Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

Alexander A. Suleymanov, Aytalina R. Fedorova, Svyatoslav I. Fedorov et al.

Goals. The article aims to reconstruct a dynamic pattern characterizing the degradation of permafrost and its consequences for Yakutia’s population from the early twentieth century to the late Soviet era, as well as to articulate the role of this problem in the development of geocryology in the region. Materials and methods. The study basically analyzes scattered documentary evidence discovered in archival and museum collections of Moscow, Irkutsk and Yakutsk, the authors’ field materials, and data from related scientific publications. Results. The conducted work makes it possible to note that permafrost degradation caused by anthropogenic impacts was largely somewhat permanent process throughout the period under consideration. In case of urban settlements, corresponding cases were associated with either initial design defects (buildings and structures) or insufficient consideration of the permafrost factor (during the latter’s operation). In case of rural areas, such human intervention was primarily manifested in the removal of vegetation cover aimed at creating arable and meadow lands. It is shown that the need for timely responses to emerging challenges contributed to the development of geocryological science in Yakutia, its enrichment with new original areas of research within the framework of engineering geocryology and agricultural ecology across the cryolithic zone.

Muhammet Berat Can

The novel is a prose genre whose origins are thought to be based on epics and whose first examples emerged in Europe. The development of the novel genre in Arab geography has experienced some difficulties. Some types of novels with unique styles were prevented from being distributed and published by various censors. The genre that calls itself prison literature deals with the life stories of prisoners in prison, their torture, and the hardships they experience. The general themes of these novels are freedom, exhaustion, despair, and resistance. Although works have been written in this genre in the West, this genre also has a special place in Arabic literature. Authors such as Abdurrahman Munif, Majid Suleiman, Mustafa Khalifa and Ayman al-ʿAtūm stand out in Arabic literature. Ayman al-ʿAtūm, whose novels feature an Islamist aspect, is one of the most important figures in modern Arabic literature. In both his novels Yā Sāhibeyi’s-Sijn and Yāsmeūne Hasīsehā, he experienced and fictionalized the punishment of rebelling against authority or holding different views in societies ruled by authoritarian regimes and in which democracy exists only in words. In addition to being an engineer, the author is an academic and a man of letters.

Ridouane El Omari, Hassan El Hammouchi

سعى هذا البحث إلى القيام بقراءة في بعض المفاهيم الاصطلاحية المشتقة من كلمة "ثقافة"، التي تستعمل في وصف علاقات التواصل بين الثقافات المختلفة، وتبيان نقط الالتقاء والاختلاف فيما بينها، بالوقوف على الفروقات الدقيقة التي تميز بعض المفاهيم الاصطلاحية عن بعضها البعض، من قبيل التثاقف والمثاقفة، والتمثيل الثقافي، والمشترك الثقافي والتداخل الثقافي، والتراث الثقافي المشترك.. كما سعى إلى إعطاء أمثلة لأوجه هذه المفاهيم ومظاهرها، خاصة لمصطلحي المشترك الثقافي، الذي مثلنا له بحالة العلاقات الثقافية التي تجمع المغرب بأمريكا اللاتينية، واصطلاح التداخل الثقافي الذي مثلنا له بالعلاقات العربية والفارسية. وتم تقسيم هذا البحث إلى مقدمة وأربعة مباحث، المبحث الأول: المشترك الثقافي. المبحث الثاني: التثاقف والمثاقفة. المبحث الثالث: التداخل الثقافي. المبحث الرابع: التمثيل الثقافي، وتوصل البحث، إلى أن هناك تنوعا وتعددا في عدد المصطلحات التي تستخدم في وصف العلاقات الثقافية الإنسانية، نظرا لزئبقية كلمة "ثقافة" الذي يتطور معناه بتطور الإنسان مع مرور الزمن.

R. Bekmetov

The article examines the memoirs of Vladimir Alekseevich Ivanov (1886–1970), a prominent Russian orientalist, the founder of Ismaili studies, a branch of Islamic studies that explores Ismailism as a religious and ideological movement within the Shiite branch of Islam. Written in the mid-1960s, these memoirs cover the period from 1918 to 1968 and convey the researcher’s impressions of the Eastern countries he visited (Central Asia, Iran, Iraq, India, Egypt, Syria and Palestine). The handwritten notes of the scientist are kept in the archival collection of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, St. Petersburg). In 2015, they were published as a separate book with a preface and comments by B. Norik, a Russian Iranian scholar, translator, textual critic, employee of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow). The memoirs of V. Ivanov have so far been studied as a fact of his scientific life and fate, as a certain addition to the researcher’s work, a kind of appendix to them, explaining what usually lies beyond strict studies, in the field of subjective experience and impressions. Meanwhile, it seems that they represent a completely independent literary work, so that the circle of their readers cannot be limited only to narrow specialists. The literary part of the memoirs is determined by a whole set of features: its language (style register), the image of the author and his subjective position, genre features of the work combining elements of diary prose and detective story, as well as a conditionally “hagiographic” canon (ancient Russian literature) with the traditions of ethnographic descriptions of everyday life, which dates back to “Walking across Three Seas” by Afanasy Nikitin. The memoirist, as a rule, records the past selectively (this is due not only to the conscious desire of the author to highlight some events, obscuring others, but also to the specifics of human memory as such). V. Ivanov was no exception, for him of primary nature was the opinion taken from the point of view of the interests of science.

A. Terzić, Ž. Bjeljac, N. Ćurčić

Cultural heritage is an important part of the cultural identity of any nation. The care of cultural heritage includes the protection and preservation of the material heritage of the majority nation and the heritage of all other ethnic communities that have left their cultural traces in the area under consideration. The protection of cultural heritage reflects the maturity of a society. That’s why the approach to the protection of cultural monuments should not be selective, narrow and strictly national, but comprehensive, preserving the cultural values of earlier eras and peoples as a general civilisational asset. The research aims to reveal how today’s youth perceive the Ottoman heritage in Serbia, their emotional relationship with it, and whether they recognise the Ottoman heritage as a possible resource for tourism in Serbia. The results indicate that the student population perceives the positive aspects of the Ottoman era in this region, as reflected in the legacy of Oriental culture and the multi-ethnic and multicultural order, to a large extent. Architectural heritage, gastronomy and intangible heritage (language and literature, legends, music, dances, traditions) are largely recognised as representative of the Ottoman cultural heritage and foreign influences on national culture. Their potential for tourism has also been recognised. However, the possible obstacles in the development process of the cultural route are foreseen in strong nationalism and negative collective memory, which were identified as key barriers.

G. Astanova, D. Rajabov

The charming stories described in the work “A Thousand and one Nights”, a rare example of Oriental literature, are full of palaces, outfits, supernatural, unexpected allusions, amazing exaggerations, vivid visual means. Criteria such as humanism (humanism) in the narratives of the work, the formation of an aesthetic sense, vital truth, in deep contemplation, the logic and breadth of creative imagination of the idea of narration, accuracy and service to any idea of artistic details, skill in plotting and creating a system of images, skillful disclosure of the inner world of the characters, the richness and diversity of language works. shows artistic skill. helps to identify: This article examines the problems of artistic mastery in these museum works and provides a scientific analysis of how great the power of this artistic influence is, which was the reason for its worldwide fame.

S. Aituganova, K. Sarekenova

In the article, the collection of Yasawi's hikmets is taken as the object of analysis from an artistic and figurative point of view. The significance of hikmets as a genre of poetry will be examined and its patterns of figures will be identified. The important function of poetic repetition, as a rhetorical device for introducing concepts such as moral properties, human duty, morality, and spiritual purity, will be explored. Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, the great representative of Sufi teaching, skillfully harmonized ancient Turkic poetry with Eastern Arabic and Persian poetry and created the best poetic pattern in the Turkic world. Mixing several genres of oriental poetry with the long-established tradition of Turkic poetry and the formation of the hikmet genre is in itself a great achievement, and the desire to deepen the substantive weight of this genre shows a new spiritual height. Poetic repetition plays an im- portant role as an artistic approach to revealing content. The meaning and content of Yasawi's hikmets and their spiritual and cogni- tive significance have become the subject of a number of studies. It was comprehen- sively examined from the point of view of language, literature and ethnography. The repetition patterns used by the author of hikmet and their ideological and artistic function also require special study. Since Yasawi is not only a great exponent of spir- itual teachings, but also a poet immersed in traditional poetry, his hikmets are also distinguished by their artistry. The article identifies the types of poetic repetition used by the poet, such as initial (anaphora) and final (epiphora) repetition, and draws conclusions based on this.

А. Y. Yerlanova, M. N. Baratova

The article discusses images in the works of Mashkhur Zhussip Kopeyev and their creation on the basis of didactic poems. To date, the works of the poet have been studied in the works of K. P. Zhussip, S. N. Sutzhanov, N. K. Zhussupov, A. K. Turyshev, S. Negimov, E. K. Zhussupov, M. N. Baratova in terms of genre, style, continuation of traditions, oriental motif, theme and Idea, language of artistic work, but the development of a system of images in the poet’s poems, characterization of the performance was not fully considered. This constitutes the relevance of the article. The above-mentioned study belongs to the justification of our scientific article. The purpose of the article is to identify the function of didactic poems in creating images. To achieve the goal, the task was to analyze the content of didactic poems, dialogue and monologues on the way to creating images, and analyze artistic means that increase the aesthetic value of the work. In the process of identifying images, their classification by literary and artistic methods and methods of creation was taken into account. Hermeneutic and structural methods were used in the article. The practical significance of the work is addressed to researchers, students of philology specialties of higher educational institutions, as well as to all readers of literature. The results of the study can be used in the disciplines of the University’s literary theory, Kazakh literature of the early twentieth century, introduction to literary studies, Mashkhur studies, literary local lore. Key words: poetics, didactic poems, image, allusion, revival, aesthetic information, national cognition, typical character.

G. Abdrafikova

Written monuments are a valuable source where historical and cultural traditions and the spiritual wealth of the people are reflected. The fate of some of them is mysterious and unusual, and, undoubtedly, they are witnesses of certain events in our history and are an important primary source for the study of history and spiritual culture. The study of such heritage always arouses interest in the world science. There are a number of scientific and popular scientific articles on archeographic and textual research conducted at the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IHLL UFRC RAS). However, scientific research in this direction does not stop, new topics and aspects of scientific developments appear, new results and discoveries are based on them. The purpose of the article is to tell the story of the formation of the G.B. Khusainov Manuscript Fund of the IHLL UFRC RAS based on new realities, to trace the history of the creation of the Oriental manuscripts department as an independent structural unit in this scientific institution, to determine their role in the study of the historical and cultural heritage of the Bashkir people. Against their background, the history of the study of Arabographic written monuments in the IHLL UFRC RAS and the results of scientific research in recent years in this field have been shown, priority areas of modern and future research are identified, the relevance and significance of the development of which is due to the need to introduce into scientific circulation and popularize Arabographic written monuments in the Arabic, Persian and Turkic languages available in the funds of the UFRC RAS, and first of all, in the G.B. Khusainov Manuscript Fund. Taking into account the fact that archaeological expeditions and business trips have been and remain the main source of replenishment of the fund of manuscripts and old printed publications, the work of field expeditions in recent years, which were carried out with the financial support of grants from various scientific foundations, was analyzed separately. In the study, based on the descriptive-narrative method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis, with the help of the introduction of new documents into scientific circulation of the Scientific Archive of the UFRC RAS, the history of the G.B. Khusainov IIYaL Manuscript Fund of the UFRC RAS and the prerequisites for the creation of the current department of Oriental manuscripts are recreated, their place and contribution to the Bashkir archeographic science are shown.

This paper investigates Fatima’s images prior to the development of the scholarly Orientalism in the 19th century. The researchers studied the stereotypes of Fatima in thirteen different sources written by French and Spanish travelers in their own languages. Orientalists became familiar with Fatima through their travels to Safavid Persia in the 16th century. Although Fatima has a unique status for all Muslims, she is more mythic and sacred for Shia. The Orientalists portrayed an image of Fatima influenced by the popular Shia Persian representation and the depiction of her by their predecessors. She remained a marginal less-sacrosanct character for these travelers. She was defined in relation to Prophet Muhammad, to Ali, her husband, and to Hassan and Hussain, her two sons, because of their sacred religious status among the Twelve Imams in Shi'ite Islam. Keywords: Image studies, Orientalism, Prophet Muhammad, Safavid state, Twelver Shia.

Heather Lent, Kelechi Ogueji, Miryam de Lhoneux et al.

In recent years, the natural language processing (NLP) community has given increased attention to the disparity of efforts directed towards high-resource languages over low-resource ones. Efforts to remedy this delta often begin with translations of existing English datasets into other languages. However, this approach ignores that different language communities have different needs. We consider a group of low-resource languages, creole languages. Creoles are both largely absent from the NLP literature, and also often ignored by society at large due to stigma, despite these languages having sizable and vibrant communities. We demonstrate, through conversations with creole experts and surveys of creole-speaking communities, how the things needed from language technology can change dramatically from one language to another, even when the languages are considered to be very similar to each other, as with creoles. We discuss the prominent themes arising from these conversations, and ultimately demonstrate that useful language technology cannot be built without involving the relevant community.

E. Chrzanowska-Kluczewska

Abstract With the narrative and visual turn engaging research in several scholarly disciplines over the last decades, the author of this article intends to approach the issue of world-formation in such pictorial representations that have originated in response to verbal texts, mostly literary. The study assumes a semiotic vantage point, with text understood broadly as any meaningful sequence or network of signs. It draws also from Intermedial Studies, following in particular the idea of media transformation (transmediation) as proposed by Lars Elleström (2014), especially in application to “qualified” media such as artistic forms. An analysis will be carried on the set of images (mostly Western paintings and one instance of Oriental sculpture) produced by 19th and 20th-century artists, all induced by well-known verbal narratives that represent three categories: a) Greek mythology, b) religious and literary-religious texts (The New Testament, the Rāmāyana) and c) English-language literature (drama and poetry). As such, these visual renditions — a reversal of traditionally conceived ekphrasis in which verbal descriptions commented on visual artefacts — qualify as transmedial phenomena. The author’s main concern is to what extent storytelling static visual works, the instances of secondary narrativity (Stampoulidis, 2019), are capable of creating text worlds (partly) similar to storyworlds postulated for verbal narratives. Starting with her own taxonomy of picturing endowed with a narratorial potential (inspired by several typologies proposed for narrative images), the author will discuss the formation by pictorial means of two world-building units, namely: 1) scenes and 2) small worlds/sub-worlds, both of them only parts of full-blown text worlds. Temporality emerges as a foundational but not exclusive property of text worlds in the verbal and pictorial arts. This study is a continuation of the author’s previous research (Chrzanowska-Kluczewska, 2009, 2016, 2019) that points to an incremental growth of possible worlds into text worlds into discourse worlds in verbal and visual media.

Scott DeLancey

Abstract This paper reviews the evidence and arguments for reconstructing a person–number agreement paradigm for the Proto-Trans-Himalayan (=Sino-Tibetan) verb, and assesses the counter-arguments which have been presented in the literature. We demonstrate the cognacy of verb agreement paradigms across the family, and show that there is no plausible subclassification of the family which would place all the attesting languages in a single branch of the family, and no case for a “Rung” branch. The agreement systems of Jinghpaw and Northern Naga and the archaic postverbal paradigms of South Central/Kuki-Chin are demonstrably cognate to those of Rgyalrongic and Kiranti, and these languages have no common ancestor more recent than PTH.

Ichwan Suyudi, Agung Prasetyo Wibowo, Luthfi Chanafiah Pasha

Albeit the research on African American Vernacular English (AAVE) as nonstandard form of English spoken by African Americans in lower socioeconomic classes has been documented by many scholars, little is known about it from the perspective of Wolfram's theory. To fill this lacuna, the present study aims to elucidate the grammatical elements of Eminem's lyrics song in the album "The Eminem Show." This single case study showcased 32 lyrics song from Eminem's album with that seven grammatical features such as copula/auxiliary absence, the invariant be, the remote been, the subject verb agreement, the negation, the question formation, and the nominals. The findings found that negation is the most common grammatical features whereas the invariant be is the least common. The findings indicated that songs serve as a platform for asserting identity and criticizing diverse social, cultural, political, and economic issues. The performers are free to improvise in accordance with the tendencies and interests of the critic. Thus, the song can serve both to identify the current social crisis and as a catalyst for the crisis itself.

Xin Yin

The Carter administration came to power at a crucial period when the relations between the East and the West were shifting from relaxation to re-confrontation. Its policy towards Afghanistan was not only restricted by the situation of U.S.-Soviet Union relations but also exerted a direct influence on the maintenance and transformation of this situation, notably the opening of the “New Cold War” between the East and the West. With the evolution of the Carter administration’s policy towards Afghanistan as the main clue, this paper aims to study the formation background, causes of change and development logic of different US policies towards Afghanistan in this period so as to reveal the internal relationship between the change of the U.S. policy towards Afghanistan and the evolution of the Cold War situation, as well as the essence of the U.S. policy.

ameneh forouzankamali, Aliasghar Ghahramani Moghbel, Naser Zare

The link between poetry and music is stable and inseparable. The musical background in poetry reveals the influence of melodious principles and bases of the texts in both Arabic and Persian literatures. In addition to the meaning of the Ghazal, its form and foreign music are the factors that make people compose and read this poem format. In the paper, from the perspective of comparative literature, we are going to investigate the Ghazal's meter in two Arabic and Persian literatures to achieve the real differences and commonality in this field and the harmony between the meaning and form of Ghazal in both literatures. By examining the meters of the odes and Ghazal pieces in Arabic literature, we have found a similarity with the meters used in Arabic poetry in general so that the Tawil, Wāfer, and Kāmel meters are considered to be the most widely used ones. We also found the most commonly used meters in Persian poetry, similar to those of total Persian poetry. Meter format of Persian Ghazal in different centuries was due to the temporal and local conditions. In the sixth century, in which Ghazal emerged, its meters were more diverse and were of shorter meters. Then, in the next few centuries, Ghazal composers such as Sa'di and Hafez composed lengthy Ghazals that are still common. All these Ghazal meters have features that are consistent and proportional to the poet's mental and inner states of sadness and joy.

Gamze Yücetürk Kurtulmuş

Yūsuf al-Kḫāl is one of Lebanon’s leading poets as well as one of the five poets of the Tammūzī Movement. Al-Kḫāl guided the foundations of this movement with his translations of the poetry of American and Western poets. The Tammūzī poets viewed the similarities in the sociopolitical depression situation with that in the Arab world as well as ways to be free from this situation, especially in T.S. Eliot’s poem “The Waste Land,” and they were hopeful for the future. Thus, belief in resurrection was the most prominent feature in al-Kḫāl’s poems, and the function of the myth of the fertility god Tammūz in al-Kḫāl’s poems was, similar to others’ works, seen to express resurrection and rebirth. They blended this myth with legends from their own cultures under the leadership of Western names such as Eliot and Sir James Frazer and gave new meanings to mythologicalelements. References to the Old and New Testaments are frequently seen in Yūsuf al-Kḫāl’s poems, which are fed by the myths of Assyrian, Babylonian, and Greek civilizations. Especially in his poetry collection Al-Bi’r al-Mahjūra [The Abandoned Well], which this study will discuss, al-Kḫāl reveals the relationship between religion and myth by equating humans with the messiah and Tammūz with God. The concepts of bread and wine are frequently seen in al-Kḫāl’s poems, sometimes to criticize and sometimes to give hope. This study will briefly mention al-Kḫāl’s life and the poetry movement in which he took place before going on to interpret within the scope of the concepts of death, resurrection, rebirth, and fertility such religious symbols such as the Messiah, bread, wine, Abel, Cain, and Abraham and mythological elements such as Tammūz, Adonis, Astarte, and Baal that are found in al-Kḫāl’s collection that was later published in 1958.

N. K. Xaitbaeva, N. Begmatova, F.T. Yuldasheva et al.

The research paper provides the history of the development of the Uzbek school of translation Uzbek into Russian language, which has its own specificity and originality. This peculiarity is characterized by the wide development already in the Middle Ages of translations from oriental languages, mainly from Arabic, the presence of bilingual dictionaries; started from the second half of the XIX century translations directly from Western languages, and finally, quite a wide development of translations of fiction and scientific literature from the Uzbek into Russian language. The role of these translations of Russian literature, or through the Russian language, world literature, was very influential on the development of Uzbek culture in general. In this cultural and literary interchange and interpenetration, the Russian language played the role of a bridge connecting the Uzbek reader with world culture and literature. The Uzbek school of translation of the last century, in fact, in its main composition and practice was based on translations works and novels from the Russian language.

Ayşe Kılıç Cengiz

The Uṣṇīṣavijayā dhāraṇī, considered a Buddhist text about the Goddess Uṣṇīṣavijayā and her dhāraṇī, is known as one of the most important texts in the Old Uyghur translation literature. It occupies a central position as a dhāraṇī text in South Asian, Central Asian, and East Asian Buddhism. Apart from Old Uyghur, it appears in a variety of languages and scripts, including Sanskrit, Tangut, Tibetan, Chinese, and Mongolian. The text is appraised as particularly beneficial for eliminating karmic obstacles and evil paths, annihilating hostility, disasters, demons, and scourges, relieving beings of suffering and bringing them happiness, prolonging their well-being, and increasing their longevity. It is also believed to increase wisdom, obliterate hells, and provide a chance to be born in Buddha heaven, called Sukhāvatī, or other pure lands. This paper deals with the edition of newly identified fragments of the Uṣṇīṣavijayā dhāraṇī in Old Uyghur preserved in the Serindia Collection of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IOM, RAS). The fragments presented belong to the same blockprint edition produced during the Mongolian period. The study includes the transliteration, transcription, and translation of these fragments within the context of a semantic sequence of the text. The version on the fragments is compared with versions in other languages to reveal differences between texts. Finally, a reconstructed text is presented.

Caterina Fantoni

The so-called libation arms found in Anatolia and the Eastern Mediterranean during the Late Bronze Age, belong to the ceramic class Red Lustrous Wheel-made Ware, characterized by a very fine fabric, a careful cooking and a red slipped and polished surface. Even if they were thoroughly analyzed, it was generally assumed that these objects were linked to religious or cultic activities and destined to libatory action. However, no systematic investigation was carried out in relation to their finding contexts. This paper presents the results of a morphological and contextual analysis of this specific artifact. It offers suggestions for production areas, function and distribution on the base of a catalog that collects all the pieces found so far and on the analysis of each finding context. The data seem to indicate an Anatolian type of production unrelated to that of the Red Lustrous Wheel-made Ware, which is solely linked to religious activity.