Márcia Pinto Barros de Oliveira, Luisa Frota Chebabo, Monique do Vale da Silveira
et al.
Introduction and objective: Activities developed by multiprofessional teams in infection control are fundamental to ensure safety, quality, prevention, or reduction of harm. A relevant question is how to demonstrate to administrative managers that these actions also result in resource savings. To highlight the financial result of SCIRAS, specialized counseling in antimicrobial use (AEUA) was chosen, since rational use of these medications is essential for safety and quality of care. In contrast, inappropriate use leads to serious consequences, such as increased bacterial resistance, adverse effects for patients, and avoidable cost. This work seeks to estimate, in values, the savings achieved by AEUA. Methods: Study conducted between Oct/24 and Jun/25, in a private healthcare institution with 228 beds, 60 ICU beds, located in the south zone of Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Patients using antimicrobials are identified through a report extracted from medical prescriptions. AEUA is carried out in the institution’s sectors, on business days, by 02 infectious disease physicians from SCIRAS, who perform in-person visits and classify interventions performed in a specific form. Antimicrobials discontinued, reductions in treatment duration, or spectrum reduction resulting from AEUA were considered for analysis. When the medication was replaced with another of narrower spectrum, the difference was counted. When the drug was discontinued or its duration reduced, the initially proposed schedule by the care team was considered for calculating savings. Daily dosage and the value of each drug did not change during the study, despite price adjustments occurring for some medications. Results: Approximately 50% of evaluated patients benefited from prescription adjustments, diagnostic assistance, or follow-up performed through AEUA. Among interventions, 25% of antimicrobials were discontinued or had spectrum or duration reduced, leading to savings of R$ 619,408.65 over the nine months of the study. Conclusion: AEUA provided significant savings for the institution. The reported value is still underestimated, since not all interventions were considered in the calculation. Measuring this savings represents an objective way to demonstrate to administrative managers one of the positive impacts of SCIRAS activities.
Meilinah Hidayat, Janice Natalia, Ardo Sanjaya
et al.
High sodium intake infuences the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Various factors can infuence sodium consumption, one of which is impaired taste perception. This study aims to evaluate factors infuencing taste disorders and the impact of high intake of sodium, saliva, and zinc, especially in CKD patients. The method used involved searching for articles using Google Scholar, PubMed, EBSCO, and ProQuest search engines. The inclusion, exclusion criteria, and journal selection method, using Problem/Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome form and Prisma Flow Diagram, focused on experimental studies in the last ten years (2013-2023) with specifc search keywords. A total of 28 suitable articles matched the criteria. The results revealed three sub-themes: (A) Factors afecting sodium intake: Taste disorder/dysgeusia in CKD, (B) Efect of zinc on sodium intake or CKD, and (C) Efect of sodium on CKD. This study discusses the three most signifcant factors that infuence taste distortion: salt intake, saliva quality, and zinc defciency, besides old age. Taste disorders due to old age can be overcome with education and behavior planning. The habit of high sodium intake and saliva quality can be improved by reducing sodium intake, while the management of zinc defciency is addressed through supplementation. In summary, tasting disorders in CKD are strongly infuenced by high intake of sodium, saliva, and zinc defciency.
The principle of differentiated technologies is to process fields in accordance with the actual needs of agricultural crops at each specific point of the field. The purpose of the work was to analyze the effectiveness of the use of differentiated fertilization technologies in the cultivation of winter wheat of the Moskovskaya variety. Field research was carried out according to three options: without the use of fertilizers, the application of fertilizers by a single norm and by differentiated technology. The use of fertilizers using traditional fertilization technology allowed for an increase in yield of almost 32% compared to the control (without fertilizers).With the use of differentiated technologies, the yield increased by 82%.
Rocío Fernández-Fernández, Rocío Fernández-Fernández, Rocío López-Igual
et al.
Microbial cell individuality is receiving increasing interest in the scientific community. Individual cells within clonal populations exhibit noticeable phenotypic heterogeneity. The advent of fluorescent protein technology and advances in single-cell analysis has revealed phenotypic cell variant in bacterial populations. This heterogeneity is evident in a wide range of phenotypes, for example, individual cells display variable degrees of gene expression and survival under selective conditions and stresses, and can exhibit differing propensities to host interactions. Last few years, numerous cell sorting approaches have been employed for resolving the properties of bacterial subpopulations. This review provides an overview of applications of cell sorting to analyze Salmonella lineage-specific traits, including bacterial evolution studies, gene expression analysis, response to diverse cellular stresses and characterization of diverse bacterial phenotypic variants.
Lucille Rudin, Michael M. Bornstein, Viktoriya Shyp
ABSTRACTObjectives To evaluate the effect and mechanism of action of the flavonoid phloretin on the growth and sucrose-dependent biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans.Methods Minimum inhibitory concentration, viability, and biofilm susceptibility assays were conducted to assess antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect of phloretin. Biofilm composition and structure were analysed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Water-soluble (WSG) and water-insoluble glucan (WIG) were determined using anthrone method. Lactic acid measurements and acid tolerance assay were performed to assess acidogenicity and aciduricity. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to measure the expression of virulence genes essential for surface attachment, biofilm formation, and quorum sensing.Results Phloretin inhibited S. mutans growth and viability in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, it reduced gtfB and gtfC gene expression, correlating with the reduction of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS)/bacteria and WIG/WSG ratio. Inhibition of comED and luxS gene expression, involved in stress tolerance, was associated with compromised acidogenicity and aciduricity of S. mutans.Conclusions Phloretin exhibits antibacterial properties against S. mutans, modulates acid production and tolerance, and reduces biofilm formation.Clinical significance Phloretin is a promising natural compound with pronounced inhibitory effect on key virulence factors of the cariogenic pathogen, S. mutans.
Luciane Beatriz Kern, Thaís Raupp Azevedo, Ivaine Tais Sauthier Sartor
et al.
Introdução/Objetivo: Os fatores associados ao risco de hospitalização por COVID19 não são completamente conhecidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o risco de hospitalização dos participantes ambulatoriais com diagnóstico exclusivo para rinovírus, SARS-CoV-2 e codetecção entre esses dois agentes, durante a pandemia no sul do Brasil. Métodos: Participantes ambulatoriais (> 18 anos) com sinais agudos de tosse, febre ou dor de garganta foram recrutados prospectivamente nas tendas de atendimento do Hospital Moinhos de Vento e Hospital Restinga e Extremo Sul, entre maio e novembro de 2020, e foram acompanhados por 28 dias através de entrevistas telefônicas. Para a detecção de SARS-CoV-2 bem como para o painel respiratório, foi utilizada a técnica de RT-PCR. Para detecção de SARS-CoV-2 foi utilizado kit TaqManTM 2019-nCoV Assay Kit v1 (genes S, N e ORF1ab) a partir de swabs orofaríngeo e nasofaríngeo bilateral. Em coleta de outro swab nasofaríngeo foi realizado painel respiratório para detecção de: Bordetella pertussis; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; adenovírus; bocavírus; coronavírus tipos HKU1, 229E, NL63 e OC43; vírus influenza A tipos H1 e H3; vírus influenza B; enterovírus humano; metapneumovírus humano; vírus parainfluenza tipos 1, 2 e 3; RSV tipos A e B; e rinovírus). Todas as amostras foram analisadas no Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Hospital Moinhos de Vento. Resultados: Foram recrutados 609 participantes, com idade mediana de 36 anos, sendo a maioria mulheres (63,2%). 282 (46,4%) participantes tiveram detectado apenas rinovírus, seguido por 234 (38,4%) com SARS-CoV-2 exclusivamente. A codetecção entre estes dois agentes ocorreu em 93 (15,3%) dos 608 participantes. Deste total, 26 (4,3%) participantes necessitaram hospitalização após a busca por atendimento ambulatorial. Participantes com codetecção viral apresentaram maior proporção de hospitalização quando comparados aos participantes com SARS-CoV-2 e rinovírus detectados como agentes únicos (9,7% (9/93) vs 6,8% (16/234) vs 0,4% (1/282), p < 0.001). Entretanto, quando comparadas as proporções de coinfecção com SARS-CoV-2 (como agente único), a diferença não é significativa (9,7% (9/93) vs 6,8% (16/234), p = 0.373). Conclusão: O rinovírus foi o principal patógeno detectado em adultos, e apesar da alta prevalência não foi associado ao aumento na hospitalização, sendo o maior risco atribuído à detecção de SARS-CoV-2 nessa população.
Jordan C. Richard, Eric M. Leis, Christopher D. Dunn
et al.
Freshwater mussels (Unionida) are among the world’s most imperiled taxa, but the relationship between freshwater mussel mortality events and infectious disease is largely unstudied. We surveyed viromes of a widespread and abundant species (mucket, <i>Actinonaias ligamentina</i>; syn: <i>Ortmanniana ligamentina</i>) experiencing a mortality event of unknown etiology in the Huron River, Michigan, in 2019–2020 and compared them to viromes from mucket in a healthy population in the St. Croix River, Wisconsin and a population from the Clinch River, Virginia and Tennessee, where a mortality event was affecting the congeneric pheasantshell (<i>Actinonaias pectorosa</i>; syn: <i>Ortmanniana pectorosa</i>) population. We identified 38 viruses, most of which were associated with mussels collected during the Huron River mortality event. Viral richness and cumulative viral read depths were significantly higher in moribund mussels from the Huron River than in healthy controls from each of the three populations. Our results demonstrate significant increases in the number and intensity of viral infections for freshwater mussels experiencing mortality events, whereas individuals from healthy populations have a substantially reduced virome comprising a limited number of species at low viral read depths.
Ratna Sariyatun, Florence, Hiroyuki Kajiura
et al.
Plant cell cultures have emerged as a promising platform for the production of biopharmaceutics due to their cost-effectiveness, safety, ability to control the cultivation, and secrete products into culture medium. However, the use of this platform is hindered by the generation of plant-specific N-glycans, the inability to produce essential N-glycans for cellular delivery of biopharmaceutics, and low productivity. In this study, an alternative acid-alpha glucosidase (GAA) for enzyme replacement therapy of Pompe disease was produced in a glycoengineered Arabidopsis alg3 cell culture. The N-glycan composition of the GAA consisted of a predominantly paucimannosidic structure, Man3GlcNAc2 (M3), without the plant-specific N-glycans. Supplementing the culture medium with NaCl to a final concentration of 50 mM successfully increased GAA production by 3.8-fold. GAA from an NaCl-supplemented culture showed a similar N-glycan profile, indicating that the NaCl supplementation did not affect N-glycosylation. The results of this study highlight the feasibility of using a glycoengineered plant cell culture to produce recombinant proteins for which M3 or mannose receptor-mediated delivery is desired.
On 5 November 2020, a confirmed outbreak due to an H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) occurred at an egg-hen farm in Kagawa prefecture (western Japan). This virus, A/chicken/Kagawa/11C/2020 (Kagawa11C2020), was the first HPAI poultry isolate in Japan in 2020 and had multiple basic amino acids—a motif conferring high pathogenicity to chickens—at the hemagglutinin cleavage site. Mortality of chickens was 100% through intravenous inoculation tests performed according to World Organization for Animal Health criteria. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the hemagglutinin of Kagawa11C2020 belongs to clade 2.3.4.4B of the H5 Goose/Guangdong lineage and clusters with H5N8 HPAIVs isolated from wild bird feces collected in Hokkaido (Japan) and Korea in October 2020. These H5N8 HPAIVs are closely related to H5N8 HPAIVs isolated in European countries during the winter of 2019–2020. Intranasal inoculation of chickens with 10<sup>6</sup> fifty-percent egg infectious doses of Kagawa11C2020 revealed that the 50% chicken lethal dose was 10<sup>4.63</sup> and the mean time to death was 134.4 h. All infected chickens demonstrated viral shedding beginning on 2 dpi—before clinical signs were observed. These results suggest that affected chickens could transmit Kagawa11C2020 to surrounding chickens in the absence of clinical signs for several days before they died.
Background: Most blood collection bags contain 63 mL CPDA anticoagulant which is sufficient to anticoagulant and ensures the viability of blood cells in 450 mL±10% blood for up to 28–35 days when the blood is stored at 2–8°C. Prolonged storage of blood leads to alteration in cells hematologically which may lose viability with time. Aim: The study was conducted to determine the effect of storage on CPDA-1 for varying periods on some hematological parameters. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on blood donated by 30 healthy volunteer donors. Effect of storage was analyzed at 1, 7, 14, 21and 28 days intervals. Hematological parameters were measured using Mindary PS 300 hematology analyzer. Results: There is a highly significant increase in hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume (P.C.V. %), MCV, and also a decrease in lymphocyte, granulocyte, and platelet count. The results also showed an insignificant decrease in total white blood cell count. Conclusion: There are degenerative changes observed in blood parameters in samples collected in citrate phosphate dextrose adenine (CPDA-1).
Objective: The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKP) facilitates simultaneous dissemination of virulence and resistance in a single event, which poses serious threat to public health. Methods: This study characterized the multidrug-resistant and moderately virulent ST11 K64 K. pneumoniae strain HB25-1 from a clinical case with microbiological and genomic approaches. Plasmids from strain HB25-1 were subjected to whole plasmid sequencing using both the Illumina NextSeq 500 sequencing platform and Nanopore MinION sequencer platforms. Klebsiella pneumoniae HB25-1 was subjected to a conjugation experiment and Galleria mellonella infection model to evaluate the transmission and virulence potential. Results: We report the emergence of an ST11, serotype K64 K. pneumoniae isolate, which is resistant to third-generation cephalosporin and exhibited a moderate level of virulence. WGS revealed that this strain harboured a plasmid, pHB25-1, which carried multidrug resistance genes (blaDHA-1, qnrB4, dfrA12, aadA2, sul1, aac(3)-lld, blaTEM-1, mph(E)) and virulence-encoding genes (the regulator of mucoid phenotype A gene rmpA2 and the aerobactin gene cluster iutAiucABCD). Genomic analysis indicated that pHB25-1 was formed through co-integration of structural regions located in two different plasmids, enabling it to encode both resistance and virulent phenotypes. Conclusion: Findings in this study provide evidence of active plasmid evolution in K. pneumoniae and suggest that surveillance of multidrug-resistant and hypervirulent K. pneumoniae is urgently needed.
Ayodele Timilehin Adesoji, Jude Prince Onuh, Aisha Omokhefue Musa
et al.
INTRODUCTION: Suya and smoked fish are cherished food delicacy in Nigeria, but can be a source of dissemination of Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) bacteria. Moreover, there are limited studies on these MDR bacteria from Dutsin-Ma. Therefore, this study examined the bacteriological quality and antibiogram profiles of bacteria in these foods from this area in Nigeria. METHODS: Twenty samples of each of suya and smoked fish were collected from the study area and microbiologically analyzed. Total viable count, coliform count, characterization and identification of bacteria was carried out by standard microbiological techniques. RESULTS: Findings revealed that Suya samples possessed the highest total viable bacteria count (3.4x105 to 7.7x105 cfu/g) and coliform count (2.1x105 to 6.2x105 cfu/g). A total of 85 and 78 bacteria were isolated from suya and smoked fish samples respectively. E. coli (24.7% and 24.4%) was the most frequently isolated from each sample respectively. Highest (66.7%) resistance to each of cefuroxime, gentamicin, amoxillin-clavulanate and ciprofloxacin were observed among E.coli from Suya. MDR phenotypes commonly isolated was resistance to ceftazidime, cefuroxime, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, augmentin and nitrofurantoin. CONCLUSION: This studies showed the presence of MDR bacteria in samples, hence, raise the need for improved production hygiene and public health awareness.
Kelly Brener-Raffalli, Camille Clerissi, Jeremie Vidal-Dupiol
et al.
Abstract Background Although the term holobiont has been popularized in corals with the advent of the hologenome theory of evolution, the underlying concepts are still a matter of debate. Indeed, the relative contribution of host and environment and especially thermal regime in shaping the microbial communities should be examined carefully to evaluate the potential role of symbionts for holobiont adaptation in the context of global changes. We used the sessile, long-lived, symbiotic and environmentally sensitive reef-building coral Pocillopora damicornis to address these issues. Results We sampled Pocillopora damicornis colonies corresponding to two different mitochondrial lineages in different geographic areas displaying different thermal regimes: Djibouti, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, and Taiwan. The community composition of bacteria and the algal endosymbiont Symbiodinium were characterized using high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer, ITS2, respectively. Bacterial microbiota was very diverse with high prevalence of Endozoicomonas, Arcobacter, and Acinetobacter in all samples. While Symbiodinium sub-clade C1 was dominant in Taiwan and New Caledonia, D1 was dominant in Djibouti and French Polynesia. Moreover, we also identified a high background diversity (i.e., with proportions < 1%) of A1, C3, C15, and G Symbiodinum sub-clades. Using redundancy analyses, we found that the effect of geography was very low for both communities and that host genotypes and temperatures differently influenced Symbiodinium and bacterial microbiota. Indeed, while the constraint of host haplotype was higher than temperatures on bacterial composition, we showed for the first time a strong relationship between the composition of Symbiodinium communities and minimal sea surface temperatures. Conclusion Because Symbiodinium assemblages are more constrained by the thermal regime than bacterial communities, we propose that their contribution to adaptive capacities of the holobiont to temperature changes might be higher than the influence of bacterial microbiota. Moreover, the link between Symbiodinium community composition and minimal temperatures suggests low relative fitness of clade D at lower temperatures. This observation is particularly relevant in the context of climate change, since corals will face increasing temperatures as well as much frequent abnormal cold episodes in some areas of the world.
J. T. Lennon, M. E. Muscarella, S. A. Placella
et al.
ABSTRACT Extracellular or “relic” DNA is one of the largest pools of nucleic acids in the biosphere. Relic DNA can influence a number of important ecological and evolutionary processes, but it may also affect estimates of microbial abundance and diversity, which has implications for understanding environmental, engineered, and host-associated ecosystems. We developed models capturing the fundamental processes that regulate the size and composition of the relic DNA pools to identify scenarios leading to biased estimates of biodiversity. Our models predict that bias increases with relic DNA pool size, but only when the species abundance distributions (SADs) of relic and intact DNA are distinct from one another. We evaluated our model predictions by quantifying relic DNA and assessing its contribution to bacterial diversity using 16S rRNA gene sequences collected from different ecosystem types, including soil, sediment, water, and the mammalian gut. On average, relic DNA made up 33% of the total bacterial DNA pool but exceeded 80% in some samples. Despite its abundance, relic DNA had a minimal effect on estimates of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity, even in ecosystems where processes such as the physical protection of relic DNA are common and predicted by our models to generate bias. Our findings are consistent with the expectation that relic DNA from different taxa degrades at a constant and equal rate, suggesting that it may not fundamentally alter estimates of microbial diversity. IMPORTANCE The ability to rapidly obtain millions of gene sequences and transcripts from a range of environments has greatly advanced understanding of the processes that regulate microbial communities. However, nucleic acids extracted from complex samples do not come only from viable microorganisms. Dead microorganisms can generate large pools of relic DNA that distort insight into the ecology and evolution of microbial systems. Here, we develop a conceptual and quantitative framework for understanding how relic DNA influences the structure of microbiomes. Our theoretical models and empirical results demonstrate that a large relic DNA pool does not automatically lead to biased estimates of microbial diversity. Rather, relic DNA effects emerge in combination with microscale processes that alter the commonness and rarity of sequences found in heterogeneous DNA pools.
Lemu Golassa, Berhanu Erko, Frederick N. Baliraine
et al.
After publication of the original article [1], it came to the authors’ attention that the primers mentioned in Table 1 for the amplification of the pvcrt-o gene of Plasmodium vivax are not the ones actually used for the experiments. The correct primers and PCR product size are as below:
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases
BACKGROUND: Avian Colibacillosis can lead to important economic losses in the poultry industry. Escherichia coli the causative agent of this disease has acquired resistance to different antibiotics, including tetracycline. OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out to detect the distribution of tetracycline Group І efflux genes genes among E.coli isolates from from avian colibacillosis in Iran by PCR assay .METHODS: A total of 50 E. coli isolates from chicken colibacillosis were characterized by cultural, biochemical and PCR methods. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to define the resistance of isolates to tetracycline, then the Frequencies of tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetG, tetH, tetZ and tetE) were also determined using PCR method. RESULTS: According to biochemical and molecular experiments, 50 isolates from 237 chicken samples were recognized as E. coli. Seventy six(76%) of the isolates, however, were resistant to tetracycline. The distribution of tetracycline-resistance genes among E. coli isolates included tetB(34%) , tetA(26%), tetE(16%), tetC(15%), tetH(12%), tetG(12%) and tetZ(6%). CONCLUSION: The present study highlights the prevalence of tetracycline resistant E. coli among chickens which is due to extensive
Álvaro González-Garcinuño, Antonio Tabernero, José Mª Sánchez-Álvarez
et al.
Abstract Background Levan has been traditionally produced from microorganism. However, there is a continuous effort in looking for new strains that improve levan production yield and uses alternative sugar sources for growth. Despite having a wide range of data about levan yield, there are not papers which allow controlling molecular weight, and that plays an essential role for further applications. Results The effect of the sucrose concentration on levan yield (and its molecular weight) from Bacillus atrophaeus and Acinetobacter nectaris (Gram positive and Gram negative respectively) was studied in this work. It was found that A. nectaris growth (from 3 to 1.5 g L−1 in 40 h) and its levan production (from 3 to 1.5 g L−1) decreases by increasing sucrose concentration (best results at a concentration of 120 g L−1) whereas B. atrophaeus growth (3.5 g L−1 in 30 h) and its levan production (also 3.5 g L−1) were not affected by modifying that parameter. Levan molecular weight from A. nectaris decreases by increasing sucrose concentration (from 8000 to 2000 kDa) whereas levan molecular weight from B. Atrophaeus remains always around 50 kDa. By performing a kinetic study, it was shown that A. nectaris growth follows a substrate-inhibition model, whereas Monod equation provided a good fit for B. atrophaeus growth. Finally, wastes from orange juice industry were used as a medium culture to cultivate those microorganism, obtaining good results with B. atrophaeus (growth 3 g L−1 in 30 h). Conclusions Levan production kinetics was determined and compared between different bacteria types.