Hasil untuk "Philosophy (General)"

Ana Paula Giardini Pedro

RESUMO No século XV, pontífices, senhores seculares e homens de poder italianos, imbuídos do desejo de restaurar a dignidade que outrora caracterizou a antiga Roma, identificavam as virtudes de liberalitas e magnificentia como instrumentos de legitimação política. No entanto, contavam com disposição territorial e financeira tanto mais estreita que aquela de pregressos impérios. Nesse contexto, Leon Battista Alberti, vislumbrando incitar investimentos edilícios e profícuas relações de mecenato a arquitetos, identifica em valores antigos a chave para essa complexa questão: a dignificação da arquitetura e do artífice para construção de registros sempiternos do ‘bom governo’. Em seu De Re Ædifcatoria, o humanista prescreve a excelência da arte fundada na concinnitas, que perpassa a ratio mediocritatis e cinge os preceitos vitruvianos de decor e symmetria descritos no De Architectura. Assim, este artigo propõe compreender como ambos os tratadistas, cada um a seu modo, demonstram que o valor excelso da Arquitetura, alcançado pela sollertia ingenium guiada pela reflexão doutrinal, ultrapassa a preciosidade vulgar de investimentos suntuosos. Assim, conferindo auctoritas a obras que fizessem presente dignitas e honestas no reconhecimento visual, mesmo com investimentos parcimoniosos.

Murat Bayram

Mathematics is often given as an example of the precision and perfection of reasoning. The success achieved through the methods of mathematics has encouraged the use of mathematical techniques in various fields and among thinkers. In particular, the logical axioms, which are the indisputable truths about mathematical concepts, have been applied in the field of law with the success seen in the natural sciences. Logic has often served as a tool for law, helping it achieve its purpose. Lawyers use logical techniques to address deficiencies in legal practice. In this regard, logical techniques are considered to provide mathematical certainty in law. Positivists and natural law theorists approach mathematical certainty differently. While the positivist approach focuses on the purely axiomatic dimension of mathematics, the natural law perspective emphasizes the a priori domain. In this context, we discuss whether the synthetic a priori plane of mathematical propositions is valid for legal rules. By examining the historical development of logic and mathematics, this study explores their influence on the mathematical certainty of law and its relationship with legal concepts and the world of existence. This study also aims to evaluate the ontological domains of mathematics and law from a philosophical perspective. The main objectives of this study are to evaluate the ontological relationship between mathematics and law and to examine the extent to which mathematical precision can be applied in the field of law.

Stelios Negrepontis, Athanase Papadopoulos

Even though Plato's philosophy in ancient times was always closely associated with mathematics, modern Platonic scholarship, during the last five centuries, has moved steadily toward de-mathematization. The present work aims to outline a radical re-interpretation of Plato's philosophy, according to which the Platonic Idea, that is, the intelligible Being, has the structure of the philosophical analogue of a geometric dyad in a philosophic anthyphaeresis -- the precursor of modern continued fractions -- which was studied by the Pythagoreans, Theodorus and Theaetetus in relation with the discoveries of quadratic incommensurabilities. This mathematical structure is clearly visible in the Platonic method of Division and Collection, equivalently Name and Logos, equivalently True Opinion plus Logos, in the dialogues Theaetetus, Sophist, Statesman, Meno, and Parmenides. Equipped with this structure of an intelligible Being, we provide definitive answers to fundamental questions, that were not be resolved by Platonists, concerning the following topics: the dialectic numbers, which are based on the anthyphairetic periodicity and the plus one rule, stating that the dialectic number of terms of a sequence is the (number of) ratios of successive terms plus one (stated in the Parmenides 148d-149d); the description of the intelligible being as an Indivisible Line, a statement bordering on the contradictory; the also seemingly contradictory Sophist 's statement that ``the not-Being is a Being'', based on the equalization of the two elements of the dyad defining an intelligible Being; the more general self-similar Oneness of an intelligible Being, based on the equalization of all parts generated by the anthyphairetic division of an intelligible Being; and finally the Third Man Argument in the Introduction to the Parmenides, appearing as a threat for Plato's theory, but essentially innocuous because of the self-similar Oneness. The third part of our study aims to prove that, contrary to the presently dominant interpretation of Zeno's arguments and paradoxes as being devoid of mathematical content, the analysis of Zeno's presence in the Parmenides, Sophist (via the Eleatic Stranger), and Zeno's verbatim Fragments preserved by Simplicius, show that Plato's intelligible Beings essentially coincide with Zeno's true Beings, and hence that Zeno's philosophical thought was already anthyphairetic, and hence heavily influenced by the Pythagorean's Mathematics. These findings run against Burkert's claim that ``ontology is prior to mathematics''. Modern Platonists have never obtained a clear description of the structure of an intelligible Idea in terms of the mathematics of periodic anthyphairesis, and thus were not able to answer fundamental questions, nor to realize the close connection of Zeno's intelligible beings with Zeno's true Beings.

L. Filipe O. Costa, Francisco Frutos-Alfaro, José Natário et al.

In a recent paper we discussed when it is possible to define reference frames nonrotating with respect to distant inertial reference objects (extension of the IAU reference systems to exact general relativity), and how to construct them. We briefly review the construction, illustrating it with further examples, and caution against the recent misuse of zero angular momentum observers (ZAMOs).

Liesbeth De Mol, Yuri V. Matiyasevich, Eugenio G. Omodeo et al.

In his autobiographic essay written in 1999, ``From logic to computer science and back'', Martin David Davis (3/8/1928--1/1/2023) indicated that he viewed himself as a logician \emph{and} a computer scientist. He expanded the essay in 2016 and expressed a new perspective through a changed title, ``My life as a logician''. He points out that logic was the unifying theme underlying his scientific career. Our paper attempts to provide a consistent vision that illuminates Davis' successive contributions leading to his landmark writings on computability, unsolvable problems, automated reasoning, as well as the history and philosophy of computing.

Aditi Verma

This paper describes the underlying philosophy, design, and implementation of a course on "Nuclear Technology, Policy, and Society" taught in the Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences at the University of Michigan. The course explores some of nuclear technology's most pressing challenges or its 'wicked problems'. Through this course students explore the origins of these problems be they social or technical and, they are offered tools, both conceptual and methodological to make sense of these problems, and guided through a semester-long exploration of how scientists engineers can work towards their resolution, and to what degree these problems can be solved through institutional transformation or a transformation in our own practices and norms as a field. The underlying pedagogical philosophy, implementation, and response to the course are described here for other instructors who might wish to create a similar course, or for non-academic nuclear scientists and engineers, who might perhaps, in these pages, find a vocabulary for articulating and reflecting on the nature of these problems as encountered in their praxis.

Barbora Jurková, Lukáš H. Zámečník

Stať pojednává o některých nedostatečně prozkoumaných vazbách mezi pojmovými systémy logiky u Kurta Gödela, teorie automatů u Alana Turinga a teorie sebe-reprodukujících se automatů u Johna von Neumanna. Stranou jsou ponechány tradiční polemiky (především opozice Gödela a Turinga v pojetí mysli) a pozornost je soustředěna na podobnosti mezi všemi třemi autory. V jednotlivých kapitolách se text věnuje postupně: podobě odlišení syntaxe a sémantiky formálního systému u Gödela, Turinga a von Neumanna; von Neumannově variantě Gödelova důkazu a von Neuma-nnově a Gödelově pojetí Turingova stroje; a konečně stejnému základu pojetí vztahu mezi myslí a strojem u všech tří autorů.

Eduardo Guendelman

Complexifying space time has many interesting applications, from the construction of higher dimensional unification, to provide a useful framework for quantum gravity and to better define some local symmetries that suffer singularities in real space time. In this context here spacetime is extended to complex spacetime and standard general coordinate invariance is also extended to complex holomorphic general coordinate transformations. This is possible by introducing a non Riemannian Measure of integration, which transforms avoiding non holomorphic behavior . Instead the measure transforms according to the inverse of the jacobian of the coordinate transformation and avoids the traditional square root of the determinant of the metric $\sqrt{-g}$. which is not globally holomorphic , or the determinant of the vierbein which is sensitive to the vierbein orientations and not invariant under local lorentz transformations with negative determinants. A contribution to the cosmological term appears as an integration constant in the equations of motion. A proposed action for Finsler geometry, which involves $-g$ rather than $\sqrt{-g}$ will also constitute an example of a Holomorphic General Coordinate Invariant Modified Measure Gravitational Theory.

Sylvia Wenmackers

Problems with uniform probabilities on an infinite support show up in contemporary cosmology. This paper focuses on the context of inflation theory, where it complicates the assignment of a probability measure over pocket universes. The measure problem in cosmology, whereby it seems impossible to pick out a uniquely well-motivated measure, is associated with a paradox that occurs in standard probability theory and crucially involves uniformity on an infinite sample space. This problem has been discussed by physicists, albeit without reference to earlier work on this topic. The aim of this article is both to introduce philosophers of probability to these recent discussions in cosmology and to familiarize physicists and philosophers working on cosmology with relevant foundational work by Kolmogorov, de Finetti, Jaynes, and other probabilists. As such, the main goal is not to solve the measure problem, but to clarify the exact origin of some of the current obstacles. The analysis of the assumptions going into the paradox indicates that there exist multiple ways of dealing consistently with uniform probabilities on infinite sample spaces. Taking a pluralist stance towards the mathematical methods used in cosmology shows there is some room for progress with assigning probabilities in cosmological theories.

Ward Struyve

Albert and Callender have challenged the received view that theories like classical electrodynamics and non-relativistic quantum mechanics are time reversal invariant. They claim that time reversal should correspond to the mere reversal of the temporal order of the instantaneous states, without any accompanying change of the instantaneous state as in the standard view. As such, Albert and Callender claim, these theories are not time reversal invariant. The view of Albert and Callender has been much criticized, with many philosophers arguing that time reversal may correspond to more than the reversal of the temporal order. In this paper, we will not so much engage with that aspect of the debate, but rather deflate the disagreement by exploiting the ontological underdetermination. Namely, it will be argued that with a suitable choice of ontology, these theories are in fact time reversal invariant in the sense of Albert and Callender, in agreement with the standard view.

Jelson Roberto de Oliveira

O objetivo desse texto é demonstrar a importância da amizade de Paul Rée para Nietzsche no momento crucial de seu rompimento com as teses schopenhaurianas e wagnerianas e de produção de sua obra Humano, demasiado humano. Essa influência está ligada ao projeto de combate aos idealismos presentes na filosofia metafísica, na religião cristã e na arte romântica. A “arma” desse combate se chama “réealismo”, cuja expressão, como se verá, está ligada a uma prática filosófica que articula a teoria darwinista da seleção natural às análises psicológicas e às idéias evocadas pelos moralistas franceses no que diz respeito à natureza humana. Identificado por Nietzsche como um “espírito livre”, Rée é mantido no âmbito de uma amizade ambígua, mas fecunda, até o distanciamento decisivo motivado pela crítica nietzschiana ao altruísmo e à falta de questionamento da necessidade de fundamentação da moral – expediente que, posteriormente, será caracterizado como genealógico, por sua pergunta sobre o valor da própria moral.

Shamionov R.M.

Objectives. The study the commitment to social activity and its various forms in relation to the risk propensity characteristics of students with different types of subject regulation of behavior. Background. The problem of social activity of students as a sphere of their socialization and establishing connections with various social groups and society as a whole is analyzes. One of its most important components is the question of the subject regulation of social activity. It is assumed that depending on the type of subject regulation (Autonomous or Dependent), students prefer various forms of social activity, implement socially-oriented activity, and show the specifics of risk-taking. Study design. The paper analyzes the level indicators of adherence to different forms of social activity of students, depending on the type of their subject regulation; a typological analysis of risk propensity and uncertainty experiences in students with Autonomous and dependent types of subject regulation; the hypothesis of direct and indirect effects of autonomy on General and socially-oriented activity using structural modeling. Participants. The study involved 297 full-time students (36% men), average age M=21; SD=2.74. Measurements. The scale for the assessment of various forms of social activity, feelings of uncertainty with a dimension of from 1 to 5, the method of evaluating component and composite index of socio-oriented activity (R.M. Shamionov, M.V. Grigorieva), a questionnaire of autonomy-dependence (G.S. Prygin), a questionnaire of tendency to extreme and risky behavior (M. Zuckerman). Results. Students with an Autonomous type of subject regulation are more committed to leisure, socio-political, and civic activity, while students with a dependent type are more committed to protest activity. Socially-oriented activity is more attractive to students with an Autonomous type of subject regulation. Students with an Autonomous type of regulation are characterized by higher indicators of non-adaptive striving for difficulties, with a Dependent type-indicators of searching for new impressions and experiencing uncertainty. The continuous indicator of (Autonomous) subject regulation has a direct impact on variations in socially-oriented activity, and indicators of risk propensity are moderators of a direct causal relationship, respectively, of autonomy to socially-oriented activity and age to the overall activity of students. Conclusions. Students with Autonomous and Dependent types of subject regulation are characterized by specificity in their commitment to various forms of activity and their attitude to risk. The causal relationship of subject regulation on variations of socially-oriented activity is established.

Darío Páez

The book is part of the Psychology in Latin America series of the American Psychological Association (APA) edited by Judith Gibbons and Patricio Cumsille. The book presents a series of chapters written by Latin American researchers from Argentina, Colombia, Chile, El Salvador and Peru on different topics relevant to political psychology in Latin America. The problem of human rights violations and how to confront them, socio-political conflicts and the building of a culture of democracy and peace are transversal axes of the chapters of this book.

Francesco Sovrano, Fabio Vitali

We propose a new method for generating explanations with AI and a tool to test its expressive power within a user interface. In order to bridge the gap between philosophy and human-computer interfaces, we show a new approach for the generation of interactive explanations based on a sophisticated pipeline of AI algorithms for structuring natural language documents into knowledge graphs, answering questions effectively and satisfactorily. With this work we aim to prove that the philosophical theory of explanations presented by Achinstein can be actually adapted for being implemented into a concrete software application, as an interactive and illocutionary process of answering questions. Specifically, our contribution is an approach to frame illocution in a computer-friendly way, to achieve user-centrality with statistical question answering. Indeed, we frame the illocution of an explanatory process as that mechanism responsible for anticipating the needs of the explainee in the form of unposed, implicit, archetypal questions, hence improving the user-centrality of the underlying explanatory process. Therefore, we hypothesise that if an explanatory process is an illocutionary act of providing content-giving answers to questions, and illocution is as we defined it, the more explicit and implicit questions can be answered by an explanatory tool, the more usable its explanations. We tested our hypothesis with a user-study involving more than 60 participants, on two XAI-based systems, one for credit approval and one for heart disease prediction. The results showed that increasing the illocutionary power of an explanatory tool can produce statistically significant improvements on effectiveness. This, combined with a visible alignment between the increments in effectiveness and satisfaction, suggests that our understanding of illocution can be correct, giving evidence in favour of our theory.

Juan José Herrera

Entre los textos de Tomás consagrados a la simplicidad divina, la cuestión disputada De simplicitate divine esse sobresale por su original enfoque. Esta obra no se limita a probar la ausencia de toda clase de composición en Dios, sino que también muestra el impacto de ese atributo en el campo del lenguaje teológico. En efecto, la simplicidad cumple un papel fundamental a la hora de precisar el verdadero alcance de los nombres absolutos y relativos atribuidos a Dios. La temática está lejos de ser irrelevante puesto que la imagen que el teólogo se forme de Dios y enseñe a los demás depende de la correcta comprensión de esos predicados. Nuestro trabajo ofrece una introducción a este texto medieval con el doble propósito de despertar o acrecentar el interés por su estudio y de descubrir que Tomás de Aquino tiene todavía mucho que decir sobre el Dios absolutamente simple.

Anastasia G. Gacheva

The article deals with the concept of culture as a cosmocracy, which is put forward in the works of Valerian Muraviev, one of the leading representatives of the 1920s cosmism. It presents the evolution of Muraviev’s view on the phenomenon of culture from the early articles to the philosophical mysteries “Sophia and the Centaur” and “The Culture of the Future.” The connection of Muraviev’s constructions with the projective philosophy of Nikolay Fedorov, the ancestor of cosmism, with the idea of the antientropical essence of culture, which is characteristic of the representatives of cosmism, is shown.

Matej Sárený

In the paper we study propagation of light in general relativity through a spacetime filled with cold plasma with infinite conductivity. We use the geometric optics based on Synge's approach. As the main result we provide a formula for calculation of spectral flux of radiation emitted from a pointlike source. The formula employs connecting vectors that are obtained by integrating the ray deviation equation along the reference ray connecting the source and observation event. As a byproduct we formulate Etherington's reciprocity theorem with the inclusion of plasma, interrelating angular size distance and luminosity distance. We also discuss the Liouville theorem and its formulation in terms of connecting vectors.

Hedgar Lopes Castro

A retórica é uma questão central no Górgias de Platão. Por meio da discussão com três de seus praticantes, Sócrates visa definir o objeto da retórica, qual a sua relação com a justiça e com a felicidade dos cidadãos da pólis. A partir do diálogo entre Sócrates e os três oradores, que sempre partem da dóxa para falar ou discursar, intento evidenciar como essa instância relaciona intrinsecamente os cidadãos e os oradores, tanto na vida na pólis como no governo político. Os exames socráticos das afirmações e crenças retóricas, contidos ao longo do Górgias, são úteis para apresentar o rumo de seus discursos e como eles não se comprometem com a Justiça e com o Bem na vida política e ética da pólis. Esse compromisso, estando ausente, deflagra a ameaçadora relação entre oradores e cidadãos.

Beatriz Eugenia Contreras Tasso

Nous nous référerons dans cet article à la mémoire de l’homme, incarné et historique, déterminé par les médiations spatio-temporelles et exposé aux dilemmes éthiques que doit affronter l’ipséité dans sa capacité d’accueillir l’autre telle que la définit Ricœur. Notre réflexion vise la mémoire inquiétée par des médiations propres à la condition existentielle et corporelle du soi moderne, dans un contexte d’ébullition culturelle et technologique. Un tel contexte a en effet des conséquences qui affectent aussi bien l’identité personnelle et collective, que l’exercice des capacités du soi agissant et souffrant – et tout spécialement celui de sa mémoire. Nous examinerons la dimension tant réceptive que dynamique de la mémoire exposée aux fragilisations qui affectent l’identité narrative humaine, en déterminant ses pouvoirs qui laissent des traces au niveau de la conscience et du corps. Nous terminerons enfin notre réflexion par une analyse des effets volontaires et involontaires qui mettent en question la capacité même de la mémoire, en influant sur l’imagination et sur la réponse éthique du soi.

Christian Wuthrich

Although general relativity is a predictively successful theory, it treats matter as classical rather than as quantum. For this reason, it will have to be replaced by a more fundamental quantum theory of gravity. Attempts to formulate a quantum theory of gravity suggest that such a theory may have radical consequences for the nature, and indeed the fate, of spacetime. The present article articulates what this problem of spacetime is and traces it through three approaches to quantum gravity taking general relativity as their vantage point: semi-classical gravity, causal set theory, and loop quantum gravity.