Hasil untuk "Petroleum refining. Petroleum products"

Mohammad Reza Esmaeilinasab, Mastaneh Hajipour, Abbas Shahrabadi et al.

Abstract Smart water injection into oil fields is an efficient EOR method but has significant challenges due to incompatibility between the formation brine and the injecting water. The presence of reactive ions in smart water can change the wettability of reservoir rock to increase oil production. However, the possibility of formation damage due to inorganic scales may increase. In this research, static and dynamic experiments were conducted to investigate the competition between rock wettability alteration and formation damage due to smart water injection. The experiments were performed in two parts including waters compatibility tests and rock wettability measurements for various concentrations of potential-determining ions in smart water. The crystal size and morphology of the sulfate scales were inspected visually using scanning electron microscopy images. In static compatibility tests, the maximum amount of sulfate scales was detected in the mixture containing 40% injection water. The experimental data indicated that the simultaneous increase in the concentration of sulfate and magnesium ions improves the carbonate rock wettability 18% more compared to increasing sulfate concentration alone. As a result, SW_1Ca.2 Mg.1.5S revealed the highest effect on rock wettability changes from oil-wet to water-wet conditions in both static and dynamic tests. The formation damage analysis through core-flooding experiments showed that increasing the concentration of sulfate ions twice the sea water causes an 88% reduction in core permeability. However, doubling the magnesium concentration in the presence of sulfate ions reduces the permeability decline to 77%. The maximum recovery factor (i.e., 35%) was attained by injecting SW_1Ca.2 Mg.1.5S into the carbonate core, and core permeability was enhanced twofold. The findings show that simultaneous changes in the concentration of potential-determining ions in smart water, in addition to increasing oil production, also prevent formation damage, which is often neglected in previous studies.

GUO Xusheng, LI Wangpeng, SHEN Baojian, HU Zongquan, ZHAO Peirong, LI Maowen, GAO Bo, FENG Dongjun, LIU Yali, WU Xiaoling, SU Jianzheng

Oil shale in the Sinopec exploration areas is abundant and serves as an important strategic reserve and supplementary energy source for the country. Accelerating the exploration and development of oil shale is crucial for improving China’s energy structure and ensuring national energy security. To achieve large-scale exploration and cost-effective development of oil shale, the technologies of in-situ exploitation field tests successfully conducted both domestically and internationally were reviewed and summarized. Based on this review, the characteristics of test areas, geological and engineering adaptability, and selection layer requirements were analyzed. It was concluded that field pilot tests of Shell’s electric heating method, Jilin Zhongcheng Company’s in-situ fracturing chemical retorting technology, and Jilin University’s local chemical reaction-based in-situ pyrolysis technology have been successfully carried out. However, the maturity and feasibility of two technologies in China need to be further studied and validated, and the adaptability of existing in-situ exploitation technologies to deep oil shale remains unverified. The technical characteristics, geological resource conditions, and exploitation engineering conditions of in-situ oil shale exploitation were reviewed and analyzed. Based on the key factors restricting in-situ exploitation of oil shale in China and the heating method, four geological parameters, six engineering parameters, and classification evaluation limits were determined. Additionally, the weights of each parameter were assigned according to the degree of constraints on in-situ exploitation and utilization of oil shale. A two-factor evaluation model of geological and engineering for identifying favorable areas for in-situ oil shale exploitation was then established, leading to the selection of 15 Class Ⅰ favorable areas in Sinopec exploration areas and adjacent areas. The effects of key factors, including roof and floor, fractures, and movable water, on the selected favorable areas were further analyzed. Through comprehensive evaluation, four target areas were selected: the Xunyi mining area on the southern margin of the Ordos Basin, the Shanghuangshan Street mining area on the southern edge of the northern piedmont of the Bogda Mountains, the Dianbai mining area in the Maoming Basin, and the Fushun mining area in the Fushun Basin.

Muhammad Shehryar, Arshad Raza, Guenther Glatz et al.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) storage in geological reservoirs faces viscous fingering, gravity override, and poor mobility control due to its low viscosity and resulting inefficient distribution and compromised storage capacity. Therefore, an urgent need arises to thicken the CO2 and enhance its viscosity for better mobility control and uniform distribution across the reservoir. This study examines the different schemes to enhance sweep efficiency in subsurface storage. In the context of polymer-, surfactant-, and foam-based technologies, the study defines optimization for CO2 injection and retention. Sweep efficiency is critical in maximizing reservoir usage and minimizing the risk of leakage by ensuring even dispersion of CO2. Polymers could increase CO2 viscosity, thereby yielding better mobility control and wider reservoir coverage. Surfactants reduce interfacial tension, enabling CO2 to invade less permeable areas, while foams act as conformance control agents, changing the flow path of CO2 away from the high permeability and into the underused areas. The study further includes advanced materials like CO2-soluble polymers, fluorinated surfactants, and nanoparticle-stabilized foams with superior stability under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions typical of deep reservoirs. Though effective, these approaches are challenged with chemical degradation, economic feasibility and environmental consequences. The study delves into these limitations and suggests integrated approaches involving polymers, and surfactant foams for enhanced sweep efficiency. These findings are a step towards realizing surfactant efficient and sustainable carbon sequestration technologies and contribute to the efforts of the world to mitigate climate change.

LIU Wei, CAO Xiaopeng, HU Huifang et al.

Significant productivity breakthroughs have been achieved in key production layers of the shale in Jiyang Depression, notably the lower sub-member of the third member and the upper sub-member of the fourth member of Shahejie Formation. Despite these achievements, the development of these layers is relatively recent, and they exhibit considerable variation in individual well production. The primary factors influencing production remain unclear. Currently, a major focus of research is the comprehensive analysis of the main control factors for high production and the selection of reasonable fracturing parameters for shale oil horizontal wells. To better understand the impact of various factors on horizontal well production, factor correlation and pattern analysis are conducted using field data. Techniques such as gray correlation analysis and principal component analysis are employed to quantify the relationships between the average daily oil production over 90, 180, and 270 days and factors like the volume of fracturing fluid used and sand addition. Subsequently, a shale oil productivity prediction model is constructed, and fracturing parameters are optimized using SHAP（SHapley Additive exPlanations）. The research findings suggest that the volume of fracturing fluid, the amount of sand added, and the number of fracture events are the main engineering parameters affecting production. In contrast, geological parameters such as gray matter content, Total Organic Carbon（TOC）, and porosity significantly influence production as well. Over time, the impact of geological factors on production increases, while the influence of engineering factors diminishes during the later stages of production. Optimization analysis of fracturing parameters determined that a stage length of 40~45 meters, a fracturing fluid volume of 2 700 m³, and a sand addition volume of 180 m³ per stage are the optimal settings. These findings offer new insights for development determination and fracturing design in shale oil horizontal wells.

C.E. Obi, A.R. Hasan, M.A. Rahman et al.

This review addresses the diverse applications of multiphase flows, focusing on drilling, completions, and injection activities in the oil and gas industry. Identifying contemporary challenges and suggesting future research directions, it comprehensively reviews evolving applications in these multidisciplinary topics. In drilling, challenges such as gas kicks, cutting transport, and hole cleaning are explored. The application of immersion cooling technology in surface facilities for gas fields utilized in integrated bitcoin mining is also discussed. Nanotechnology, particularly the use of nanoparticles and nanofluids, shows promise in mitigating particulate flow issues and controlling macroscopic fluid behavior. Nanofluids find applications in drilling for formation strengthening and mitigating formation damage in completions as highlighted in this work, as well as in subsurface injection for enhanced oil recovery (EOR), waterflooding, reservoir mapping, and sequestration tracking. The review emphasizes the need for techno-economic analyses using multiphase flow models, particularly in scenarios involving fluid injection for energy storage. Addressing these multiphase flow challenges is crucial for the future of energy diversity and transition initiatives, offering benefits such as financial stability, resilience, sustainability, and reliable supply chains. The first part of this review presents the application of multiphase (typical gas, liquid, solid) flow models and technology for drilling, completion, and injection operations. While the second part reviews the applications of multiphase particulate (nanofluid) flow technology, the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), machine learning (ML), and system modeling for multiphase flow models in drilling, completions, and injection operations.

WANG Zhijian

Liquid CO2 phase transition fracturing（LCPTF） technology is a novel water-free fracturing technique that can enhance coalbed methane recovery. To study the changes in coal adsorption characteristics before and after CO2 phase transition fracturing, the No. 3 coal seam from the Yuwu coal mine was selected for experimentation. High-pressure mercury intrusion, low-temperature liquid nitrogen adsorption experiments, and CH4 isothermal adsorption tests were conducted to analyze the impact of liquid CO2 phase transition fracturing on coal adsorption. The results showed that after liquid CO2 phase transition fracturing, the pore volume and specific surface area of adsorption pores in coal decreased; the specific surface area of seepage pores decreased while the pore volume of seepage pores increased. The liquid CO2 phase transition fracturing technique could influence the change in the Langmuir adsorption constant of coal by altering the pore structure. After liquid CO2 phase transition fracturing, the Langmuir adsorption constant “a” value decreased and the “b” value increased, indicating that the fracturing process reduced the coal’s adsorption capacity and enhanced the desorption rate. This study provides theoretical guidance for the improvement and optimization of liquid CO2 phase transition fracturing technology for field applications.

V. Nemov, I. Filimonova, I. V. Provornaya et al.

The article is devoted to the study of the fuel market of the regions of the Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts based on cluster analysis. It is shown that the spatial structure of oil refining capacities in Russia is heterogeneous. Significant refining capacities are located in the Volga, Southern, and Central federal districts, while throughout the entire territory of Siberia and the Far East, which is significantly larger in area than the European part of Russia, there are only 7 large refineries. And the economy of these regions does not largely depend on the reliability of the only channels for the supply of petroleum products. Diversification of the regional fuel market can increase the region’s resilience to interruptions in the supply of traditional automobile fuel. The purpose of the work is to study the fuel market of individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation to justify the choice of promising areas of development, among which the authors highlight: the development of gas motor fuel, the development of electric transport, or maintaining the leading role of traditional automobile fuel. The analysis was carried out on a sample of 18 regions (Siberian and Far Eastern federal districts), for each of which the most important indicators were selected that characterize the socio-economic, infrastructural, environmental and climatic state of the regions. For the task at hand, the k-means method was chosen. As a result of cluster analysis, three groups of regions were identified with similar parameters within the groups and the maximum difference between the groups. For the regions of the first group, the optimal scenario would be to stimulate the development of the gas motor fuel market and support the population in converting engines to run on gas motor fuel. For the regions of the second group, increasing the use of alternative fuels, including the development of electric motor transport, has high potential. For the regions of the third group, it is advisable to focus on developing the market for traditional and natural gas motor fuel. It is recommended for some regions to develop programs to stimulate the development of the fuel market in relevant areas to reduce the operating costs of vehicles and ensure the reliability of meeting the demand for automobile fuel.

Kendall M. Capshaw, J. Padgett

U.S. Gulf Coast refineries account for over half of the total refining capacity of the nation. However, less than a third of products refined in this region are used to supply local markets. Due to the highly centralized nature of the U.S. petroleum distribution network, disruptions affecting Gulf Coast refineries can have widespread impacts. The objective of this study is to develop a sufficient predictive model for the likelihood and expected duration of refinery shutdowns under hurricane hazards. Such models are currently lacking in the literature yet essential for risk modeling of the cascading consequences of refinery shutdown ranging from resilience analyses of petroleum networks to potential health effects on surrounding communities tied to startup and shutdown activities. A database of empirical refinery downtime and storm hazards data is developed, and statistical analyses are conducted to explore the relationship between refinery and storm characteristics and shutdown duration. The proposed method with the highest predictive accuracy is found to be a model comprised of a logistic regression binary classification component related to refinery shutdown potential and a Poisson distribution generalized linear model component related to downtime duration determination. To illustrate the utility of the newly developed model, a case study is conducted exploring the impact of two storms affecting the Houston Ship Channel and surrounding region. Both the regional refining resilience as well as the distribution network resilience are quantified, including uncertainty propagation. Such analyses reveal local community to nationwide impacts of refining disruptions and can support resilience enhancement decisions.

P. P. Reddy, V. U. Rao

Human beings are heavily dependent on fossil fuels like coal and petroleum products for various daily activities in life. The large-scale usage of petroleum products releases different types of hazardous gasses, sulfur dioxide being one of them. The oxidation of organosulfur compounds in fuels release sulfur dioxide which is deleterious to humans and one of the causative factors for acid rains. The hydrodesulfurization, a conventional process is practiced for the elimination of sulfur from petroleum products during refining is not up to the mark for the total removal of sulfur content. Especially, highly recalcitrant organosulfur compounds like dibenzothiophene and its derivatives are more resistant to hydrodesulfurization. The biodesulfurization process which involves microorganisms for the removal of sulfur from petroleum products was suggested to be as the better alternative approach to hydrodesulfurization. It has been considered that dibenzothiophene as a reference model recalcitrant compound for biodesulfurization experiments and the microorganisms that exhibit 4S metabolic pathway for the elimination ofsulfur atom from dibenzothiophene as the potent desulfurizing strains. The 4S pathway is under the regulation of three genes (dszA, B and C) of dsz operon and they express the enzymatic proteins DszA(dibenzothiophene sulfone monooxygenase), DszB (hydroxyphenylbenzene sulfinate desulfinase) and DszC (dibenzothiophene monooxygenase), respectively. In the present study, the dszC gene pertaining to Streptomyces sp. VUR PPR 102 was made to produce corresponding sequence of DszC enzyme in National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) open reading frame finder. The amino acid sequence of DszC enzymatic protein was used in SWISS MODEL server and the three-dimensional model of DszC enzymatic protein was developed. The DszC model was validated in Rampage server, Swiss PDB Viewer, Verify3D and ERRAT servers.

H. Sahebi, J. Ashayeri, S. S. Mousakazemi et al.

Abstract The oil or petroleum industry is among the most significant world industries and plays a decisive role in economic and political interactions due to its strategic importance. This massive industry has significantly been influenced by instabilities, political unrests, and sudden price fluctuation in recent years. Additionally, the decision-making process in the oil SC has become a challenging issue because of the presence of considerable facilities in the oil fields, oil refining, and distribution of petroleum products. Hence, the integrated optimization of oil SC has been quite popular with researchers. On the other hand, since there are environmental requirements, people have their shares in the extension of this industry, and developmental planning should consider ecological and social issues. The effort has been made in this article to propose a mathematical programming model for the design of oil supply chain network to reduce their environmental effects and improve the social indices while saving costs. Then, the model was solved with actual data from a real case study of the Iran Oil Industry. Finally, some recommendations have been provided based on analyses of the numerical results.

H. A. M. Rasul, M. J. Barzanjy, Hazim Abed Mohammed Aljeware

The fundamental purpose of the petroleum refining industry is to convert crude oil into refined products comprising more than 2,500 substances. Among the refined products are liquefied petroleum gasoline, aviation fuel, kerosene, fuel oils, diesel fuel, lubricating oils, and feedstocks, which have a variety of uses in the petrochemical and other industries. The petroleum refinery process begins with crude oil storage and continues with handling and refining operations before concluding with the separation process and shipping the refined compounds to their final destinations. A variety of methods are used in the petroleum refinery. The analysis of key components of the oil refinery will have a significant impact on the quality of the distilled products. Several scenarios, such as transfer coefficient, fluid type, and pipe materials, have been simulated to determine the most powerful example for the updated oil refineries, and their consequences are described.

WANG Dianlin, YANG Qiong, WEI Bing et al.

The stability of foam system is very important in the application of foam flooding and gas reservoir foam drainage agent. The influence of surfactant molecular structure and interface arrangement on the permeability and stability of foam liquid film is of great significance for the construction of highly stable CO₂ foam, but there is no systematic understanding at present. The betaine surfactant with four molecular structures is used as the research object, and the foam phase property evaluation is used as the research method. For the saturated adsorption capacity, foam liquid film permeability, foam stability and other phase properties, the surfactant molecular structure, interface arrangement, CO₂ foam liquid film permeability, foam stability and their correlation experiments are carried out. The results show that when the molecular head groups of surfactants are consistent, the hydrophobic carbon chain length increases, the hydrophobic effect increases, the molecules on the liquid film surface are arranged more closely, the permeability of foam liquid film decreases, and the stability of foam increases. When surfactant molecules have longer hydrophobic carbon chains, the enhanced hydrophobicity leads to a tighter arrangement of the liquid membrane and an increase in adsorption capacity, hindering the permeation behavior of CO₂ gas within the bubble and weakening the foaming ability of the foaming solution. Based on the regression analysis of the parameters obtained from four foaming systems, the correlation coefficient <i>R</i>² between foam life, foam liquid film molecular adsorption capacity and foaming capacity and foam liquid film permeability <i>K</i> is established. The fitting shows that <i>R</i>²&gt;0.90. Therefore, the permeability of foam liquid film <i>K</i> can be used as one of the parameters to evaluate the stability of foam system and provide a reliable evaluation parameter for the screening of highly stable foam system.

Cheng Yuxiong, Wu Guang'ai, Wu Shiyun et al.

Soluble bridge plugs are deficient for low compressive strength,slow degradation rate,and inapplicability to ultra-high temperature environment.For these problems,an innovative design of all-metal bridge plug for ultra-high temperature environments was proposed.The room-temperature and high-temperature mechanical performance and high-temperature dissolution performance of soluble magnesium-based alloys were performed.Moreover,the materials for key bridge plug components were optimized through the finite element analysis.Finally,the prototype of all-metal bridge plug for ultra-high temperature environments was trial-manufactured and laboratory-tested.The application performance was verified with respect to pressure-bearing and dissolution capacities at room and high temperatures.The results show that with increasing temperature,high-strength soluble magnesium-based alloys present smaller reductions of tensile and yield strengths and yet considerable growth of the elongation rate,compared with high-elongation soluble magnesium-based alloys.At ultra-high temperatures,the dissolution rate of soluble magnesium-based alloys is found with a trend featuring slow-fast-slow variation,and the dissolution rate is the highest at 48～72 hours of dissolution.The developed all-metal bridge plug for ultra-high temperature environments can withstand a pressure difference of up to 70 MPa in 2% KCl aqueous solutions at 205 ℃,and maintain an effective seal for 10 hours.It can be completely dissolved in a closed container under simulated working conditions within 8 days,which meets the design and downhole service requirements.This study provides vital technical support for the development of all-metal bridge plugs suitable for ultra-high temperature environments.

Wang Jinlong, Xu Liangbin

The deepwater subsea wellhead system is subjected to various cyclic load during drilling,well completion and workover,attributed to the riser vibration and platform movement induced by ocean waves and currents,and dynamic load triggered by operations.Such cyclic loading results in the cyclic bending moment of the subsea wellhead and subsequently accumulated fatigue damage.In order to promote technical advancement and improve the application safety of deepwater subsea wellhead systems,the characteristics of subsea wellheads are summarized,and the application status and prospect of subsea wellheads in the South China Sea are investigated.The progress of subsea wellhead fatigue damage assessment and research is analyzed,including damage prediction,fatigue monitoring,and fusion and processing of multi-source data.The difficulties of subsea wellhead fatigue damage assessment and research are identified,and last,the development orientations and suggestions for the subsea wellhead fatigue damage assessment are proposed.The difficulties of investigating subsea wellhead fatigue damage are the undone tank test of subsea wellhead fatigue monitoring and the lack of corrected finite-element-method subsea wellhead models integrating multi-source monitoring data.The conclusions of this research provide references for the technical development and deepwater applications of subsea wellhead systems.

Y. Reda, H.M. Yehia, A.M. El-Shamy

Since aluminum is used in many essential applications, it has become a focus of researchers, mainly aluminum alloy 7075, because of its importance in the aircraft industry. The alloy 7075 incorporates high-strength materials such as Al-Cu-Mg, but with Zn through the primary alloy ingredient, instead of copper. Variations in the properties achieved in heat handling of Al-Zn-Mg ingredient 7075 are caused by solution and hardening process precipitation. The word heat-treatment solution means heat-treatment of a metallic structure to remove precipitated particles in the matrix. This work aims at studying the effect of solution treatment, the aging process, and the retrogression process on the mechanical properties of the Al 7075. Test measurements were taken by heating to 470 °C, intended for 30 min, then water quenching from goods, machines, and solutions. For example, not numerous of these collections were aged at R.T. Across 120 h. Other participants aged 24 h at 120 °C artificially. Then the retrogressed for 35 min at 180 °C; the group of these samplings was typically aged in R.T. across 120 h. Other groups were chemically aged for one day at 120 °C and retrogressed for 8 min at 200 °C, and all these samples were naturally aged at the average temperature for 120 h. Many classes were aged chemically for one day at 120 °C. Materials were evaluated by studying their microstructure, hardness, and tensile strength. It has been concluded that the best heat treatment values are the condition (1), indicating that the triple artificial aging gives the highest values of Hardness 49.4 HB and UTS 690 MPa, which were seen and convinced with the microstructure taken for each specimen.

Chen GUO, Yong QIN, Tongsheng YI et al.

Efficient detection of coalbed methane (CBM) co-production interference is the key to timely adjusting the development plan and improving the co-production efficiency. Based on production data of six typical CBM co-production wells in the Zhijin block of western Guizhou Province, China, the production characteristic curves, including production indication curve, curve of daily water production per unit drawdown of producing fluid level with time, and curve of water production per unit differential pressure with time have been analyzed to explore the response characteristics of co-production interference on the production characteristic curves. Based on the unit water inflow data of pumping test in coal measures, the critical value of in-situ water production of the CBM wells is 2 m3/(d·m). The form and the slope of the initial linear section of the production indication curves have clear responses to the interference, which can be used to discriminate internal water source from external water source based on the critical slope value of 200 m3/MPa in the initial linear section of the production indication curve. The time variation curves of water production per unit differential pressure can be divided into two morphological types: up-concave curve and down-concave curve. The former is represented by producing internal water with average daily gas production greater than 800 m3/d, and the latter produces external water with average daily gas production smaller than 400 m3/d. The method and critical indexes for recognition of CBM co-production interference based on the production characteristic curve are constructed. A template for discriminating interference of CBM co-production was constructed combined with the gas production efficiency analysis, which can provide reference for optimizing co-production engineering design and exploring economic and efficient co-production mode.

O. P. Stebeleva, A. Minakov

The integrated effect on homogeneous and heterophase liquids that can be used for technological purposes has drawn the attention of researchers in various sciences. Cavitation impact on oil is among the efficient methods of intensifying chemical–technological, hydromechanical, and mass-exchange processes and the destruction of substances. This work reviews in detail and analyzes the mechanisms of impact and application of cavitation in various processes in the petroleum industry, including the refining processes, that are associated with crude oil and petroleum waste, such as reduction of viscosity, demulsification, desulfurization, and improvement of quality of heavy oil and petroleum refinery products, including oil sludge and waste oil-containing water.

Ali Zalakinezhad, Saeid Jamshidi

Nowdays, sand production is one of the most important challenges in the oil and gas industries, making numerous issues. To prevent these problems, it is necessary to use mathematical models to estimate the sand production onset and the amount of sand produced during production. There are generally four methods for predicting sand production: experimental methods that use field observations and well data, laboratory simulations, numerical methods, and analytical methods. In this research, a novel numerical method is proposed to estimate the amount of sand production. First, it is necessary to estimate the onset of sand production using failure criteria and after that, the amount of sand production is estimated. First, to use numerical methods, they must be calibrated by using field data. In this paper, the proposed numerical model is calibrated by using the field observations and well data of a North Sea reservoir. It is used to predict the amount of produced sand that the average relative error of the proposed method was about 6.9%. Also, in this model, computable parameters are used to calculate the amount of sand production, which reduces the error of this method. It also shows that this is a practical model. Therefore, the proposed model is reliable, and it can be used to estimate the amount of sand production for subsequent years. The proposed model is developed based on incompressible and slightly compressible fluids; this paper also considers the relationship between porosity and permeability at steady-state conditions. Ultimately, sensitivity analysis on sand production is performed, and the effects of four permeability parameters: uniaxial compressive strength, maximum horizontal stress, and wellbore pressure on sand production are checked.

Hanzhong Zheng, Linyu Xu

Abstract Cross-regional trade activities not only facilitate the exchange of products but trigger the transfer of pollutants. In this study, China’s production-based PM2.5 emissions were estimated by compiling sectoral resolution PM2.5 emission inventories. Integrated with a multiregional input-output model, the consumption-based PM2.5 emissions from 30 provinces in 2012 were calculated. Only approximately 14% of the PM2.5 emissions were induced by consumers’ direct usage, while 86% of the emissions were triggered by upstreaming production processes, as quantified by simulation in the structural path analysis model. For specific sectors, ‘other services’ play an important role in direct usage, while ‘nonmetal products’, ‘petroleum refining’, ‘metallurgy’, ‘coal mining’ and ‘chemical industry’ are the dominant PM2.5 emission sectors in subsequent supply chains, which has implications for optimization of the industrial structure as well as for improving energy utilization efficiency to a reasonable level for production processes. Furthermore, this study investigated consumption-based PM2.5 emissions transfer from original to destination provinces, which varied from 9%∼84%. Most of the consumption PM2.5 emissions dominant provinces located in east coastal of China, outsourcing PM2.5 emissions to Central and Western China, such as Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Guizhou and Hebei, each accounted for more than 50% of their total PM2.5 emissions. In addition, all provinces except Xinjiang present spatial connections with surrounding provinces through close trade cooperation. The findings of this research provide a solid foundation for identifying different provinces’ responsibility for air pollutant control and proposing insightful observations to help policymakers to formulate associated cross-regional PM2.5 emissions reduction and control measures.

Joel Parraga, K. Khalilpour, A. Vassallo

Abstract The integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) process is an energy conversion system for concurrent power and chemical production. The key capability of this technology is the synthesis of versatile chemical products from various carbonaceous feed material, such as coal, biomass, and by-products from the petroleum refining process. This flexibility places the IGCC as a viable alternative for conventional Rankine cycles which suffer from inflexibility in response to the volatile electricity market. To date, there are few commercial examples of this technology predominantly due to the high capital cost requirement and operation complexity. However, the economic feasibility of the IGCC could be significantly improved with carbon capture obligations. This is due to its lower carbon capture costs as a result of treating high-pressure and high-concentrated CO2 stream, unlike conventional power generation systems. This paper provides a comprehensive review of polygeneration IGCC process with multiple-feed and multiple-product flexibility. Then process fundamentals are critically reviewed and technological barriers are discussed.