Hasil untuk "Medieval history"

Richard de Grijs

In the nineteenth century, the Dutch established time signals in their Atlantic colonies to synchronise maritime navigation with European standards. In Paramaribo (Suriname), a sophisticated sequence of apparatus -- including time balls, noon guns, discs and flags -- operated from 1851 until World War I. Naval officers aboard guard ships used sextants equipped with artificial horizons to determine local noon, thus integrating the colony into the global Greenwich-based cartographic system. This infrastructure was not merely technical; it became a civic ritual, with the daily noon gun structuring urban life and becoming a point of political negotiation between naval commanders and the colonial governor. In contrast, the Dutch Caribbean islands employed simpler, pragmatic systems. Curaçao used a daily time flag, a cost-effective solution suited to its climate and harbour scale, while smaller islands like Aruba and St. Eustatius relied on occasional noon guns. This diversity reflected a decentralised colonial administration that adapted technologies to local conditions and budgets. The history of these time signals reveals a process of hybrid adaptation, not simply replication of European models. They were shaped by environmental challenges, fiscal constraints and local politics, functioning simultaneously as navigational aids and civic landmarks. Their eventual decline, owing to budgetary pressures and new technologies like wireless telegraphy, underscores the fragile and negotiated nature of colonial scientific infrastructures.

Banafsheh Karimian, Alexis Guichemerre, Soufiane Belharbi et al.

Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Longitudinal mammography risk prediction models improve multi-year breast cancer risk prediction based on prior screening exams. However, in real-world clinical practice, longitudinal histories are often incomplete, irregular, or unavailable due to missed screenings, first-time examinations, heterogeneous acquisition schedules, or archival constraints. The absence of prior exams degrades the performance of longitudinal risk models and limits their practical applicability. While substantial longitudinal history is available during training, prior exams are commonly absent at test time. In this paper, we address missing history at inference time and propose a longitudinal risk prediction method that uses mammography history as privileged information during training and distills its prognostic value into a student model that only requires the current exam at inference time. The key idea is a privileged multi-teacher distillation scheme with horizon-specific teachers: each teacher is trained on the full longitudinal history to specialize in one prediction horizon, while the student receives only a reconstructed history derived from the current exam. This allows the student to inherit horizon-dependent longitudinal risk cues without requiring prior screening exams at deployment. Our new Privileged History Distillation (PHD) method is validated on a large longitudinal mammography dataset with multi-year cancer outcomes, CSAW-CC, comparing full-history and no-history baselines to their distilled counterparts. Using time-dependent AUC across horizons, our privileged history distillation method markedly improves the performance of long-horizon prediction over no-history models and is comparable to that of full-history models, while using only the current exam at inference time.

Yu Shi, Hao Li, Bram Adams et al.

Automated program repair (APR) has recently shifted toward large language models and agent-based systems, yet most systems rely on local snapshot context, overlooking repository history. Prior work shows that repository history helps repair single-line bugs, since the last commit touching the buggy line is often the bug-introducing one. In this paper, we investigate whether repository history can also improve agentic APR systems at scale, especially for complex multi-hunk bugs. We present HAFixAgent, a History-Aware Bug-Fixing Agent that injects blame-derived repository heuristics into its repair loop. A preliminary study on 854 Defects4J (Java) and 501 BugsInPy (Python) bugs motivates our design, showing that bug-relevant history is widely available across both benchmarks. Using the same LLM (DeepSeek-V3.2-Exp) for all experiments, including replicated baselines, we show: (1) Effectiveness: HAFixAgent outperforms RepairAgent (+56.6\%) and BIRCH-feedback (+47.1\%) on Defects4J. Historical context further improves repair by +4.4\% on Defects4J and +38.6\% on BugsInPy, especially on single-file multi-hunk (SFMH) bugs. (2) Robustness: under noisy fault localization (+1/+3/+5 line shifts), history provides increasing resilience, maintaining 40 to 56\% success on SFMH bugs where the non-history baseline collapses to 0\%. (3) Efficiency: history does not significantly increase agent steps or token costs on either benchmark.

Prokhorov D.A.

Research objectives: An analysis and generalization of materials on the history of the emergence of Karaite communities on the territory of the Crimean peninsula in the era of the Ulus of Jochi and the Crimean Khanate. Research materials: As a result of comparing published materials on the history of the Crimean Karaites, data from archaeological and epigraphic studies, as well as in the process of studying the funds of the Russian State Historical Archive (RSHA, St. Petersburg) and the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea (SARC, Simferopol), information was analyzed related to the problem of the emergence of Karaite communities on the territory of Crimea in the era of Ulus Jochi and the Crimean Khanate. Results and scientific novelty: Many episodes in the history of the Crimean Karaites still remain outside the field of view of researchers. There is also the problem of interpretation of sources. In particular, this concerns the controversy about the origin of the Crimean Karaites and the time of their appearance on the territory of the Crimean peninsula, a process that had been going on for more than 100 years with the discussion sometimes going beyond scientific argumentation. The stages of the scientific study of the past of the Crimean Karaites are characterized by different levels of intensity, as well as large variety of methods and approaches used. Interest in this problem first arose among representatives of Russian academic circles in the first half of the 19th century. The Russian administration became interested in the history of the Karaites in part because the ideas of the European Enlightenment, which largely determined the policy of the Russian government in a number of key areas, implied the spread of Russian culture and education to the “Asian peoples.” In relation to the Karaites, Krymchaks, and Ashkenazi Jews, the Russian government adopted laws and regulations, in accordance with which the Karaites were able to legislatively strengthen their legal status. The Russian government, however, used restrictive measures by pursuing a discriminatory anti-Jewish policy against the Jewish population. The Karaites managed to get the authorities to recognize them as a community that differed from the Rabbanites while they received various legal and economic preferences. The same time period marked the onset of the large-scale activity of the famous collector of Jewish antiquities, Abraham Firkowicz, who initiated the creation of an extensive collection of manuscripts related to the history of Jewish communities, including in the Crimean peninsula. Based on the materials presented, it was concluded that the Karaite community could have appeared in the Crimea not earlier than the second half of the 13th century. Active resettlement of Karaites to the Crimea from the territories of the Middle East, Byzantium, and subsequently from the Ottoman Empire had been taking place since the middle of the 14th century. These chronological periods are also supported by material evidence of the stay of the Karaites in this region (archaeological and epigraphic studies of medieval Solkhat, Mangup-Kale, and Chufut-Kale).

Martin Lopez-Corredoira

Since the beginning of the 20th century, a continuous evolution and perfection of what we today call the standard cosmological model has been produced, although some authors like to distinguish separate periods within this evolution. A possible historical division of the development of cosmology into six periods is: (1) the initial period (1917-1927); (2) the period of development (1927-1945); (3) the period of consolidation (1945-1965); (4) the period of acceptance (1965-1980); (5) the period of enlargement (1980-1998); and (6) the period of high-precision experimental cosmology (1998-now). The last period started with a epistemological optimism that has declined with time, and the expression "crisis in cosmology" is now stubbornly reverberating in the media. The initial expectation of removing the pending minor problems arising from the increased accuracy of measurements has backfired: the higher the precision with which the standard model tries to fit the data, the greater the number of tensions that arise, the problems proliferating rather than diminishing.

Sylvia Wenmackers

Problems with uniform probabilities on an infinite support show up in contemporary cosmology. This paper focuses on the context of inflation theory, where it complicates the assignment of a probability measure over pocket universes. The measure problem in cosmology, whereby it seems impossible to pick out a uniquely well-motivated measure, is associated with a paradox that occurs in standard probability theory and crucially involves uniformity on an infinite sample space. This problem has been discussed by physicists, albeit without reference to earlier work on this topic. The aim of this article is both to introduce philosophers of probability to these recent discussions in cosmology and to familiarize physicists and philosophers working on cosmology with relevant foundational work by Kolmogorov, de Finetti, Jaynes, and other probabilists. As such, the main goal is not to solve the measure problem, but to clarify the exact origin of some of the current obstacles. The analysis of the assumptions going into the paradox indicates that there exist multiple ways of dealing consistently with uniform probabilities on infinite sample spaces. Taking a pluralist stance towards the mathematical methods used in cosmology shows there is some room for progress with assigning probabilities in cosmological theories.

Equipo Editorial

Mustafa Şahin

Azerbaycan’a hâkim olmak isteyen Timur, kısa sürede Karakoyunlulara rakip oldu. Timur, Kara Mehmed’e karşı gözle görülür bir başarı elde etmişse de bölgeyi çok iyi bilen Türkmenler tarafından askerleri sarp dağlarda pusuya düşürülerek ağır kayıplar verdiler. Timur’un ölümüyle ortaya çıkan boşluktan faydalanan Kara Yusuf, kaybettiği yerleri geri aldığı gibi Timur’un torunu Mirza Ebûbekir’i de 1406 ve 1408’de yendi. Son savaşta Timur’un oğlu Mîrânşâh öldürüldü.Mirza Şahruh, Mîrânşâh’ın intikamını almak ve bölgedeki hâkimiyetini pekiştirmek için 1420’de sefere çıktı. Kara Yusuf’un Ucan’da ölmesiyle yerine geçen Mirza İskender kısa zamanda toparlanarak 1421’de Eleşkirt’te Şahruh’un karşısına çıktıysa da yenildi. Timurlular bölgeden ayrılınca Karakoyunlular Azerbaycan’a saldırdılar ve onların müttefiklerini cezalandırdılar. Bölgede Memlûkler de etkili olmaya başlayınca Şahruh ikinci defa Azerbaycan’a gelip 1429 yılındaki Selmas Savaşı’nda Mirza İskender’i yendi. Bu savaştan sonra Timurluların karşısında Mısır’dan Boğazlara hatta Balkanların ötesine kadar dikkate değer bir güç kalmadı. Timurluların Selmas Savaşı’nı kazanmaları Osmanlılar ve Memlûkler arasında korkuya sebep oldu. Şahruh’un Bizans’ı yıkıp Avrupa’ya geçeceği şayiası bile dolaşmaya başladı. Şahruh Herât’a dönünce Osmanlılar ve Memlûkler rahat bir nefes aldılar. Timurlular veya Karakoyunlularla ilgili çalışmalarda Eleşkirt ve Selmas Savaşı’na yer verilmişse de müstakil çalışma çok azdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı her iki savaşın sonucunun bölgede meydana getirdiği tedirginliği anlatmaktır.

P. B. Damgaard, Nina Marchi, Simon Rasmussen et al.

Eric-Jan Wagenmakers, Alexander Ly

The Jeffreys-Lindley paradox exposes a rift between Bayesian and frequentist hypothesis testing that strikes at the heart of statistical inference. Contrary to what most current literature suggests, the paradox was central to the Bayesian testing methodology developed by Sir Harold Jeffreys in the late 1930s. Jeffreys showed that the evidence against a point-null hypothesis $\mathcal{H}_0$ scales with $\sqrt{n}$ and repeatedly argued that it would therefore be mistaken to set a threshold for rejecting $\mathcal{H}_0$ at a constant multiple of the standard error. Here we summarize Jeffreys's early work on the paradox and clarify his reasons for including the $\sqrt{n}$ term. The prior distribution is seen to play a crucial role; by implicitly correcting for selection, small parameter values are identified as relatively surprising under $\mathcal{H}_1$. We highlight the general nature of the paradox by presenting both a fully frequentist and a fully Bayesian version. We also demonstrate that the paradox does not depend on assigning prior mass to a point hypothesis, as is commonly believed.

Jeroen van Dongen

Albert Einstein's practice in physics and his philosophical positions gradually reoriented themselves from more empiricist towards rationalist viewpoints. This change accompanied his turn towards unified field theory and different presentations of himself, eventually leading to his highly programmatic Autobiographical Notes in 1949. Einstein enlisted his own history and professional stature to mold an ideal of a theoretical physicist who represented particular epistemic virtues and moral qualities. These in turn reflected the theoretical ideas of his strongly mathematical unification program and professed Spinozist beliefs.

Daisy Livingston

This article follows prevailing trends in research on the archival practices of the premodern Middle East by emphasizing the importance of documentary life cycles. Specifically, it examines the afterlives of a microsample of documents from an underexplored historical context: the administration of amirs who held iqṭāʿ land grants in areas of Egypt outside Cairo. Though iqṭāʿ holders (muqṭaʿs) were key administrative actors in the Mamluk sultanate, we know little about their activities on the ground. The material investigated here is related to the administration of justice in far-flung districts of Egypt, one of the less-known roles of these muqṭaʿs, and is preserved in the Papyrus Collection of the Austrian National Library in Vienna. Contextualizing the documents by relating them to the activities of several named amirs, I delineate three stages in the documents’ afterlives: archiving, reuse, and disposal. I rely on the materiality of the documents, an indispensable tool for identifying the more enigmatic aspects of documentary life cycles. I then turn to reflect on what these afterlives can tell us about the archival spaces of this administrative setting. By examining the muqṭaʿs’ paperwork, I highlight shifts in meaning that documents underwent over time, calling attention to the phenomenon of casual storage, or “documents lying around.”

María Teresa Peral Juárez

La documentación ofrecida por el tribunal del Santo Oficio nos proporciona gran información socio-cultural, histórica, así como religiosa y política. El expediente estudiado, legajo 535, del Archivo Histórico Nacional, sección Inquisición, pertenece al Tribunal de la Inquisición de Valencia. En él se recoge el proceso contra Úrsula Amorosa, una conversa judaizante de finales del siglo xv que será relajada al brazo secular junto a su hermana. Su expediente contiene declaraciones testimoniales y confesiones con exhaustivos detalles que permiten acercarnos al conocimiento de la sociedad judeoconversa valenciana. Además, el análisis y estudio de la información que ofrece este expediente nos permite reconstruir la vida cotidiana de una mujer que ha permanecido hasta hoy oculta para la historia, y cuya biografía posibilita comprender mejor las creencias y costumbres judaicas en la Valencia bajomedieval, así como también abordar la red de sociabilidad judaizante en la que nuestra protagonista estaba inmersa.

Chen Qu, Liu Yang, Minghui Qiu et al.

Conversational search is an emerging topic in the information retrieval community. One of the major challenges to multi-turn conversational search is to model the conversation history to answer the current question. Existing methods either prepend history turns to the current question or use complicated attention mechanisms to model the history. We propose a conceptually simple yet highly effective approach referred to as history answer embedding. It enables seamless integration of conversation history into a conversational question answering (ConvQA) model built on BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers). We first explain our view that ConvQA is a simplified but concrete setting of conversational search, and then we provide a general framework to solve ConvQA. We further demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach under this framework. Finally, we analyze the impact of different numbers of history turns under different settings to provide new insights into conversation history modeling in ConvQA.

Christian Sapin

Elvira Fidalgo Francisco

Resumen: En un buen número de cantigas de Santa María aparece mencionado algún animal. Su presencia puede justificarse por la necesidad de adornar la escena o por cuestiones de rima. Sin embargo, si al nombre de esos animales se le añade la simbología que portaban en la Edad Media, el texto de la cantiga cambia completamente, se enriquece y comprendemos mejor el mensaje que, con toda seguridad, era interpretado por el público medieval. En este trabajo se expondrán algunas muestras de cómo un texto que relata una anécdota se transforma en un verdadero exemplum al descodificar de manera correcta el significado simbólico que acompañan a ciertos animales en la Edad Media. Palabras clave: Cantigas de Santa María, animales, simbología. Abstract: Animals of various kinds frequently appear in the text of the Cantigas de Santa Maria. Their presence sometimes serves descriptive purposes, and some other times can be accounted for by metrical reasons. However, if alongside the name of the animal itself, we also consider the symbolism they had in the Middle Ages, the interpretation of the cantiga is far more rich, and we are able to fully understand a message which was straightforward for the medieval audience. In this paper I comment on some examples from the Cantigas in which a mere anecdote becomes an authentic exemplum once the symbolic meaning carried by some animals in the Middle Ages is taken into account. Keywords: Cantigas de Santa María, animals, symbolism.

J. Goldstone

A. Aschoff, P. Kremer, B. Hashemi et al.

Néstor Vigil Montes

La diplomática notarial medieval portuguesa es una disciplina que, a pesar de que solamente se ha desarrollado en las últimas tres décadas, cuenta con un buen número de investigaciones. Sin embargo, el único trabajo de síntesis disponible es la tesis de Bernardo de Sá Nogueira sobre la génesis e implantación del notariado público portugués entre 1212 y 1279. Por ello consideramos de enorme interés elaborar un estudio global sobre el fenómeno del documento notarial en el reino de Portugal en su período medieval, circunscrito a los tres siglos que distan entre su aparición en 1212 y la compilación de las Ordenações Manuelinas en 1512; un estudio en el que aparezcan organizadas todas las cuestiones interesantes para la diplomática notarial (la institución notarial, la génesis y la estructura del documento notarial), atendiendo a su evolución temporal y a las particularidades de las escribanías portuguesas con respecto a otros ámbitos políticos coetáneos.

Julián Clemente Ramos

Las fiestas de toros tienen gran importancia y arraigo social en Medellín. Estos festejos, con un número limitado de ejemplares en cada caso, se suceden a lo largo de todo el año. Medellín recibe entre 10 y 12 toros de sus rentas, número insuficiente. Por ello, se consolidó la costumbre de recabar reses en las dehesas de la jurisdicción, en las que predomina el ganado vacuno. La lidia se realiza con un claro predominio de la modalidad popular, teniendo un escaso desarrollo el toreo caballeresco. Sólo se sacrifican algunos ejemplares, frecuentemente los mejores.