The software engineering researchers from countries with smaller economies, particularly non-English speaking ones, represent valuable minorities within the software engineering community. As researchers from Poland, we represent such a country. We analyzed the ICSE FOSE (Future of Software Engineering) community survey through reflexive thematic analysis to show our viewpoint on key software community issues. We believe that the main problem is the growing research-industry gap, which particularly impacts smaller communities and small local companies. Based on this analysis and our experiences, we present a set of recommendations for improvements that would enhance software engineering research and industrial collaborations in smaller economies.
Large language model-specific inference engines (in short as \emph{LLM inference engines}) have become a fundamental component of modern AI infrastructure, enabling the deployment of LLM-powered applications (LLM apps) across cloud and local devices. Despite their critical role, LLM inference engines are prone to bugs due to the immense resource demands of LLMs and the complexities of cross-platform compatibility. However, a systematic understanding of these bugs remains lacking. To bridge this gap, we present the first empirical study on bugs in LLM inference engines. We mine official repositories of 5 widely adopted LLM inference engines, constructing a comprehensive dataset of 929 real-world bugs. Through a rigorous open coding process, we analyze these bugs to uncover their symptoms, root causes, commonality, fix effort, fix strategies, and temporal evolution. Our findings reveal six bug symptom types and a taxonomy of 28 root causes, shedding light on the key challenges in bug detection and location within LLM inference engines. Based on these insights, we propose a series of actionable implications for researchers, inference engine vendors, and LLM app developers, along with general guidelines for developing LLM inference engines.
Nanotechnology utilizes the mechanics to control the size and morphology of the particles in the required nano range for accomplishing the intended purposes. There was a time when it was predominantly applied only to the fields of matter physics or chemical engineering, but with time, biological scientists recognized its vast benefits and explored the advantages in their respective fields. This extension of nanotechnology in the field of dentistry is termed ‘Nanodentistry.’ It is revolutionizing every aspect of dentistry. It consists of therapeutic and diagnostic tools and supportive aids to maintain oral hygiene with the help of nanomaterials. Research in nanodentistry is evolving holistically but slowly with the advanced finding of symbiotic use of novel polymers, natural polymers, metals, minerals, and drugs. These materials, in association with nanotechnology, further assist in exploring the usage of nano dental adducts in prosthodontic, regeneration, orthodontic, etc. Moreover, drug release cargo abilities of the nano dental adduct provide an extra edge to dentistry over their conventional counterparts. Nano dentistry has expanded to every single branch of dentistry. In the present review, we will present a holistic view of the recent advances in the field of nanodentistry. The later part of the review compiled the ethical and regulatory challenges in the commercialization of the nanodentistry. This review tracks the advancement in nano dentistry in different but important domains of dentistry.
Yew Hin Fam, Vin Cent Tai, Prasath Reuben Mathew
et al.
This research focuses on investigating the characteristic of natural ventilation for an isolated building particularly on the air velocity and flow rate. It involves a numerical analysis using computational fluid dynamics for a generic building configuration with internal obstacles and under natural ventilation conditions. Internal obstacles within the building were modeled as internal partition walls with varying widths. Five different external opening configurations were considered: top-top, middle-middle, bottom-bottom, top-bottom and bottom-top. Atmospheric boundary layer conditions were imposed at the inlet plane and the 3-D Steady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equations were solved with the Standard k-ε model coupled with enhanced wall treatment. Results show that the highest dimensionless flow rate (DFR) is recorded at 0.568 for the top-top opening position without obstacle, while it is also observed that the varying internal obstacles have substantial impact to the DFR. Hence, it could be concluded that ignoring the effects of partition walls or internal obstacles in the study of natural ventilation can underestimate the DFR by as much as 11.2% as compared to an empty building setup. The study is able to provide useful information on the airflow characteristics for the natural ventilation application in the building sector.
Mechanical engineering and machinery, Mechanics of engineering. Applied mechanics
Electroadhesive clutches are electrically controllable switchable adhesives commonly used in soft robots and haptic user interfaces. They can form strong bonds to a wide variety of surfaces at low power consumption. However, electroadhesive clutches in the literature engage to and release from substrates several orders of magnitude slower than a traditional electrostatic model would predict. Large release times, in particular, can limit electroadhesion's usefulness in high-bandwidth applications. We develop a novel electromechanical model for electroadhesion, factoring in polarization dynamics, the drive circuitry's rise and fall times, and contact mechanics between the dielectric and substrate. We show in simulation and experimentally how different design parameters affect the engagement and release times of centimeter-scale electroadhesive clutches to metallic substrates, and we find that the model accurately captures the magnitude and trends of our experimental results. In particular, we find that higher drive frequencies, narrower substrate aspect ratios, and faster drive circuitry output stages enable significantly faster release times. The fastest clutches have engagement times less than 15 us and release times less than 875 us, which are 10x and 17.1x faster, respectively, than the best times found in prior literature on centimeter-scale electroadhesive clutches.
Matthew A. Campea, Michael J Majcher, Andrew Lofts
et al.
Nanoparticle network hydrogels (NNHs) in which nanoparticles are used as a key building block to build the gel network have attracted significant interest given their potential to leverage the favorable properties of both hydrogels (e.g., hydrophilicity, tunable pore sizes, mechanics, etc.) and a variety of different nanoparticles (e.g., high surface area, chemical activity, independently tunable porosity, mechanics) to create new functional materials. Herein, recent progress in the design and use of NNHs is comprehensively reviewed, with an emphasis on defining the typical gel morphologies/architectures that can be achieved with NNHs, the typical crosslinking approaches used to fabricate NNHs, the fundamental properties and functional benefits of NNHs, and the reported applications of NNHs in electronics (flexible electronics, sensors), environmental (sorbents, separations), agriculture, self‐cleaning‐materials, and biomedical (drug delivery, tissue engineering) applications. In particular, the way in which the NNH structure is applied to improve the performance of the hydrogel in each application is emphasized, with the aim to develop a set of principles that can be used to rationally design NNHs for future uses.
The Green’s function (GF) method, which makes use of GFs, is an important and elegant tool for solving a given boundary-value problem for the differential equation from a real engineering or physical field. Under a concentrated source, the solution of a differential equation is called a GF, which is singular at the source location, yet is very fundamental and powerful. When looking at the GFs from different physical and/or engineering fields, i.e. assigning the involved functions to real physical/engineering quantities, the GFs can be scaled and applied to large-scale problems such as those involved in Earth sciences as well as to nano-scale problems associated with quantum nanostructures. GFs are ubiquitous and everywhere: they can describe heat, water pressure, fluid flow potential, electromagnetic (EM) and gravitational potentials, and the surface tension of soap film. In the undergraduate courses Mechanics of Solids and Structural Analysis, a GF is the simple influence line or singular function. Dropping a pebble in the pond, it is the circular ripple traveling on and on. It is the wave generated by a moving ship in the opening ocean or the atom vibrating on a nanoscale sheet induced by the atomic force microscopy. In Earth science, while various GFs have been derived, a comprehensive review is missing. Thus, this article provides a relatively complete review on GFs for geophysics. In section , the George Green’s potential functions, GF definition, as well as related theorems and basic relations are briefly presented. In section , the boundary-value problems for elastic and viscoelastic materials are provided. Section is on the GFs in full- and half-spaces (planes). The GFs of concentrated forces and dislocations in horizontally layered half-spaces (planes) are derived in section in terms of both Cartesian and cylindrical systems of vector functions. The corresponding GFs in a self-gravitating and layered spherical Earth are presented in section in terms of the spherical system of vector functions. The singularity and infinity associated with GFs in layered systems are analyzed in section along with a brief review of various layer matrix methods. Various associated mathematical preliminaries are listed in appendix, along with the three sets of vector function systems. It should be further emphasized that, while this review is targeted at geophysics, most of the GFs and solution methods can be equally applied to other engineering and science fields. Actually, many GFs and solutions methods reviewed in this article are derived by engineers and scientists from allied fields besides geophysics. As such, the updated approaches of constructing and deriving the GFs reviewed here should be very beneficial to any reader.
Obradović Aleksandar M., Cherkasov Oleg Yu., Miličić Luka N.
et al.
The paper considers the procedure for determining the brachistochronic motion of the Chaplygin sleigh in a vertical plane, where the blade is such that it prevents the motion of the contact point in one direction only. The position of the sleigh mass center and orientation at the final positions is specified, as well as the initial value of mechanical energy. The simplest formulation of a corresponding optimal control problem is given and it is solved by applying Pontryagin’s maximum principle. For some cases, analytical solutions of differential equations of the two-point boundary value problem (TPBVP) of the maximum principle were found. Numerical integration was carried out for other cases using the shooting method, where the assessment of missing terminal conditions was given and it was shown that the solution obtained represents the global minimum time for the brachistochronic motion. The method of the brachistochronic motion by means of a single holonomic and a single unilateral nonholonomic mechanical constraint is presented.
For decades, much software engineering research has been dedicated to devising automated solutions aimed at enhancing developer productivity and elevating software quality. The past two decades have witnessed an unparalleled surge in the development of intelligent solutions tailored for software engineering tasks. This momentum established the Artificial Intelligence for Software Engineering (AI4SE) area, which has swiftly become one of the most active and popular areas within the software engineering field. This Future of Software Engineering (FoSE) paper navigates through several focal points. It commences with a succinct introduction and history of AI4SE. Thereafter, it underscores the core challenges inherent to AI4SE, particularly highlighting the need to realize trustworthy and synergistic AI4SE. Progressing, the paper paints a vision for the potential leaps achievable if AI4SE's key challenges are surmounted, suggesting a transition towards Software Engineering 2.0. Two strategic roadmaps are then laid out: one centered on realizing trustworthy AI4SE, and the other on fostering synergistic AI4SE. While this paper may not serve as a conclusive guide, its intent is to catalyze further progress. The ultimate aspiration is to position AI4SE as a linchpin in redefining the horizons of software engineering, propelling us toward Software Engineering 2.0.
Peneva Mariya, Radkova Kristiyana, Troha Sanjin
et al.
An overview of all possible structural schemes of two-carrier planetary gear trains (PGTs) with two compound and four external shafts is made. One of possible application of these PGTs is as change-gears. A few cases of this application are presented and investigated through the torque method. Kinematical possibilities of PGTs in question as function of parameters of component simple PGTs are discussed.
In real time, the speech signal received contains noise produced in the background and reverberations. These disturbances reduce the quality of speech; therefore, it is important to eliminate the noise and increase the intelligibility and quality of speech signal. Speech enhancement is the primary task in any real-time application that handles speech signals. In the proposed method, the most effective and challenging noise, i.e., babble noise, is removed, and the clean speech is recovered. The enhancement of the corrupted speech signal is done by applying a deep neural network-based denoising algorithm in which the ideal ratio mask is used to mask the noisy speech and separate the clean speech signal. In the proposed system, the speech signal corrupted by noise is enhanced. Evaluation of enhanced speech signal by performance metrics such as short time objective intelligibility and signal to noise ratio of the denoised speech show that the speech intelligibility and speech quality are improved by the proposed method.
Computer engineering. Computer hardware, Mechanics of engineering. Applied mechanics
Urban green space is one of the essential variables to influence urban climate. Urban green spaces offer evaporative cooling. The evaporative process is vital to mitigate the urban heat island. This paper investigates the spatial-temporal pattern changes of urban green space in the tropical city of Kuching, Malaysia, using remote sensing and GIS. To achieve the objective, this study required three steps. The first was a performed pre-processing, namely geometric correction, atmosphere correction, and radiometric correction. The next step was a retrieval of land surface temperature at the thermal band for every selected data for the year 1988, 2000, 2011, and 2019. The third step performed supervised classification for every selected data to generate a land cover map every selected year. The final step was to identify a correlation between urban greens space and LST. The results discovered spatial patterns of urban greens space significantly effects of cooling potential which the more urban green space areas encounter the stronger cooling effect of the urban heat island. The expansion of the urban areas significantly decreases urban green spaces areas. Correct spatial planning is an essential tool for improving urban green spaces infrastructure. This output can improve the knowledge planners, and policymakers understand green spaces recognized in urban areas and plan the urban green space strategically to mitigate UHI effects.
Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, Mechanical engineering and machinery