fast response speed and strong promotion ability, which potentially mitigates the problems of low popularity and unreasonable industrial structure in the development of rural industries. This paper integrates Internet technology, studies in detail the functional process of rural industries integrating the Internet, and establishes the corresponding platform. Then, it analyzes the problems of rural industrial integration of the Internet to achieve rural revitalization and applies this rural industrial integration of the Internet revitalization platform to the rural development of different cities. By studying the difficulties in rural industry among cities, this paper compares and analyzes the optimization measures of this path and puts forward the corresponding solutions. In short, this paper integrates rural industry with Internet technology, which greatly improves the popularity of rural industry, optimizes the rural industrial structure, and provides ideas and experimental support for the realization of rural revitalization.
The Cameroon rural western highlands, like most of the developing countries, undergoes a lack of electrical energy supply to make easier the lightning and the supply of tiny industries. During the last decades, the future of the technologies of renewable energies (Micro-hydroelectric power plant, photovoltaic panels, and micro wind tribune) is remarkable in the region. From this report, this study aims at analysing the installed capacities of those emerging technologies in order to determine the approbations degree of the local community and their influence on the sustainable development of the region. The primary and secondary data are obtained by the method of hypothec-deductive and mainly by snowball method, enabled us to evaluate three main types of renewable energy technologies in the region. The micro-hydroelectric power plants are the most important in terms of installed capacities. They are evaluated to 4936.7 KW (including the capacities of the colonial periods), an increase of 423.7 KW compared to 2014. The photovoltaic panels, which are the most prodigious one, are evaluated to 1070.362 KW, an increase of 936,47KWc. The micro wind turbines, which partially exist, are evaluated to 24.850 KW, an increase of 15.45KW. The analysis of the spatialization of these emerging technologies in this region shows a spatial and temporal growth of these technologies that testifies to their appropriation in the Western highlands of Cameroon.
Human societies are considered as a part of ecosystems. The interaction between human societies and ecosystems has consequences for them. Desert ecosystem is one of the common ecosystems in arid regions of Iran. In desert, phenomena such as drought affect the lives of human societies. The present study analyzes the effect of hydrological drought on resilience of human communities in Yazd province. Hydrological drought was studied based on river flow index and resilience of human communities using economic, social and environmental criteria by using principal component analysis method. The factor was calculated based on the values of the rotated matrix and the eigenvector values. Multiple linear regression analysis of drought effects on factors was investigated. Analysis of the relationship between drought and resilience indicates a significant relationship between them. The most affected sectors by drought were economic, social and environmental, respectively. The most important economic losses were the variables of employment share in services and industry sectors, rural income and cost, irrigated agriculture, area under cultivation, urban cost, participatory economy rate. The overall results of combining the drought index with socio-economic and environmental indicators indicate an increase in vulnerability and a decrease in the resilience of human societies due to drought. Lifestyle and direct dependence on ecosystem resources should be reconsidered. In other words, generating processing, conversion and complementary industries, extends the chain of drought dependence and exploitation to reduce drought fluctuations. Diversifying the use of ecosystem services and replacing them in times of drought events can increase the resiliency of human societies.
Chrysl Avegeil Vallejo, Cleofe Torres, Cleofe Torres
et al.
This paper aimed to explain how rice farmers in Sto. Domingo, Nueva Ecija, Philippines managed to properly appropriate flatbed dryers. It also sought to describe the modes of appropriation offlatbed dryers: adoption, adaptation, and peer/group learning. Data were gathered through a survey among 131 rice farmers and key informant interviews. Findings revealed that the rice farmers experimented and modified the features of flatbed dryers to better adapt the technology to their needs. The rice farmers have encountered problems in using the technology but have managed to employ adaptation strategies to address these problems which resulted to peer/group learning among them.
G. Simanungkalit, R.S. Hegarty, F.C. Cowley
et al.
Automated weighing systems to monitor BW and supplement intake (SI) of individual grazing cattle are being developed to better understand the seasonal nutrition and performance of grazing livestock. This study established (1) the accuracy and repeatability of a commercial walk-over weighing (WoW) system for estimating BW and (2) the accuracy of an automatic supplement weighing (ASW) unit for estimating SI based on measuring time spent at the unit. The WoW and ASW units monitored BW and SI of 112 cattle consisting of 55 cows and 57 calves grazed on a 32.5 ha paddock for 41 days, with an average of 258 BW records collected per day. Static BWs were recorded at each mustering event (n = 7) and were compared to repeated measurements collected by the WoW on the day of each mustering event. Body weight was overestimated by the WoW, with the predicted BW of calves and cows averaging 10 and 21 kg heavier, respectively, than actual, and root MS prediction errors (RMSPE) of 5.1% and 5.5% of the static BW, respectively. For both calves and cows, 38% of the MS prediction errors (MSPE) was mean bias (MB) error and 9% of MSPE was slope bias error. The concordance correlation coefficient (CCC; 0.90 v. 0.80) and modelling efficiency (MEF; 0.78 v. 0.62) of WoW BW for calves were higher than for cows, indicating that the predicted values were deviating from a 1 : 1 relationship and in particular as weight increases. A rolling average across five or more consecutive BW measures improved the accuracy of the WoW BW estimates. Regarding estimates of SI, the aggregated time the herd spent at the ASW unit was strongly associated with total SI (R2 = 0.92; P < 0.001). Further, positive linear relationships (P < 0.001) existed between cumulative weighted time spent at the ASW unit (min) and concentration of fenbendazole (FBZ) used as an intake marker and its derivatives (oxfendazole and oxfendazole sulfone) in the plasma of individual cows, with R2 of 0.54, 0.73 and 0.75, respectively. Although the WoW overestimated static BW, the low bias in the slope indicated that a linear regression model could be developed to adjust the WoW BW to reduce the MB and improve the estimate of WoW BW. The significant positive relationship between time spent at the ASW unit and individual blood FBZ concentration identified the suitability of the ASW unit for estimating SI by grazing cattle.
Abstract Like most countries, the Swiss government adopted drastic measures to stop the spread of the coronavirus. These measures were aimed at avoiding close physical proximity between people. The adverse economic consequences of this lockdown policy became immediately apparent, with almost two million workers, or more than every third worker in Switzerland, being put on short-time work within only 6 weeks after the policy’s implementation. In an attempt to promptly assess the heterogeneous consequences of this lockdown policy, we computed a lockdown index. This index is based on an occupation’s dependence on physical proximity to other people and corrected for certain essential sectors being exempt from this policy. We find that on average, 31% of jobs in Switzerland have been potentially restricted by the lockdown policy. This average masks considerable heterogeneity along many dimensions, with the strongest effects for the large industries hospitality, construction, and arts and entertainment. With respect to the regional variation, we find the strongest effects for the cantons of Obwalden, Uri, Appenzell Innerrhoden, and Valais. Moreover, low- and middle-income individuals are considerably more restricted than high-income ones. We do not find meaningful differences between men and women or urban and rural areas. Finally, we test the explanatory power of the lockdown index for short-time work and unemployment increases by canton and industry until the end of April 2020 and find that it can explain up to 58% of these short-term employment outcomes.
Zahra Sadat Fayyaz, Ahmad Shahivandi, Zahed Shafiei
Purpose- Return migration acts as a driving force of development and a key incentive of prosperity in rural areas by fulfilling their potentials. Rapid population displacement in developing countries including Iran, reveals the necessity of return migration planning. Semirom is a county in Isfahan province with the highest rate of emigration based on the 2011 Census enjoying sufficient potentials to change this trend. The overall purpose of this study is to analyze the ecosystem capacity of Semirom in order to develop a return migration planning.
Design/methodology/approach- The research method is descriptive-analytical. As such, this study can be categorized as an applied research. The environmental, social, economic, and managerial aspects are hereby considered. The questionnaire of Semirom situation assessment was analyzed using inferential statistics (t-test) by SPSS. Content analysis was conducted by interviewing officials using Atlas.ti software. Internal and external factors evaluation matrix and SOAR model were used to offer strategies. In the end, adaptive strategic alternatives are prioritized using the QSPM planning approach and policies for the realization of the return migration. Statistical population consists of the residents and authorities of Semirom county.
Findings- The findings indicate that the most important factors affecting return migration are reinforcement of gardening, related industries and tourism attractions, improving the quality of welfare services, fostering the sense of belonging, and the availability of fertile soil and sufficient irrigation water. Accordingly, the strategy of "appropriate management of tourism and environmental spaces for proper utilization of natural resources" should be given priority. It is also suggested that proper utilization of natural resources and tourism along with the potential of eco-tourism can offer a great opportunity for sustainable employment. This requires efficient management of new approaches and providing a secure environment for investment and entrepreneurship. In other words, considering the potentials of tourism will improve the quality of amenities, infrastructure services and employment, which in turn can boost their quality of local life, and their willingness to stay permanently in their rural residence, which ultimately encourages immigrants to return to their homeland.
&NA; The rise in drug overdose deaths in the United States since the turn of the millennium has been extraordinary. A popular narrative paints a picture whereby opioid overdoses among white, male, less‐educated, rural workers have been caused by reduced economic opportunities borne by such people. In this article, we causally test the validity of this theory by using Bartik‐type variables to explore the relationship between local economic conditions and county opioid overdose death rates. We add to the literature by exploring how both employment and wage growth in different types of industries are related to opioid overdose deaths for the population as a whole, as well as for rural (vs. urban), male (vs. female) and white (vs. black) populations. We find mixed evidence. Our results confirm that wage and employment growth in industries more likely to employ low‐skill workers are important protective factors for rural, white males. However, we also find evidence that economic improvements in low‐skill industries are just as important in protecting blacks and women against opioid overdoses, and for workers in metro counties. We also find evidence that employment growth in high‐paying industries has led to increases in opioid overdoes rates.