Hasil untuk "Pathology"

A. Farb, G. Sangiorgi, A. Carter et al.

C. Agius, R. J. Roberts

E. Lazcano-Ponce, J. Miquel, N. Muñoz et al.

Gallbladder cancer is usually associated with gallstone disease, late diagnosis, unsatisfactory treatment, and poor prognosis. We report here the worldwide geographical distribution of gallbladder cancer, review the main etiologic hypotheses, and provide some comments on perspectives for prevention. The highest incidence rate of gallbladder cancer is found among populations of the Andean area, North American Indians, and Mexican Americans. Gallbladder cancer is up to three times higher among women than men in all populations. The highest incidence rates in Europe are found in Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Incidence rates in other regions of the world are relatively low. The highest mortality rates are also reported from South America, 3.5–15.5 per 100,000 among Chilean Mapuche Indians, Bolivians, and Chilean Hispanics. Intermediate rates, 3.7 to 9.1 per 100,000, are reported from Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Brazil. Mortality rates are low in North America, with the exception of high rates among American Indians in New Mexico (11.3 per 100,000) and among Mexican Americans.

J. Fiala, J. Špaček, K. Harris

K. Maloy, Laurence Salaun, R. Cahill et al.

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (TR) cells can inhibit a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, but the precise mechanisms by which they suppress immune responses in vivo remain unresolved. Here, we have used Helicobacter hepaticus infection of T cell–reconstituted recombination-activating gene (RAG)−/− mice as a model to study the ability of CD4+CD25+ TR cells to inhibit bacterially triggered intestinal inflammation. H. hepaticus infection elicited both T cell-mediated and T cell–independent intestinal inflammation, both of which were inhibited by adoptively transferred CD4+CD25+ TR cells. T cell–independent pathology was accompanied by activation of the innate immune system that was also inhibited by CD4+CD25+ TR cells. Suppression of innate immune pathology was dependent on T cell–derived interleukin 10 and also on the production of transforming growth factor β. Thus, CD4+CD25+ TR cells do not only suppress adaptive T cell responses, but are also able to control pathology mediated by innate immune mechanisms.

S. Roberts, H. Evans, J. Trivedi et al.

M. Guarino, B. Rubino, G. Ballabio

S. Sensi, P. Paoletti, A. Bush et al.

M. Graeber, W. Streit

M. Neumann, R. Rademakers, S. Roeber et al.

P. Roussouly, J. L. Pinheiro-Franco

A. Jonckheere, J. Smeitink, R. Rodenburg

Human mitochondrial (mt) ATP synthase, or complex V consists of two functional domains: F1, situated in the mitochondrial matrix, and Fo, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Complex V uses the energy created by the proton electrochemical gradient to phosphorylate ADP to ATP. This review covers the architecture, function and assembly of complex V. The role of complex V di-and oligomerization and its relation with mitochondrial morphology is discussed. Finally, pathology related to complex V deficiency and current therapeutic strategies are highlighted. Despite the huge progress in this research field over the past decades, questions remain to be answered regarding the structure of subunits, the function of the rotary nanomotor at a molecular level, and the human complex V assembly process. The elucidation of more nuclear genetic defects will guide physio(patho)logical studies, paving the way for future therapeutic interventions.

A. Greka, P. Mundel

K. Siziopikou

A. Kondratova, R. Kondratov

M. Kudo, Y. Ishigatsubo, I. Aoki

Asthma is a serious health and socioeconomic issue all over the world, affecting more than 300 million individuals. The disease is considered as an inflammatory disease in the airway, leading to airway hyperresponsiveness, obstruction, mucus hyper-production and airway wall remodeling. The presence of airway inflammation in asthmatic patients has been found in the nineteenth century. As the information in patients with asthma increase, paradigm change in immunology and molecular biology have resulted in an extensive evaluation of inflammatory cells and mediators involved in the pathophysiology of asthma. Moreover, it is recognized that airway remodeling into detail, characterized by thickening of the airway wall, can be profound consequences on the mechanics of airway narrowing and contribute to the chronic progression of the disease. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition plays an important role in airway remodeling. These epithelial and mesenchymal cells cause persistence of the inflammatory infiltration and induce histological changes in the airway wall, increasing thickness of the basement membrane, collagen deposition and smooth muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Resulting of airway inflammation, airway remodeling leads to the airway wall thickening and induces increased airway smooth muscle mass, which generate asthmatic symptoms. Asthma is classically recognized as the typical Th2 disease, with increased IgE levels and eosinophilic inflammation in the airway. Emerging Th2 cytokines modulates the airway inflammation, which induces airway remodeling. Biological agents, which have specific molecular targets for these Th2 cytokines, are available and clinical trials for asthma are ongoing. However, the relatively simple paradigm has been doubted because of the realization that strategies designed to suppress Th2 function are not effective enough for all patients in the clinical trials. In the future, it is required to understand more details for phenotypes of asthma.

Zohreh Freydoonian, Maryam Mokhtari, Siroos Ahmadi

Introduction The number of female-headed households has significantly increased worldwide. In Iran as well, these households now account for more than 14% of all families. Female heads of households are women who, due to reasons such as divorce, the death of a spouse, irresponsible husbands, or singlehood, must manage the family independently. Female household headship intensifies poverty and economic hardship, and consequently gives rise to numerous social and cultural problems. In Iran, charitable organizations help alleviate the economic challenges faced by these women. However, when women lose their spouses due to divorce or death and come under the support of charities or welfare institutions, they often encounter cultural and social difficulties. The attitudes of charity staff and the broader community—who tend to perceive them as “lonely” and “needy” women—create stigmatizing conditions both within these institutions and in their everyday social environments, sometimes altering the course of their lives altogether. This study specifically examines the social and cultural constraints experienced by women seeking assistance from charitable organizations in Behbahan. The central research question is: What types of social and cultural barriers do female-headed households encounter in institutional settings and in their daily lives? More specifically, what are the cultural and social constraints manifested within the charity institutions and extending into their broader social contexts? MethodologyThis research employs thematic analysis to identify the social and cultural constraints faced by female-headed households. A qualitative approach was adopted, using Braun and Clarke’s six-phase thematic analysis method (2006), including text segmentation and description, interpretation, and synthesis. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten female heads of households, most of whom were divorced, selected through purposive sampling. The study ensured interpretive validity by presenting the results to experts and scholars and modifying the thematic findings based on their feedback to ensure credibility and accuracy.FindingsThe main emerging themes included:Inferiorization – consisting of humiliating treatment, perceptions of dependency, and administrative delays.Instrumental view toward women – reflected in gendered participation spaces, the shift from public to private domains, and harassment.Deprivation through powerlessness – manifested in restrictions on administrative access and being deprived of institutional services.In their everyday lives, two additional major themes were identified:Suppressed gendered empowerment – including internalized helplessness, self-devaluation, and weak social support-seeking.Sexual stereotyping of female heads of households – involving exposure to sexual labeling and sexual exploitation.The overarching category derived from these cultural and social constraints was conceptualized as “Gendered Insecurity in the Struggle for Livelihood”. Discussion and ConclusionFemale-headed households, faced with economic hardships, often turn to charities as a means of livelihood. However, this path is burdened with socially and culturally gendered challenges, eventually leading to gender-based insecurity in their efforts to sustain themselves. A woman’s act of seeking help from a charity conveys a message to such institutions that women approach them to escape existing insecurities in society. Yet, paradoxically, these spaces often fail to provide them with genuine social safety. Respectful treatment of these women within charitable organizations can help challenge societal stigmatization. Conversely, disrespect and discrimination amplify social vulnerability and internalized stigma. Identifying these social and cultural constraints is a crucial step toward improving the interaction between support institutions and female beneficiaries. Charitable organizations, by training their staff in social awareness and gender sensitivity and reforming gendered attitudes, can significantly reduce the difficulties faced by female-headed households and promote their sense of security and dignity in the process of livelihood attainment.

[This corrects the article on p. 425 in vol. 35.].

W. Haschek, C. Rousseaux, M. Wallig et al.

Jennifer Viberg Johansson, Karin Dembrower, Fredrik Strand et al.

Background Understanding women’s perspectives can help to create an effective and acceptable artificial intelligence (AI) implementation for triaging mammograms, ensuring a high proportion of screening-detected cancer. This study aimed to explore Swedish women’s perceptions and attitudes towards the use of AI in mammography.Method Semistructured interviews were conducted with 16 women recruited in the spring of 2023 at Capio S:t Görans Hospital, Sweden, during an ongoing clinical trial of AI in screening (ScreenTrustCAD, NCT 04778670) with Philips equipment. The interview transcripts were analysed using inductive thematic content analysis.Results In general, women viewed AI as an excellent complementary tool to help radiologists in their decision-making, rather than a complete replacement of their expertise. To trust the AI, the women requested a thorough evaluation, transparency about AI usage in healthcare, and the involvement of a radiologist in the assessment. They would rather be more worried because of being called in more often for scans than risk having overlooked a sign of cancer. They expressed substantial trust in the healthcare system if the implementation of AI was to become a standard practice.Conclusion The findings suggest that the interviewed women, in general, hold a positive attitude towards the implementation of AI in mammography; nonetheless, they expect and demand more from an AI than a radiologist. Effective communication regarding the role and limitations of AI is crucial to ensure that patients understand the purpose and potential outcomes of AI-assisted healthcare.