Hasil untuk "Public law"

J. Dijck

Metadata and data have become a regular currency for citizens to pay for their communication services and security—a trade-off that has nestled into the comfort zone of most people. This article deconstructs the ideological grounds of datafication. Datafication is rooted in problematic ontological and epistemological claims. As part of a larger social media logic, it shows characteristics of a widespread secular belief. Dataism, as this conviction is called, is so successful because masses of people — naively or unwittingly — trust their personal information to corporate platforms. The notion of trust becomes more problematic because people’s faith is extended to other public institutions (e.g. academic research and law enforcement) that handle their (meta)data. The interlocking of government, business, and academia in the adaptation of this ideology makes us want to look more critically at the entire ecosystem of connective media.

Robert C. Hauhart

M. Uhlén, P. Oksvold, Linn Fagerberg et al.

Daniel Kaufmann, Aart C. Kraay, Massimo Mastruzzi

This paper reports on the 2009 update of the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) research project, covering 212 countries and territories and measuring six dimensions of governance between 1996 and 2008: Voice and Accountability, Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, and Control of Corruption. These aggregate indicators are based on hundreds of specific and disaggregated individual variables measuring various dimensions of governance, taken from 35 data sources provided by 33 different organizations. The data reflect the views on governance of public sector, private sector and NGO experts, as well as thousands of citizen and firm survey respondents worldwide. We also explicitly report the margins of error accompanying each country estimate. These reflect the inherent difficulties in measuring governance using any kind of data. We find that even after taking margins of error into account, the WGI permit meaningful cross-country comparisons as well as monitoring progress over time.

C. Harris

R. Levin, A. Klevorick, R. Nelson et al.

R. Ball, Scott Keating, Christian Leuz et al.

Alexander Dyck, Luigi Zingales, John G. Matsusaka et al.

Margaret M. Blair, L. Stout

Erina Seh-Young Moon, Shion Guha

Public sector agencies perform the critical task of implementing the redistributive role of the State by acting as the leading provider of critical public services that many rely on. In recent years, public agencies have been increasingly adopting algorithmic prioritization tools to determine which individuals should be allocated scarce public resources. Prior work on these tools has largely focused on assessing and improving their fairness, accuracy, and validity. However, what remains understudied is how the structural design of prioritization itself shapes both the effectiveness of these tools and the experiences of those subject to them under realistic public sector conditions. In this study, we demonstrate the fallibility of adopting a prioritization approach in the public sector by showing how the underlying mechanisms of prioritization generate significant relative disparities between groups of intersectional identities as resources become increasingly scarce. We argue that despite prevailing arguments that prioritization of resources can lead to efficient allocation outcomes, prioritization can intensify perceptions of inequality for impacted individuals. We contend that efficiencies generated by algorithmic tools should not be conflated with the dominant rhetoric that efficiency necessarily entails "doing more with less" and we highlight the risks of overlooking resource constraints present in real-world implementation contexts.

Jonathan Rystrøm, Chris Schmitz, Karolina Korgul et al.

Deploying Large Language Model-based agents (LLM agents) in the public sector requires assuring that they meet the stringent legal, procedural, and structural requirements of public-sector institutions. Practitioners and researchers often turn to benchmarks for such assessments. However, it remains unclear what criteria benchmarks must meet to ensure they adequately reflect public-sector requirements, or how many existing benchmarks do so. In this paper, we first define such criteria based on a first-principles survey of public administration literature: benchmarks must be \emph{process-based}, \emph{realistic}, \emph{public-sector-specific} and report \emph{metrics} that reflect the unique requirements of the public sector. We analyse more than 1,300 benchmark papers for these criteria using an expert-validated LLM-assisted pipeline. Our results show that no single benchmark meets all of the criteria. Our findings provide a call to action for both researchers to develop public sector-relevant benchmarks and for public-sector officials to apply these criteria when evaluating their own agentic use cases.

Guillaume Maitrier, Grégoire Loeper, Jean-Philippe Bouchaud

This paper introduces a novel algorithm for generating realistic metaorders from public trade data, addressing a longstanding challenge in price impact research that has traditionally relied on proprietary datasets. Our method effectively recovers all established stylized facts of metaorders impact, such as the Square Root Law, the concave profile during metaorder execution, and the post-execution decay. This algorithm not only overcomes the dependence on proprietary data, a major barrier to research reproducibility, but also enables the creation of larger and more robust datasets that may increase the quality of empirical studies. Our findings strongly suggest that average realized short-term price impact is not due to information revelation (as in the Kyle framework) but has a mechanical origin which could explain the universality of the Square Root Law.

Sena Bozdag, Olivier Roy

We revisit a recent puzzle about common knowledge, the ``sailboat" case (Lederman, 2018), and argue that Lewisian common knowledge allows us to reconcile the pre-theoretical intuition that certain facts are ``public" in such situations, while these facts cannot be common knowledge in the classical, iterative sense. The crux of the argument is to understand Lewisian common knowledge as an account of what it means for an event to be public. We first formulate this argument informally to clarify its philosophical commitment and then propose one way to capture it formally in epistemic-plausibility models. Taken together, we take the philosophical and the formal arguments as providing evidence that Lewisian common knowledge is a plausible account of what it means for an event to be public.

Nikolić Zoran R., Spasojević Čedo

The thought of Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) in the history of political ideas is regarded as the beginning of modern political theory, which abandons the classical Socratic view of politics condensed in the virtue of citizens as the foundation of the polis (the state), as well as the medieval Christian worldview of Thomas Aquinas, where the state and politics are subordinated to religion and Christian morality. Politics becomes distinguished as public as opposed to private, and into political theory Machiavelli introduces the concepts of power, force, strength, and violence as legitimate political notions-a kind of Copernican turn away from the classical political theory of antiquity, where "trust in mute force, which the ancient Greeks considered a non-political instrument…" (Tadić, 1996: 56), now becomes axiomatic. In political reality, new rules apply-the virtuous citizen is replaced by homo politicus. Machiavelli, in the reality of politics, analyzes concrete political phenomena from the perspective of realism and the application of the empirical method. Among other things, Machiavelli says that "many have imagined republics and principalities that never actually existed" (Machiavelli, 2012: 65). Machiavelli's concept of the state and power is founded on the experience of the Florentine friar Savonarola and the famous dictum that unarmed prophets have failed: "It is necessary to know that there are two ways of fighting: by law and by force" (Machiavelli, 2012: 73). In The Prince, Machiavelli emphasizes that "there can be no good laws without a good army, and where there is a good army, there must be good laws" (Machiavelli, 2012: 53). In this paper we analyze the concept of a "good army" in Machiavelli as an unclear and disputable term. By applying methods of content and discourse analysis of Machiavelli's works, we will demonstrate his understanding of a good army within the framework of his theoretical innovation, his new method, through the research question of whether it means a well-armed army, a standing army of monarchical states (France, Spain), the adventurer companies, compagnie di ventura, hired by Italian city-states, or an army that, in the spirit of Augustine, wages war in good faith-or something else? Machiavelli criticizes mercenary warfare and introduces the notion of an armed people, a citizen militia, into his teaching. We will explain the concept of the armed people through his republicanism, his view of the people as the pillar of preserving the state, of the political community in freedom, and the category of friendship between ruler and people. In addition, the paper will address the reach of Machiavelli's idea of the "good army" in the political thought and practice of contemporary society, namely, how far his idea corresponds with the concept of total defense, which in various forms is practiced in a number of states around the world.

Mohammad Reza Danesh Shahraki, Seyyed Mojtaba Va’ezi

AbstractThis research examines Al-Farabi's theory of government in light of the concept of "civil science." Al-Farabi considers civil science to be a knowledge that is responsible for explaining the principles, goals, and regulations of human society, with the ultimate aim being the attainment of true happiness. In this framework, the government has an instrumental role that guides society from theoretical principles to practical goals. Al-Farabi's methodology in civil science is based on the "arc of ascent," emphasizing the voluntary and conscious actions of humans, and is realized through social cooperation. From his perspective, the realization of the virtuous city requires two fundamental pillars: cooperation and leadership; its continuity depends on the establishment of a virtuous government. Al-Farabi, emphasizing the connection between reason and revelation, sees the government as responsible for four main areas: guidance and protection of public values, execution, legislation, and judgment. He regards the legitimacy of the ruler as a divine matter, contingent upon popular acceptance, and based on this, considers only the ruler who possesses all theoretical, intellectual, moral, and practical virtues as worthy of absolute power. The results of the research indicate that Al-Farabi's theory of government is not only based on the foundations of Islamic philosophy and Greek heritage but also provides a coherent model for understanding the relationship between ethics, politics, and religion in the Islamic political system, with a focus on happiness and social cooperation.

Henrique Barros, Ponciano Oliveira, Julia Nadine Doetsch

Introduction Health inequalities persist across Europe, highlighting the need for cross-sectoral strategies like Health in All Policies (HiAP). However, approaches to health and social policy vary across countries, implementation is difficult, and further evaluations are needed to assess the impact of policy decisions on health outcomes. This study evaluates the implementation of HiAP in Portugal, focusing on the effectiveness of public health measures, legislative actions, and governance structures to understand how HiAP is operationalized and its impact on public health governance up until October 31, 2024. Methods A scoping review of legal documents and a legal analysis were conducted from January 1, 2019, to October 31, 2024, following the PRISMA-ScR framework. The aim was to assess the integration and impact of the Health in All Policies (HiAP) approach, with a focus on understanding how HiAP is operationalized and its influence on public health governance in Portugal. Results Results reveal many foundational elements for a HiAP approach are already embedded in Portugal’s legal framework. Key laws are Article 64 of the Portuguese Republic Constitution, Article 168 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), and the Health Bases Law. Yet, HiAP implementation has been inconsistent. Its effectiveness is hindered by gaps in policy coherence, political resistance, cultural barriers, and fragmented data-sharing, requiring stronger cross-sector collaboration, transparency, and accountability to fully address health inequalities. Conclusion The implementation of HiAP in Portugal has the potential to improve public health and reduce inequities. Achieving its full impact requires stronger policy coherence, political commitment to health equity, better intersectoral collaboration, and enhanced data integration.

Andrew Aondohemba Chenge

The extraordinary rise in public debt in many nations during the recent global recession has reignited interest in the mechanisms of debt buildup. This circumstance has been especially disturbing in the Eurozone, where markets have questioned the viability of debt for those nations facing higher borrowing costs because of rising bond rates. Governments and supranational organisations implemented concerted fiscal consolidation measures in response to the perceived threats of contagion, with the goal of gaining control and solvency over stretched public budgets. Fiscal retrenchment is designed for governments to manage their public finances in times of economic/financial crises. This study examines the potency of fiscal retrenchment as an instrument of public debt management in Nigeria. The theory of Expansionary Fiscal Contraction (EFC) was adopted for the study. A documentary research design was used in the study. Findings of the study revealed that government borrowing to fund deficit-budgets has not corrected Nigeria’s fiscal problems but rather led to a vicious cycle of debts, that have spillover effects on present and future revenue prospects. The study recommends a reduction in government spending and an increase in taxes as appropriate fiscal measures to resolve the public debt crises in Nigeria.

Farzaneh Ahmadian-Yazdi, Amin Sokhanvar, Soheil Roudari et al.

Abstract This study utilizes two complementary models, the Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregressive Diebold–Yilmaz (TVP-VAR-DY) and the Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregressive Baruník–Křehlík (TVP-VAR-BK), to investigate the dynamic volatility transmission between exchange rates and stock returns in major commodity-exporting and -importing countries. The analysis focuses on periods of quantitative easing (QE) and quantitative tightening (QT) from March 15, 2020 to December 30, 2022. The countries examined are Canada and Australia (major commodity exporters) and the UK and Germany (major commodity importers). An essential contribution of this paper is new empirical insights into the dynamics of stock market returns and the transmission of volatility between these markets and exchange rates during the QE and QT periods. The results reveal that causality primarily flows from stock markets to exchange rates, especially during the QT period across all investment horizons. The Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) emerges as the principal net driver among the markets under study. Furthermore, the Canadian exchange rate (USDCAD) and the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) are the most significantly affected indices within the network across various investment horizons (excluding the long-term). These findings underscore the importance for investors and policymakers to consider the interplay between exchange rates and stock market returns, particularly in the context of the QE and QT periods, as well as other economic, political, and health-related events. Our findings are relevant to various stakeholders, including governments, traders, portfolio managers, and multinationals.

K. Kapoor, S. Hoseini, J. Choi et al.

We present a quantum network that distributes entangled photons between the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and a public library in Urbana. The network allows members of the public to perform measurements on the photons. We describe its design and implementation and outreach based on the network. Over 400 instances of public interaction have been logged with the system since it was launched in November 2023.

Yejia Liu, Jianyi Yang, Pengfei Li et al.

Public models offer predictions to a variety of downstream tasks and have played a crucial role in various AI applications, showcasing their proficiency in accurate predictions. However, the exclusive emphasis on prediction accuracy may not align with the diverse end objectives of downstream agents. Recognizing the public model's predictions as a service, we advocate for integrating the objectives of downstream agents into the optimization process. Concretely, to address performance disparities and foster fairness among heterogeneous agents in training, we propose a novel Equitable Objective. This objective, coupled with a policy gradient algorithm, is crafted to train the public model to produce a more equitable/uniform performance distribution across downstream agents, each with their unique concerns. Both theoretical analysis and empirical case studies have proven the effectiveness of our method in advancing performance equity across diverse downstream agents utilizing the public model for their decision-making. Codes and datasets are released at https://github.com/Ren-Research/Socially-Equitable-Public-Models.