Hasil untuk "Lexicography"

Krešimir Regan

U radu se na temelju arhivskih i terenskih istraživanja prikazuju ostatci tvrdoga grada (castruma) Ključa u istočnoj Hercegovini. Riječ je srednjovjekovnoj utvrdi, tragovi, topografski položaj i povijesni razvitak koje se, u skladu s recentnim istraživanjima, reinterpretiraju te daju na uvid znanstvenoj javnosti. Poput brojnih drugih srednjovjekovnih utvrđenja, niti za Ključ nemamo podatke o vremenu njegova postanka ili graditeljima. No, na povijesnoj važnosti ovo srednjovjekovno utvrđenje dobilo je tijekom prva tri desetljeća XV. st. kada je bilo sjedištem velikoga bosanskog vojvode Sandalja Hranića, a ne manji značaj imao je Ključ i u vrijeme njegova sinovca i nasljednika, hercega Stjepana Vukčića Kosače, koji je u ovom tvrdom gradu također često boravio. Iako su ga različiti autori spominjali u svojim radovima o povijesti Hercegovine, Kosačama i o drugim temama iz srednjovjekovne hercegovačke prošlosti, on je u njima bio znatno skromnije obrađen nego druge hercegovačke utvrde. Zbog toga je osnovni cilj ovoga rada analizom pisanih i slikovnih izvora te postojećih arhitektonskih ostataka pokušati rekonstruirati povijesni razvoj ove utvrde kroz postavljanje nekoliko istraživačkih pitanja. Prvo, tko su bili njegovi graditelji? Drugo, kakav je bio građevinski razvoj ove utvrde? Treće, kakva je bila njegova geostrateška uloga, osobito u vrijeme protuosmanskih ratova šezdesetih godina XV. st.? Te naposljetku, četvrto, kako je izgledala neposredna okolica tvrdoga grada Ključa na prostoru kojega se u izvorima spominju čak dva naselja? Najbolje sačuvana cjelina ovoga kompleksa Gornji je grad, u sklopu kojega se nalaze dvije veće kule (branič-kula i jugoistočna kula) te ostatci triju manjih ili tzv. lažnih kula. Uz to, gotovo je u izvornoj visini očuvan istočni bedem s glavnim ulazom u Gornji grad. Tvrdi grad Ključ bio je sjedište manje urbane aglomeracije, koja se vrlo vjerojatno sastojala od dvaju naselja ili četvrti. Prvo je podgrađe zvano Podključ. Ono se oblikovalo na strmim padinama jugozapadno od utvrde, nekih stotinjak metara niže od džamije, u predjelu Stoci, na mjestu gdje se danas nalazi suvremeno ključko, pretežito vikend-naselje. Drugo naselje ili četvrt oblikovalo se tijekom razvijenoga srednjega vijeka pod imenom Cernica na spoju Dubrovačkoga puta i ceste koja je ovaj put povezivala s tvrdim gradom. Zbog važnosti ovoga naselja potkraj srednjega vijeka, njegovo se ime proširilo i na prostor oko utvrde Ključ, za koju se govorilo da se nalazi u Cernici.

Ruslan Serdeha

Folklore is an important component of national culture, and its verbal means significantly contributed to the formation of the literary variety of the Ukrainian language at certain stages of development. The study of the linguistic richness of oral folk literature reveals the diversity of the cultural heritage of our people and contributes to the strengthening of national consciousness. The language of folklore has long been in need of special purposeful lexicographic study. A significant place in the texts of oral folklore belongs to proper names, in particular hydronyms, which, in addition to a purely informative function, sometimes perform an artistic and figurative function in folklore texts. Hydronyms have long been in the field of linguists' attention. The interest in their study is primarily because they are one of the oldest types of proper names. Today, Ukrainian scientists have compiled dictionaries that normalise the spelling of proper names of water bodies and lexicographical works that clarify the etymology of these names. However, the language of folklore in general and the hydronums used in it, in particular, have not yet been the subject of more or less systematic lexicographic description. The aim of the article is to present samples of lexicographic parameterisation of the names of water bodies functioning in the language of Ukrainian folklore. The material for the dictionary description was a variety of folklore material extracted from fairy tales, legends, and ballads on family and domestic themes, dumas, historical songs, and love songs. We have found that the most commonly used hydronyms in the texts of Ukrainian folklore are those used to name watercourses (rivers). There are also names of lakes, seas, sometimes ponds, and water crossings. Such names can directly correlate with reality or sometimes be a product of folk imagination. We have found out that invented names mostly function as part of pelagonyms. In making a lexicographic description of folklore hydronyms, we rely primarily on the traditional model of a dictionary entry. However, the area of explanation should reflect the specifics of these proper names - contain geospatial indicators, an indication of the type of water body, reflect the artistic originality of the hydronym used in folklore, and convey those additional shades (mythological, symbolic) that it acquires in the situation of specific word usage in a particular folklore text.

Asieh Zabihnia Emran

Kamaluddin Haji Baba ben Mirzajan Qazvini is one of the famous students of Sheikh Bahai. He has written Kalamul Moluk in 1043 A.H; and its copy has not been found in any sources. The unique manuscript in Persian on gnosticism with having number 10294 is in the collection of the Majles Library. The subject matter of Kalamul Moluk pertains to the lives and sayings of the gnostics, sages and prophets. The thought-contents of the work reflect the gnostic ideas of the writer and to an extent show his acquaintance with subjects like: astronomy, history, lexicography, literary genres of prose and poetry and other literary disciplines. Hence, the edition of the text is all the more necessary. The prose of Kalamul Moluk , like most of the gnostic texts , is simple and far from complexities and it is marked by precise and short sentences. This manuscript is the revelation of the proud Islamic gnostic heritage of Iran and an achievement of the Iranians. Therefore, its edition is a cultural necessity in our society. The present article aims at high-lighting the core issues embedded in the Kalamul Moluk. The researches on the text show that the core-contents of the text are replete with gnosticism and ethics. The methodology is based upon the prescribed tools of the library with descriptive and analytical manners.

Gholamhossein Karimi Doostan, Arezoo Razani

With the advent of huge corpora in recent decades, there has appeared a tendency among researchers to utilize them in lexicography. According to Miller (2018), a major issue involved in Persian lexicography is the presence of light verbs. The present study sought to address the issue using corpora and methods of computational lexicography.A light verb is in fact a complex predicate composed of two or more predicate elements: a semantic light verb and a second component (including a noun, an adjective, or a prepositional phrase). In Persian, there are 150 to 200 full verbs, and other verb-related ideas are expressed by light verbs, which explains why they are of such great significance in the language. Light verbs have been investigated from different aspects including compoundability, separability, and syntactic structure. The present function-oriented research, however, was based exclusively on data extracted from a corpus.

Masume Aminiyan

Bahr al-javāher is a Persian and Arabic dictionary with 5926 headwords in conventional medical science, compiled by Mohammad ibn Yousof Heravi. Observing the range and variety of the explicit content of Bahr al-javāher, we can consider it one of the first encyclopedias in the field. With its significant features, this book has been a reliable source for authors and researchers, but no revised edition of it is available. Therefore, its lexical and content features have been neglected, among which are: validating the definitions by referring to dozens of authoritative medical and, in some cases, non-medical sources; mentioning the opinions of doctors, scholars, and sages with a critical approach; referring to Arabic and Persian dictionaries, hadiths, and proverbs; applying Heravi dialect vocabulary; using rare Persian equivalents, novel combinations, Arabic forms, and infrequent simple and compound verbs. This article examines the content and lexical features of the Persian section of this work as an ancient Persian scientific text from the 10th century AH, and provides new points about its unidentified aspects.

Larysa Shevchuk

Revising the Use of Differentiation in Text-Based Tasks in the Context of Ukrainian–Polish Bilingualism This article describes the specifics of Ukrainian–Polish bilingualism which can be observed in the territory of Ukraine and the present opportunities for studying Polish and Ukrainian. Various ways of using differentiation text-based tasks are proposed in the context of Ukrainian–Polish bilingualism. The article contains a description of differentiation in line with different types of activity. The completion of tasks aimed at familiarization with the text, text analysis, reconstruction, production, and complementation is possible due to different variants of content correlation in Polish and Ukrainian. The differentiation of activities during text analysis, supplemented by students’ own reflections and the results of their creative activity, is realized by finding answers to questions in the text posed in Polish, formulating answers to the questions, and completing the questions. This is made possible in different ways depending on the language used, be it Polish or Ukrainian. Task completion on the reconstruction, construction and complementation of texts is conducted in a similar manner. In case of difficulties, it is possible to use one’s native language in determining the main idea of the text, drawing up a plan, comparing two texts, etc. The use of different types of translation is an important method of differentiation when working with texts. The author also considers native language materials in a textbook’s methodological guidelines to be useful.   O kwestii zastosowania zróżnicowanego podejścia podczas opracowywania tekstów przez studentów w warunkach dwujęzyczności ukraińsko-polskiej Autorka omawia cechy dwujęzyczności ukraińsko-polskiej na Ukrainie oraz dostępne możliwości nauki języka polskiego i ukraińskiego. Przedstawia sposoby zastosowania zróżnicowania w pracy uczniów z tekstami w warunkach dwujęzyczności ukraińsko-polskiej. Zamieszcza opis tego zróżnicowania w zależności od rodzaju pracy z tekstem. Podaje, że wykonanie zadań związanych z zapoznaniem się z tekstem, jego analizą, odtworzeniem, konstrukcją i uzupełnieniem tekstu jest możliwe dzięki różnym korelacyjnym opcjom materiału w języku polskim i ukraińskim. Rozróżnienie podejścia podczas analizy tekstu zostało uzupełnione wyrażaniem własnych opinii przez uczniów i wynikami ich działań twórczych. Są one realizowane również poprzez wykonywanie zadań mających na celu odnalezienie w tekście polskim odpowiedzi na pytania, ułożenie takiej odpowiedzi i uzupełnienie pytań. Jest to możliwe do zrobienia w różny sposób, w zależności od użycia języka polskiego lub ukraińskiego. Podobnie uczniowie wykonują zadania polegające na streszczaniu, konstruowaniu i uzupełnianiu tekstów. W przypadku powstania trudności możliwe jest użycie języka ojczystego przy ustalaniu głównej myśli w tekście, sporządzaniu planu, porównywaniu dwóch fragmentów itp. Ważny sposób stosowania zróżnicowania w pracy z tekstem – to użycie różnych rodzajów tłumaczeń. Za przydatne autorka uważa również materiały w języku ojczystym zawarte we wskazówkach metodycznych podręcznika.

Katarzyna Dzierżawin

The Polish Language in Egypt: Current Status and Speakers’ Preferences The article describes multilingualism and language preferences of the Polish community living in Egypt. The present paper is a first study of multilingualism involving both Polish and Arabic. Field study was carried out in October – December 2020 using surveys and face-to-face interviews. This includes 54 persons who belong mainly to the first generation of migrants, as well as the second and third generation of Polish diaspora. The research aims to explore the process of becoming and being trilingual, and how the use of languages changes in emigration, depending on the spheres of life and self-realization among different generations of the Polish diaspora.   Status języka polskiego i preferencje językowe Polonii w Egipcie Autorka opisuje wielojęzyczność i preferencje językowe Polaków mieszkających w Egipcie. Prezentuje pierwsze badania nad wielojęzycznością, obejmujące język polski i arabski. Zostały one przeprowadzone w październiku 2020 roku z wykorzystaniem ankiet i wywiadów uzupełniających. Objęto nimi 54 osoby należące głównie do pierwszego pokolenia migrantów, jak również drugiego i trzeciego pokolenia Polonii. Badania mają na celu zgłębienie procesu stawania się (i bycia) trójjęzycznym oraz tego, jak w warunkach emigracyjnych wśród różnych pokoleń Polonii zmienia się użycie języków w zależności od sfer życia i samorealizacji.

C. Chiarcos, Maxim Ionov, J. Does et al.

Cathy Parc

S. Tarp, R. Gouws

Contextualization, i.e. to provide solutions to users' information needs directly in the situation or context where these needs occur, played a significant role in the work of the Greek scribes who inserted glosses into manuscript copies of the works of Homer and other earlier writers in order to explain obsolete and unusual words. After the invention of the glossary, a schism developed within lexicography. On the one hand, there was the new compilation of glossaries and dictionaries of a still more complex and sophisticated nature. On the other hand, there was the traditional insertion of glosses into manuscript copies of books from previous periods. Although the advent of dictionaries diminished the use of contextualization procedures they were still adhered to in some publications. This paper discusses the occurrence of contextualization and personalization procedures in different eras and environments and it is shown how these procedures also introduced a lexicographic practice to some extra-dictionary environments. The importance of contextualization and personalization in modern-day lexicography is stressed. Lexicographers often have had unfulfilled dreams of new possibilities within the digital environment. However, the lack of adequate technology has made their dreams impossible – at that stage. Today new technologies and collaboration between lexicography and information science offer numerous new challenges that can be met by lexicographers. It is shown how lexicographical products being integrated into information tools little by little are closing the more than two thousand year old schism in European lexicography, i.e. reuniting contextualization and personalization. Lexicographers, the modern-day scribes, have to endeavour to make the seemingly impossible possible.

Pedro A. Fuertes-Olivera, S. Tarp, P. Sepstrup

This contribution deals with a new digital English–Spanish–English lexicographical project that started as an assignment from the Danish high-tech company Ordbogen A/S which signed a contract with the University of Valladolid (Spain) for designing and compiling a digital lexicographical product that is economically and commercially feasible and can be used for various purposes in connection with its expansion into new markets and the launching of new tools and services which make use of lexicographical data. The article presents the philosophy underpinning the project, highlights some of the innovations introduced, e.g. the use of logfiles for compiling the initial lemma list and the order of compilation, and illustrates a compilation methodology which starts by assuming the relevance of new concepts, i.e. object and auxiliary languages instead of target and source languages. The contribution also defends the premise that the future of e-lexicography basically rests on a close cooperation between research centers and high-tech companies which assures the adequate use of disruptive technologies and innovations. Keywords : dictionary concept; empirical resources; logfiles; ngram viewer; internet as a corpus; compilation methods; lexicographical data; online dictionaries; integrated dictionaries; writing assistants; L2-reception dictionaries; L2-production dictionaries; translation dictionaries

Agnieszka Czoska

The usage and meaning of mentioned (wspomniany) and described (opisany) metatext markers in Polish scientific texts Metatext markers (MMs) are defined as expressions used in a text to inform readers of its structure or relations between its elements (Fraser, 1999; Goldman & Rakestraw, 2000; Schiffrin, 1988). In this paper the usage of two MMs "mentioned" ("wspomniany") and "described" ("opisany") in scientific texts is described and the relation between their meaning and usage is analysed. In Study 1, the frequency, scope and direction of the MM is analysed in a corpus of peer-reviewed scientific texts in Polish. In Experiment 2, participants decided whether to use the aforementioned MMs to fill gaps in short scientific texts. The results of both experiments suggest that while the meaning of an MM may influence its usage, this relation may be affected by the size of the whole text.   Użycie i znaczenie operatorów metatekstowych wspomniany i opisany w tekstach naukowych po polsku Operatory metatekstowe (OM) to wyrażenia informujące czytelnika o strukturze tekstu, w którym zostały umieszczone, oraz o relacjach pomiędzy jego elementami (Fraser, 1999; Goldman & Rakestraw, 2000; Schiffrin, 1988). W poniższej pracy zostało opisane użycie dwóch OM wspomniany i opisany w tekstach naukowych, przeanalizowano także relację pomiędzy ich znaczeniem i używaniem. W badaniu 1 zostały przeanalizowane częstość użycia, zakres i ukierunkowanie OM w tekstach naukowych pisanych po polsku. W badaniu 2 czytelnicy decydowali o tym, czy umieścić dodatkowy OM w krótkim tekście naukowym. Wyniku obydwu badań wskazują, że znaczenie OM może wpływać na sposób jego używania, ale wpływ ten zmienia się wraz z wielkością tekstu.

D. Prinsloo, Elsabé Taljard

African Language Lexicography: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow. This article aims to give a perspective on African language lexicography's response to developments in international lexicographic practice in relation to new trends and changes mainly brought about by the electronic era. The development of African language lexicography will be compared to that of mainly English paper and electronic dictionaries. Three periods of lexicographic development are distinguished. It will be argued that the overall picture for the development of African language lexicography compares less favourably to that of English and languages such as German and French. The focus will be on the availability of dictionaries, lexicographic quality, use of new computer technologies and the use of information sources made available by the information era. It will be concluded that in most instances African language lexicography is not keeping up with international developments in lexicography and that the number of challenges for these languages has increased. Finally a number of positive factors will be identified which could contribute to the improvement of the quality of dictionaries for African languages.

Radu Drăgulescu

German Vocabulary in Romanian Plant Names. A Report of Romanian Lexicographic Practice.This paper examines an important but insufficiently investigated phenomenon — lexical innovation as a result of plant naming and the expression of national customs and traditions — by showing various linguistic influences in common plant names. E. Coşeriu considers this phenomenon to be given insufficient importance by linguists, given that fact that individual speakers became creators of language/poetry whenever they named a plant. I am of the opinion that a botanical lexicon of a particular region, once known, is not only a thesaurus, but can also be regarded as a document of a resident population or place in the past. First and foremost, botanical folk terminology has a practical value in that it identifies, distinguishes and categorizes members of the plant kingdom within a given natural realm. It, however, also has great theoretical significance for linguists, both with regard to the etymons from which they are derived, and to the metaphorical meanings that the phytonyms usually have. The article focuses on a selected area of Romanian specialized lexicography and offers an insight into the most recent lexicographic recording of Romanian plant names. Since, however, the German vocabulary in the commonly used plant names has been rather marginalized in the Romanian specialized literature, and since its characteristics have only been recorded and described loosely, the explanations are based solely on borrowed and/or adapted Romanian plant names of German origin. Other extraneous correspondences, mix-ups, erroneous assignments, other plant species or formations with the terms German/nemţesc (‘deutsch’) or Transylvanian-Saxon/săsesc (‘sächsisch’) etc., were not considered here. In my paper this rich inventory of plant names will be presented and exemplified using the German vocabulary listed here.

Adam Kilgarriff, Laura Giacomini

Rosa Argenziano

Il periodo postunitario è un momento determinante nella storia linguistica italiana, nel quale si assiste al progressivo e faticoso superamento di una realtà quasi totalmente dialettofona tramite la diffusione dell’italiano di base tosco-fiorentina a strati via via più ampi di popolazione, grazie all’azione sinergica della lessicografia, della manualistica educativa, della letteratura per l’infanzia. Il presente contributo si sofferma su una figura di primo piano nel processo di italianizzazione linguistica e culturale della nazione, la scrittrice e giornalista Ida Baccini (1850-1911), autrice di opere pedagogiche per l’infanzia tra le quali primeggia per notorietà Le memorie di un pulcino (1875). Il focus è su uno dei manuali indirizzati dalla Baccini all’educazione delle giovinette, settore particolarmente gravido di contributi nel secondo Ottocento: Come vorrei una fanciulla (1884), che come tutti gli scritti pedagogici del tempo proponeva un modello comportamentale esplicito e veicolava al contempo implicitamente un tipo linguistico all’utenza femminile. Si fornirà quindi una descrizione delle soluzioni linguistiche del testo - con particolare attenzione al rapporto con le scelte manzoniane - opportunamente messe in relazione con l’impostazione pedagogica conservatrice manifestata dalla Baccini, che appare ancora ben lontana dalle idee emancipazioniste abbracciate in seguito. Thus speaks the good damsel: morals and language in “Come vorrei una fanciulla” by Ida Baccini  The post-unification period was a decisive moment in Italian linguistic history, characterized by the gradual and difficult replacement of local dialects with Tuscan-Florentine Italian used by increasingly large numbers of the population, thanks to the synergistic actions of lexicography, educational manuals and children's literature. This paper focuses on a prominent figure in the linguistic and cultural Italianization process: the writer and journalist Ida Baccini (1850-1911). She was the author of pedagogical works for children, among which stands out Le memorie di un pulcino (1875). The paper focuses on one of Baccini’s manuals for the education of young women, a sector which counts numerous late nineteenth century contributions. Come vorrei una fanciulla (1884), like all pedagogical writings of the time, proposed an explicit behavioral model and implicitly conveyed at the same time a specific linguistic style for females. Descriptions of the linguistic solutions in the text - with particular attention on the relationship to Manzonian choices - linked toBaccini’s conservative pedagogical approach, appears very distant from the ideas later embraced by emancipationists.

V. V. Goncharova

The interdisciplinary character of the science of language causes great difficulties in bibliographic support in this field. The object of bibliographing in linguistics is not only literature on the language, but also a variety of linguistic resources, which represent a special object to study a branch of linguistics - lexicography. Bibliography of linguistics is the least studied field by specialists among humanitarian bibliographic complexes. The paper first studied the array of domestic bibliographic sources for more than 150 years; the most significant of them are shown. The subject of research is national bibliographic resources in the linguistics field. The objective is to characterize the historical development of the linguistic bibliography in Russia. To achieve this goal we had to solve a number of tasks: identify existing sources for ongoing historical research; to trace the history of forming bibliographic sources, bibliography of bibliographies of linguistics; to form and analyze the body of bibliographic materials; to characterize the problematic areas in the bibliographic software of linguistics. Using the bibliometric analysis it was studied an array of bibliographic products published between 1860 and 2013, the dynamics of bibliographic resources formation was determined, the degree of bibliographic support of some topics and issues in linguistic science and prior directions of their development were revealed. The main results of the study should be considered: 1. The nuclear of fundamental indices on general and applied linguistics is singled out in analyzed literature sources covering the period 1918-1977, as well as in Slavic linguistics for 1825-1981. The complex of current and retrospective bibliographic products was formed and replenished in the country in 1963-1988. 2. The largest share of bibliographic sources in linguistics is presented by book and article bibliography (over 70%), many of which remain bibliographically unrecorded and unused. 3. The following subject areas of linguistics are considered to be bibliographically supported: inter-linguistics, culture of speech and language norms, lexicography, linguistic geography, linguistics regional geography, onomastics. 4. An obvious need to continue the index or database of bibliographic aids in the field of linguistics over the past 50 years is marked. 5. Further development of the linguistics bibliography is impossible to imagine without creating an electronic guide on the bibliographic resources of linguistics, which would reflect the diversity of bibliographical resources and provide their rich information potential for professionals and remote users

Carolin Müller-Spitzer

Grigorij Chetverikov, Iryna Vechirska

Cognitive approach to the construction of three-language terminological thesaurus The paper is devoted to developing a lexicographic database of a three-language terminological dictionary. The detailed analysis of a relations scheme between tables and structures of tables with the help of three-layer decomposition predicate method is carried out, which has allowed to define ways of solving direct and reversible three-language electronic dictionaries creation problem.

Uredništvo broja

GOD. 8 (2014) BR. 1 (14) Za nakladnika: Bruno Kragić, Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža Glavni urednik: Damir Boras, Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Zamjenik glavnoga urednika: Željko Pavić, Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža Uredništvo: Irina Deretić, Filozofski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu Zdenko Jecić, Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža Nataša Jermen, Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža Stipe Kutleša, Institut za filozofiju Janko Lozar, Filozofska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani Nives Mikelić Preradović, Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Slaven Ravlić, Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža Hrvoje Stančić, Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Goran Sunajko, Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža Richard Wisser, Sveučilište Johannes Gutenberg u Mainzu Savjet časopisa: Vlaho Bogišić, Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža Davor Kapetanić, Sveučilište Washington u Seattleu Trpimir Macan, Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža Antun Vujić, Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža Izvršna urednica: Tea Rogić Musa Izlazi dva puta godišnje Redakcijske suradnice: Ivana Jović, Iva Klobučar Srbić Prijevod: Damir Martić Oblikovanje i prijelom: Ivo Horvat Dizajn korica: Dubravka Rakoci Izrada UDK / UDC: Jelica Leščić Godina izdanja: 2015. Adresa uredništva: Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža Frankopanska 26, 10 000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Tel: +385 1 48 00 300, Tel./Faks: +385 1 4800 399 E-mail: studia_lexicographica@lzmk.hr Web: http://www.lzmk.hr