Hasil untuk "Private international law. Conflict of laws"

Nathan Rivet

Contemporary prison privatization has been the focus of many studies. While most research mainly looks at political factors and practical results, few have explored the organizational impact of outsourcing. Despite privatization being often seen as a sign of liberalization and deregulation, this article uses the French prison privatization example to highlight the connection between privatization and bureaucratization. Based on observation and interviews, this study makes three claims. First, it argues that prison privatization is a changing relationship between public and private sectors, leading to controversy over private accountability. Second, it suggests that outsourcing contracts create a new layer of law with public compliance officers becoming a new form of legal oversight. Third, it shows how these controllers enforce contract terms in their own interest, resulting in an adversarial legal culture between public and private services. The article concludes by suggesting a fresh approach to studying privatization using qualitative methods.

abbas karimi, Shahab Tariveh

For a contract to be effective and to meet the intentions of the parties to the agreement, a set of roughly similar conditions is established in the form of legal rules in all legal systems. The Enforcement of these rules, like any other legal rule and perhaps more so, must be accompanied by effective sanctions, as conceptually, the providing of contract validity conditions without effective sanctions is almost inconceivable. However, the absence of contract validity conditions does not have uniform consequences and may or may not be added after the formation of the contract. In Iranian contract law, these consequences are called “Adam-e Nofuz” (=Non-enforceability) and “Botlan” (=Nullity) respectively. The nullity of a contract is the result of the lack of one or more essential contract validity conditions, and its consequence is the failure to achieve the intended legal effect of the contracting parties, contrary to their will.The objective of this article is to examine the consequences of the disappearance of these essential conditions of contractual validity after its conclusion in the valid form and before the complete performance of the primary obligations arising from the contract and to determine what happens in this scenario to a contract and parties’ legal relationship. Organizing the termination of the contract in light of its commonality with nullity under the recent criterion (being spontaneous) is the secondary goal of this paper.Based on this, it needs to be addressed: Can the disappearance of the essential conditions of contractual validity be considered nullity that occurs after the conclusion of a valid contract, or should it be sought under a different heading? Do the effects of nullity always entail annulment, or does its coercive effect have only an essential characteristic? In Iranian law, if after the conclusion of a valid and effective contract, the legal relationship terminates automatically, usually it is said that the contract has been terminated (=Enfesakh), and nullity is related only to the stage of contract formation. So, it must also be explained what relationship exists between the disappearance of the essential contract validity conditions and Enfesakh.This paper argues that the cause of Enfesakh is the disappearance of the essential contract validity conditions. Therefore, this issue has a common basis with nullity at the time of formation, and the only difference is the timing of the occurrence of the cause. Thus, the disappearance of the essential conditions of contractual validity is a “Subsequent Nullity” that affects a valid contract.To answer the questions and achieve coherence about the basis of legal termination of the contract, an analytical-descriptive method has been followed: Examining the structure of the contract, its constituent elements, and how it differs from the effect of the contract; A conceptual analysis of a null contract and its distinction from a non-existent contract from the perspective of its impact on the parties' legal relationships; Investigating the characteristics of nullity and studying the effects attributed to it; Researching the use of terminology related to Botlan and Enfesakh terms in Imami Fiqh and Iranian civil law. Based on this approach, the possibility of nullity occurring in a valid contract has been assessed. Subsequently, by explaining the causal basis of nullity, which is the absence of the essential contract validity conditions, the disappearance of each of these conditions before the complete performance of the primary contractual obligations has been examined separately. The effects of this absence on the previous valid contract have also been studied.The research findings indicate that when, after the conclusion of a valid and effective contract, any of the essential conditions of contractual validity disappear before the complete performance of the contractual obligations, the contract is terminated spontaneously and automatically. For various reasons, this situation can be considered as a subsequent nullity on a valid contract: the unity of the nature of this event with nullity at the time of contract formation, non-essentiality of annulment on the legal structure of nullity, the lack of logical and legal conformity in the timing of nullity and contract formation. Based on this and considering the concept and use of the term “Enfesakh” in Imami Fiqh and Iranian civil law, it is noted that “Subsequent Nullity” logically is identical to and a subset of “Enfesakh” in the two specific (legal termination) and general (termination) senses. Therefore, it can be said that the disappearance of the essential contract validity conditions resulting in nullity is not contingent on the time of contract formation; rather, attention must be paid to the time of the occurrence of the cause. Thus, whenever, before the complete performance of contractual obligations, one of the causes of nullity, namely the lack of essential contract validity conditions, arises, it results in nullity, and the contract is terminated from that time. In this way, the term “Botlan” in legal and fiqhi texts is clarified. Furthermore, it becomes apparent that the well-known statement that ‘botlan (=nullity) is limited to the stage of contract formation’ has been adopted without regard to the basis of nullity, and fails to reflect a substantive distinction; instead, it merely results from a verbal dispute and lacks a specific rationale. It is also evident that the occurrence of subsequent nullity of a contract may result from one of these circumstances: the waste of the subject matter of the contract or its essential legal terms (for example, the destruction of the subject matter before delivery, the elimination of its fundamental attributes, or the prohibition of the subject of the transaction); the death or incapacity of one or both of the contracting parties in “Jayez” contracts (due to the structural dependency of these contracts on the parties' personalities); and finally, the influence of public order impediments (becoming unlawful the explicit purpose of transaction). In this way, the classification of legal termination of the contract is organized according to the basis of nullity of the contract, which is the lack of the essential conditions necessary for the validity of the contract

Sawaira Amjad

This research examines Pakistan's water crisis and its impact on national security, highlighting key factors such as population growth, climate change, and inadequate water resource management. The article emphasises the urgent need for thorough qualitative changes and improved infrastructure to guarantee sustainable access to clean water. This research employs a qualitative approach to examine the complex relationship between regional relations and water security, with a focus on Pakistan’s transboundary water challenges. Through securitisation theory, the study aims to analyse how water scarcity is framed as a water security issue, exploring the securitisation process and its implications for national security. Utilizing an explanatory research design and document analysis, this study comprehensively assesses both internal and external water security threats to Pakistan’s national security. Additionally, it highlights the importance of regional cooperation and diplomacy in managing shared water resources. Addressing the water crisis is an environmental concern and a vital national security imperative. A comprehensive strategy encompassing legislative changes, technical advancements, and international collaboration is required to mitigate the threat and protect Pakistan's stability.   Bibliography Entry Amjad, Sawaira. 2025. "Pakistan’s Water Crisis and Its National Security Implications." Margalla Papers 29 (1): 135-151.

Geoffrey Willems

In the last fifteen years, the European Court, the US Supreme Court and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights have all ruled on the issue of same-sex marriage. The Strasbourg Court has not, at this stage, dared to affirm the right to marriage, unlike its (inter)American counterparts. The article proposes a comparative analysis of the decisions rendered by the three jurisdictions: it highlights, beyond the (obvious and indisputable) differences between the three legal orders, the similar issues – of applicability, proportionality and subsidiarity – with which the judges responsible for ensuring respect for human rights are confronted. As the analysis also reveals, these issues are sometimes hotly debated within the courts themselves, while their understanding can be enriched by inter-jurisdictional dialogue. In conclusion, it is argued that, with regard to the recognition and protection of same-sex couples, the European Court should draw inspiration from American experiences and (1) clearly (re)affirm that the right to marry (art. 12 ECHR) applies to same-sex couples (2) mobilise the full potential of the prohibition of discrimination (art. 14 ECHR) and (3) move away from strict adherence to the European consensus rule. En los últimos quince años, el Tribunal Europeo, el Tribunal Supremo de Estados Unidos y la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos se han pronunciado sobre la cuestión del matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo. El Tribunal de Estrasburgo no se ha atrevido, por el momento, a afirmar el derecho al matrimonio, a diferencia de sus homólogos (inter)americanos. El artículo propone un análisis comparativo de las decisiones dictadas por las tres jurisdicciones: pone de relieve, más allá de las diferencias (evidentes e indiscutibles) entre los tres ordenamientos jurídicos, las cuestiones similares –de aplicabilidad, proporcionalidad y subsidiariedad– a las que se enfrentan los jueces encargados de velar por el respeto de los derechos humanos. Como también revela el análisis, estas cuestiones son a veces objeto de acalorados debates en el seno de los propios tribunales, mientras que su comprensión puede verse enriquecida por el diálogo interjurisdiccional. En conclusión, se sostiene que, en lo que respecta al reconocimiento y la protección de las parejas del mismo sexo, el Tribunal Europeo debería inspirarse en las experiencias estadounidenses y (1) (re)afirmar claramente que el derecho a contraer matrimonio (art. 12 del CEDH) se aplica a las parejas del mismo sexo (2) movilizar todo el potencial de la prohibición de la discriminación (art. 14 del CEDH) y (3) alejarse de la estricta adhesión a la norma del consenso europeo. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1347

Aitziber Mugarra Elorriaga

Como parte del compromiso por impulsar y socializar el Decálogo para un renovado modelo de relaciones laborales, conocido como Declaración de Oñati, y presentado por el Gobierno Vasco en 2019, este número monográfico de la revista Oñati Socio-Legal Series presenta cinco aportaciones centradas esta vez en el diálogo social y la concertación de políticas laborales como instrumentos de cambio.

Dai Yokomizo

Igor ARSENI

În articol autorul dezvăluie caracteristicile contractelor independente - distribuție și dealer. Separat, s-a ajuns la concluzia că aceste contracte în știința juridică sunt adesea identificate, dar în cadrul studiului au fost dovedite și evidențiate principalele trăsături distinctive ale acestor structuri contractuale, ceea ce a făcut posibilă eliminarea tuturor contradicțiilor existente anterior pe această problemă. De remarcat mai ales că aceste contracte diferă semnificativ unele de altele, însă în știința de astăzi nu există un consens cu privire la natura juridică a acestor structuri contractuale, ceea ce duce la calificarea și individualizarea incorectă a acestor două contracte. În sprijinul poziției științifice, autorii furnizează trăsături distinctive specifice ale unui acord de distribuție de un acord de dealer, ceea ce a permis autorilor să dovedească independența și individualitatea acestor acorduri, ceea ce indică subiectul, conținutul și domeniul de aplicare al acestora.

Cristiane Derani

Il concetto di sviluppo sostenibile ha assunto un carattere di universalità e solidarietà e tale aspetto richiede un mutamento profondo degli schemi politici, giuridici ed economici che gli Stati e gli organismi internazionali utilizzano. Come sottolinea l’autore, il tentativo di globalizzazione economica e sociale, che ha avuto inizio circa trent’anni fa, ha prodotto effetti devastanti nelle economie e nell’esistenza degli individui per l’assenza di strutture concettuali e pratiche adeguate. L’esempio legato alla produzione alimentare che si è concentrata in specifiche aree del Pianeta ha dimostrato come la rete di relazioni commerciali si è estesa ben oltre i confini di singoli Stati. Tuttavia, eventi quali la crescente urbanizzazione, la diminuzione del suolo fertile ed il cambiamento climatico stanno annullando l’apparentemente vantaggiosa convenienza degli scambi commerciali perché sono causa di un uso intensivo degli ecosistemi e risultano inefficienti in termini di fabbisogno energetico. / 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙, 𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒. 𝐴𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑢𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑏𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑜, ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑦𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠. 𝐻𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟, 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠.

Maryam Azam

The Indian illegal occupation of Jammu and Kashmir is a continuous denial of the right of self-determination, identity, independence, and freedom of expression to more than 12.55 million people. The Indian Armed Forces deployed in Indian Illegally Occupied Jammu and Kashmir (IIOJK) are extensively violating human rights and provisions of the UN Charter. Since the abolition of Articles 370 and 35 (A) from the Indian constitution in 2019, an additional 1.75 lakh Indian military personnel have also been deployed in Kashmir. This heavy deployment along with the imposition of yearlong lockdown and unwarranted subjugation of innocent Kashmiris is unprecedented. Against this backdrop, this paper intends to identify the humanitarian aspect of the Kashmir conflict that has entirely been disrespected by the Indian government. Communication, movement, and connectivity of the people of Kashmir has been cut off from the entire world. This paper also highlights that India is blatantly violating International Humanitarian Law and relevant UN Conventions in IIOJK. Despite this, the response of the international community towards this humanitarian crisis is bleak and inadequate.   Bibliography Entry Azam, Maryam. 2020. "Infringements of International Law and UN Charter in Indian Occupied Kashmir." Margalla Papers 24 (2): 71-82.

مجید سربازیان, سروش رستم زاد اصلی

امروزه ارجاع اختلافات به داوری، از شیوه‌های مرسوم در حل اختلافات تجاری است. ازجمله شروطی که در قراردادهای تجاری بین‌المللی گنجانده می‌شود، شروطی است که از آن تحت عنوان شروط یک‌طرفه، تلفیقی یا اختیاری یا نامتقارن مربوط به صلاحیت یاد می‌شود و منظور از این شروط این است که داوری و دادگاه، با هم در اختیار یکی از طرفین باشد تا با توجه به اینکه کدام شیوه حل‌و‌فصل اختلاف بهتر منافع وی را تأمین می‌کند و تضمین بیشتری برای اجرای رأی علیه دارایی‌های طرف مقابل دارد، مرجع صالح به رسیدگی را تعیین کند. موضوع اصلی این مقاله، بررسی فرضی است که در آن هر دو طرف امکان رجوع به دادگاه را دارند، اما یکی از آن‌ها می‌تواند موضوع را اجباراً به داوری ارجاع دهد که از این مورد به شرط یک‌طرفة تعیین صلاحیت داوری یاد می‌شود. بررسی رویه‌قضایی در کشورهای مختلف در این خصوص نشان‌دهنده وجود اختلاف‌نظر شدید میان دادگاه‌ها در حوزه‌های قضایی مختلف است. در حالی‌ که برخی دادگاه‌ها در آرای خود، یا رأی به بی‌اعتباری این شروط داده‌اند یا اعلام کرده‌اند که این شروط، نقص اساسی دارند، برخی دیگر از دادگاه‌ها با احترام به توافق طرفین، این شروط را معتبر و لازم‌الاجرا دانسته‌اند. بر این اساس در این مقاله، ضمن بررسی دلایل مربوط به بی‌اعتباری این شروط، به بیان نظریه‌ای پرداخته می‌شود که قائل به صحّت این شروط است مگر اینکه مغایرت آن‌ها با نظم عمومی، عدالت معاوضی، اصل تقابل تعهدات یا قاعده انصاف باشد. البته هرکدام از این دلایل، متناسب با قانون حاکم بر قرارداد، مانع از صحّت این شروط خواهد بود.

Cosette D. Creamer

The World Trade Organization's (WTO's) dispute settlement system is facing “unprecedented challenges,” with the current U.S. government waging a “stealth war” on the Organization's Appellate Body (AB). The tactics of this war include procedural objections to the (re)appointment of AB members—those individuals selected to sit in Geneva and rule on trade disputes. Countries have blocked appointments in the past, but the Trump administration's strategy to effectively shut down the AB's ability to hear disputes—by bringing the number of sitting judges below the required three to hear a dispute—represents a new development. In short, the trade regime is dying a slow, piecemeal death, with American challenges “killing the WTO from the inside.” Yet the sources of this crisis are not new. The organization's judges and bureaucracy have deftly managed simmering discontent for nearly two decades, but we have now reached a boiling point. In this contribution, I first describe the sources of the current impasse before discussing how the WTO's adjudicative bodies have sought to address government dissatisfaction in the past and the implications of such judicial responsiveness for reform of the system moving forward.

Tania Voon

For seventy years, the security exception in the multilateral trade regime has mostly lain dormant. The exception first appeared in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 (GATT 1947), before being incorporated in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994) upon the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, security exceptions also exist in several other WTO provisions, including the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Until recently, perhaps through a combination of WTO member restraint and fortuitous circumstances, WTO panels have not had to make a definitive ruling on the meaning and scope of these exceptions. Yet, suddenly, the security exception lies at the center of multiple explosive disputes, posing a potential threat to the WTO's very existence.

Raúl F. Campusano Droguett, Luis Hernán Acevedo Espínola

In this text we analyse from a legal point of view, the crimes committed in Paris on November 13th of 2015 by the criminal organization ISIS. As a general perception, these acts are understood as “acts of terrorism”, witch we think it is not the best option, not only because there is not an international definition of “acts of terrorism”, but also because the definitions domestic legislation use for such kind of acts are technically wrong and usually affect the due process of law. We think, as a second option, that these acts are actually war crimes under the Rome Statute of 1998 and the Geneva Convention with their Additional Protocols, which could become an effective option under procedure law.

Itziar Alkorta Idiakez, Marie Lamarche, Marie Deramat

Las Facultades de Derecho de tradición romanista afrontan actualmente el reto de integrar las enseñanzas clínicas en los currículums. Con este horizonte como meta, la Clínica de Derecho del Forum Montesquieu de la Universidad de Burdeos (UB) y la recientemente creada Clínica Jurídica por la Justicia Social de la Universidad del País Vasco/Justizia Sozialaren Aldeko Klinika Juridikoa (UPV/EHU), a fin de proponer la adecuada integración de la pedagogía clínica en los planes de estudio del Grado en Derecho, desarrollaron un proyecto conjunto en el que identificaron áreas de colaboración a partir de experiencias complementarias sobre tres aspectos clave de la integración curricular: la gestión de la clínica jurídica, la innovación pedagógica en términos de aprendizaje de competencias, y la clínica jurídica como organización social que trabaja junto con los agentes sociales. Continental law faculties currently face the challenge of integrating the clinical teaching in the curricula. With this horizon as a goal, the legal clinic Forum Montesquieu of the University of Bordeaux (UB) and the newly created legal clinic for Social Justice/Justizia Sozialaren Aldeko Klinika Juridikoa, of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), in order to propose the appropriate integration of the clinical legal education in both undergraduate and graduate learning, developed a joint project that identified areas of cooperation based on complementary experiences on three key aspects of the curricula: the management of the legal clinic, pedagogical innovation in terms of learning skills, and legal clinic as a social organization that works together with the social partners. The project has counted with the support of the call EBIS (UB/UPV-EHU) which promotes training experiences in the framework of the Euroregion Euskadi-Aquitaine-Navarre. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-0953

Anne Peters

Mohammad Mahdi Hajian, Mitra Moosavi

Take-or-Pay clause (T-o-P), as an essential element of long-term off-takeand supply contracts in energy sector, particularly in Gas SalesAgreements.The philosophy of T-o-P clause is based on the importance ofthe fact that the seller will receive a level of revenue guaranteed under theagreement that covers massive financial commitments and debts arising fromthe upstream project. Although T-o-P clause is frequently considered inGSAs, the validity and applicability of this condition is subject to controversyamong different legal systems. Some lawyers have treated this provision as apenalty clause which is invalid and unenforceable. However, others regard itas a valid and enforceable liquidated damage clause.This paper first focuses on uncertainties and ambiguities regarding the legalstatus of take-or-pay provision, particularly in English legal system. Then, itdiscusses the issue by considering the fundamentals of Islamic contract rulesand jurisprudence, particularly Iranian legal system reflected in the IranianCivil Code

Yusuf Adiwibowo

Isu keamanan pangan memberikan dampak yang signifi kan pada kehidupan sosial ekonomi dunia. Hal ini ditandai dengan penyebaran bahaya virus, mikroba patogen dan residu pestisida yang menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan bahkan kematian.Untuk melindungi negara dari bahaya virus, mikroba patogen dan residu pestisida, maka negara maju menerapkan standar sebagai hambatan perdagangan agar produk yang terkontaminasi dan berbahaya tersebut tidak dapat masuk ke negaranya. Epistemologi Islam menjabarkan keamanan pangan dalam Al Quran sebagaimana tertulis dalam Qs Al-Baqoroh (2): 168 “makanlah yang halal lagi baik.” Makanan yang halal adalah hak Allah yang menghalalkan. Makanan yang baik adalah makanan yang memberikan ketenangan dan tidak menimbulkan bahaya. Hal ini sejalan dengan ideologi Pancasila dan konstitusi sebagai dasar fi losofi pembentukan peraturan perundang-undangan Indonesia.

Julie Stubbs

Justice Reinvestment is being actively promoted as one means of reducing high levels of incarceration through diverting expenditures from prisons to fund services intended to provide support and supervision for offenders within the community and to prevent crime. At a time of financial stringency, the huge expenditure necessitated by high incarceration rates is being re-examined. There is growing recognition that high levels of incarceration are ineffective in reducing recidivism and may be criminogenic and damaging in other ways for individuals and communities. Based on claims that Justice Reinvestment schemes in the US have produced promising results, some activists and politicians in Australia have urged the adoption of Justice Reinvestment. This advocacy has emphasised the need to find mechanisms to reduce the very high levels of incarceration of Indigenous people. Women’s imprisonment rates have increased substantially in recent years and to a greater extent than rates for men. This pattern has been observed in several jurisdictions and is even more pronounced for Indigenous women. This paper critically examines features of Justice Reinvestment, such as its endorsement of ‘evidence based policy’ and risk assessment tools, to question whether these features are likely to promote the interests of women. Se está promoviendo activamente la reinversión en justicia como un medio para reducir las altas tasas de encarcelamiento, dedicando gastos destinados a prisiones para financiar servicios dentro de la comunidad que presten apoyo y supervisión a los delincuentes y que prevengan el delito. En un momento de restricciones financieras, se está revisando el enorme gasto que generan las altas tasas de encarcelamiento. Existe un creciente reconocimiento de que una alta tasa de encarcelamiento no es eficaz para reducir la reincidencia y, de diversas maneras, puede aumentar la criminalidad y ser perjudicial para individuos y comunidades. Basándonos en que en EE UU los proyectos de reinversión en justicia han dado resultados prometedores, algunos activistas y políticos han instado a la adopción de la reinversión en justicia en Australia. Este apoyo ha hecho hincapié en la necesidad de encontrar mecanismos para reducir las tasas muy altas de encarcelamiento de indígenas. Las tasas de encarcelamiento de mujeres han aumentado sustancialmente en los últimos años y en un grado mayor que las tasas de hombres. Este patrón se ha observado en diferentes jurisdicciones y es aún más acusado en el caso de mujeres indígenas. Este artículo analiza de forma crítica las características de la reinversión en justicia, como su apoyo a una “política basada en pruebas” y las herramientas de valoración de riesgo, para plantearse si estas características pueden promover los intereses de las mujeres. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2636756

Bambang Sugeng Ariadi S, Johan Wahyudi, Razky Akbar

The most important thing for any regulation judicial principle is simple, fast and low cost is to reduce the accumulation of cases in the Supreme Court. That is because, line with the increasing increasing number of incoming cases, and also that successfully terminated in the District Court and Court of Appeal, then the incoming number of decisions in the Supreme Court also increased and began to be a serious problem. In this regard, People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) seriously consider this and responded by provisions, that is TAP MPR No. VIII/MPR/2000 about of the Annual Report of State High Institutions at the Annual Session of the People's Consultative Assembly of the Republic of Indonesia in 2000 which one substance recommend that the Supreme Court immediately resolve pending lawsuits by increasing the number and quality of decisions and that the Supreme Court makes the rules o restrict the entry of cassation cases. Following up on the existence of the MPR decrees, he Supreme Court has issued several provisions n order to limit legal action in order to realize judicial principle is simple, fast and low cost, either in the form of the Supreme Court Rules (Perma) nor Supreme Court Circular Letter (Sema). This article is useful for know and understand how much has been the implementation judicial principle is simple, fast and low cost, in order to reduce the buildup of civil cases.