Hasil untuk "Law of Europe"

Rafael Rubio Núñez

El uso de la inteligencia artificial (IA) en las campañas electorales está transformando significativamente el panorama político y democrático. La IA ha introducido nuevas dinámicas en los procesos electorales, impactando en la manera en que se realizan las campañas lo que puede suponer una amenaza para la integridad de los sistemas democráticos. Las innovaciones tecnológicas afectan la manera en que se gestionan y ejecutan las campañas electorales. Desde los medios tradicionales como la radio, la televisión y el cine, hasta las plataformas digitales, la evolución tecnológica ha permitido una mayor personalización y efectividad en la comunicación política. La IA facilita el análisis de grandes volúmenes de datos, permitiendo campañas altamente segmentadas y personalizadas. Al mismo tiempo, las amenazas tecnológicas son una preocupación creciente para la democracia. La manipulación de datos, la creación de perfiles falsos y los ataques cibernéticos son algunos de los riesgos que enfrentan los procesos electorales. Estas prácticas pueden afectar la transparencia y equidad de las elecciones, comprometiendo principios básicos como la libertad del voto. La digitalización amplifica tanto la información como la desinformación. La propaganda política se ha sofisticado, utilizando técnicas de IA para crear y difundir contenido desinformativo de manera más efectiva. Este fenómeno contribuye a la fragmentación y polarización de la opinión pública, y puede erosionar la confianza en el proceso democrático y las instituciones. La IA se utiliza para mejorar la capacidad de persuasión o disuasión de los partidos políticos y candidatos. Permite la creación de estrategias de comunicación más sofisticadas y la optimización de los recursos electorales. Sin embargo, también plantea desafíos éticos y prácticos, como la manipulación de la realidad a través de deepfakes y la segmentación extrema del electorado. Las respuestas a los desafíos planteados por la IA en el ámbito electoral han sido diversas. Algunas plataformas tecnológicas han adoptado medidas de autorregulación, como la etiquetación de contenido generado por IA. Sin embargo, la autorregulación ha sido insuficiente, y se requiere una respuesta legislativa más sólida para proteger la integridad de los procesos electorales. En algunos países, ya se han implementado leyes que prohíben el uso de deepfakes en campañas electorales. La IA ofrece tanto oportunidades como riesgos, y su impacto en la democracia depende de cómo se gestionen sus aplicaciones y se mitiguen sus efectos negativos. Es crucial establecer un marco regulatorio nacional e internacional claro que abarque el uso de la IA en campañas electorales. Este marco debe garantizar la transparencia, equidad y protección de los derechos electorales. La colaboración entre gobiernos, instituciones electorales, empresas tecnológicas y la sociedad civil es esencial para preservar la integridad y legitimidad de los procesos democráticos en la era digital.

Ramon Canal, Stefano Di Carlo, Dimitris Gizopoulos et al.

Among the key contributions of Vitamin-V (2023-2025 Horizon Europe project), we develop a complete RISC-V open-source software stack for cloud services with comparable performance to the cloud-dominant x86 counterpart. In this paper, we detail the software suites and applications ported plus the three cloud setups under evaluation.

Zhiyuan Xie, Gorm Bruun Andresen

To move towards a low-carbon society by 2050, understanding the intricate dynamics of energy systems is critical. Our study examines these interactions through the lens of hydrogen storage, dividing it into 'direct' and 'indirect' hydrogen storage. Direct hydrogen storage involves electrolysis-produced hydrogen being stored before use, while indirect storage first transforms hydrogen into gas via the Sabatier process for later energy distribution. Firstly, we utilize the PyPSA-Eur-Sec-30-path model to capture the interactions within the energy system. The model is an hour-level, one node per country system that encompasses a range of energy transformation technologies, outlining a pathway for Europe to reduce carbon emissions by 95 percent by 2050 compared to 1990, with updates every 5 years. Subsequently, we employ both quantitative and qualitative approaches to thoroughly analyze these complex relationships. Our research indicates that during the European green transition, cross-country flow of electricity will play an important role in Europe's rapid decarbonization stage before the large-scale introduction of energy storage. Under the paper cost assumptions, fuel cells are not considered a viable option. This research further identifies the significant impact of natural resource variability on the local energy mix, highlighting indirect hydrogen storage as a common solution due to the better economic performance and actively fluctuation pattern. Specifically, indirect hydrogen storage will contribute at least 60 percent of hydrogen storage benefits, reaching 100 percent in Italy. Moreover, its fluctuation pattern will change with the local energy structure, which is a distinct difference with the unchanged pattern of direct hydrogen storage and battery storage.

Angelica Urbanelli, Luca Barco, Edoardo Arnaudo et al.

The increasing frequency of catastrophic natural events, such as wildfires, calls for the development of rapid and automated wildfire detection systems. In this paper, we propose a wildfire identification solution to improve the accuracy of automated satellite-based hotspot detection systems by leveraging multiple information sources. We cross-reference the thermal anomalies detected by the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) hotspot services with the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) database to construct a large-scale hotspot dataset for wildfire-related studies in Europe. Then, we propose a novel multimodal supervised machine learning approach to disambiguate hotspot detections, distinguishing between wildfires and other events. Our methodology includes the use of multimodal data sources, such as the ERSI annual Land Use Land Cover (LULC) and the Copernicus Sentinel-3 data. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in the task of wildfire identification.

Marek Kwiek

This study analyzes the unprecedented growth of international research collaboration (IRC) in Europe during the period 2009-2018 in terms of coauthorship and citation distribution of globally indexed publications. The results reveal the dynamics of this change, as growing IRC moves European systems away from institutional collaboration, with stable and strong national collaboration. Domestic output has remained flat. The growth in publications in major European systems is almost entirely attributable to internationally coauthored papers. A comparison of trends within the four complementary collaboration modes clearly reveals that the growth of European science is driven solely by internationally co-authored papers. With the emergence of global network science, which diminishes the role of national policies in IRC and foregrounds the role of scientists, the individual scientists willingness to collaborate internationally is central to advancing IRC in Europe. Scientists collaborate internationally when it enhances their academic prestige, scientific recognition, and access to research funding, as indicated by the credibility cycle, prestige maximization, and global science models. The study encompassed 5.5 million Scopus-indexed articles, including 2.2 million involving international collaboration.

Xinyi Wen, Mehrnaz Anvari, Leonardo Rydin Gorjao et al.

The power-grid frequency reflects the balance between electricity supply and demand. Measuring the frequency and its variations allows monitoring of the power balance in the system and, thus, the grid stability. In addition, gaining insight into the characteristics of frequency variations and defining precise evaluation metrics for these variations enables accurate assessment of the performance of forecasts and synthetic models of the power-grid frequency. Previous work was limited to a few geographical regions and did not quantify the observed effects. In this contribution, we analyze and quantify the statistical and stochastic properties of self-recorded power-grid frequency data from various synchronous areas in Asia, Australia, and Europe at a resolution of one second. Revealing non-standard statistics of both empirical and synthetic frequency data, we effectively constrain the space of possible (stochastic) power-grid frequency models and share a range of analysis tools to benchmark any model or characterize empirical data. Furthermore, we emphasize the need to analyze data from a large range of synchronous areas to obtain generally applicable models.

Francesca Larosa, Jaroslav Mysiak, Marco Molinari et al.

Innovation is a key component to equip our society with tools to adapt to new climatic conditions. The development of research-action interfaces shifts useful ideas into operationalized knowledge allowing innovation to flourish. In this paper we quantify the existing gap between climate research and innovation action in Europe using a novel framework that combines artificial intelligence (AI) methods and network science. We compute the distance between key topics of research interest from peer review publications and core issues tackled by innovation projects funded by the most recent European framework programmes. Our findings reveal significant differences exist between and within the two layers. Economic incentives, agricultural and industrial processes are differently connected to adaptation and mitigation priorities. We also find a loose research-action connection in bioproducts, biotechnologies and risk assessment practices, where applications are still too few compared to the research insights. Our analysis supports policy-makers to measure and track how research funding result in innovation action, and to adjust decisions if stated priorities are not achieved.

Marek Prudovič

Vyšný, P. Pravek práva. Praha: Leges, 2021, 128 s.

Fabian Neumann, Elisabeth Zeyen, Marta Victoria et al.

Electricity transmission expansion has suffered many delays in Europe in recent decades, despite its significance for integrating renewable electricity into the energy system. A hydrogen network which reuses the existing fossil gas network could not only help to supply demand for low-emission fuels, but could also to balance variations in wind and solar energy across the continent and thus avoid power grid expansion. We pursue this idea by varying the allowed expansion of electricity and hydrogen grids in net-zero CO2 scenarios for a sector-coupled and self-sufficient European energy system with high shares of renewables. We cover the electricity, buildings, transport, agriculture, and industry sectors across 181 regions and model every third hour of a year. With this high spatio-temporal resolution, the model can capture bottlenecks in transmission networks, the variability of demand and renewable supply, as well as regional opportunities for the retrofitting of legacy gas infrastructure and the development of geological hydrogen storage. Our results show consistent system cost reductions with a pan-continental hydrogen network that connects regions with low-cost and abundant renewable potentials to demand centres, synthetic fuel production and cavern storage sites. Developing a hydrogen network reduces system costs by up to 26 billion Euros per year (3.4%), with the highest benefits when electricity grid reinforcements cannot be realised. Between 64% and 69% of this network could be built from repurposed natural gas pipelines. However, we find that hydrogen networks can only partially substitute for power grid expansion. While the expansion of both networks together can achieve the largest cost savings of 10%, the expansion of neither is truly essential as long as higher costs can be accepted and regulatory changes are made to manage grid bottlenecks.

Maksym Maika

Problems and prospects for the implementation of the concept of e-justice within the framework of the right to a fair trial in Ukraine are especially relevant today due to the digitalisation of state and legal relations. The components of the right to a fair trial and their relationship to the implementation of e-justice; a system of legal regulation, recent legislative changes, current conditions, and prospects for the development of e-justice in Ukraine require further research. The author used the following methods to solve the relevant tasks: dialectical – problems in the functioning of e-justice in Ukraine; historical analysis –the evolution of the legal regulation and the scientific, legal doctrine of e-justice; analysis and synthesis – analysis of legal regulation, recent legislative changes, the current state of and prospects for the development of e-justice in Ukraine; deduction – allowed the author to move from the general provisions of legal theory to the application of these postulates in the study of e-justice; system analysis – suggesting ways to overcome the problems in the functioning of e-justice in Ukraine; formal and dogmatic – providing an analysis of the norms of current legislation; theoretical modelling – formulating the draft of legislative changes; comparative – a study of foreign experience in the legal regulation of e-governance, taking into account the practice of justice in Ukraine. The author has identified problems in the functioning of e-justice in Ukraine and normative, legal, material, technical, and organisational problems in realising the principles of the right to a fair trial for citizens of Ukraine, taking into account the concept of e-justice as a component of e-governance. To solve these problems, the following are proposed: normative regulation of the procedure for submission and examination of e-evidence; certification and standardisation of computer equipment and software in the field of e-justice; legal education activities of the state in terms of promoting e-governance; improving the computer literacy of citizens and civil servants.

Gábor Hollósi

The institution of the nomination of parliamentary candidates was already well known in most European electoral systems between the two wars. Its purpose can be briefly summarized as meaning that the voters can only cast their votes for a person who has previously been nominated as a parliamentary candidate under the conditions specified by law. Within the European field, the contemporary Hungarian nomination system is characterized by its extraordinary intricacy, and the high number of abuses naturally follows from its complexity. However, in our study we do not deal with these abuses but describe the Hungarian rules and regulations while constantly researching its European aspects. Accordingly, we divided our work into three units. First of all, we classify the continent’s nomination systems in order to show where the place of the Hungarian rules and regulations between the two wars were. Thereafter, we review the development of the Hungarian rules based on the Electoral Decree of 1922, the (First) Electoral Act of 1925, the so-called “Nomination” Amendment Act of 1937 and the (Second) Electoral Act of 1938. Finally, using the Explanatory Memorandums to the mentioned acts and the discussion materials of the National Assembly/Parliament, we look for the European (comparative) examples that emerged during their creation. Our study will also show what the Explanatory Memorandums to the acts (which reflect the pro-government standpoint) or the parliamentary opposition considered worth highlighting from the nomination systems of foreign countries.

Santanu Saha, Simone Di Cataldo, Maximilian Amsler et al.

In this work we probe the possibility of high-temperature conventional superconductivity in the boron-carbon system, using ab-initio screening. A database of 320 metastable structures with fixed composition (50$\%$/50$\%$) is generated with the Minima-Hopping method, and characterized with electronic and vibrational descriptors. Full electron-phonon calculations on sixteen representative structures allow to identify general trends in $T_{\textrm{c}}$ across and within the four families in the energy landscape, and to construct an approximate $T_{\textrm{c}}$ predictor, based on transparently interpretable and easily computable electronic and vibrational descriptors. Based on these, we estimate that around 10$\%$ of all metallic structures should exhibit $T_{\textrm{c}}$'s above 30 $K$. This work is a first step towards ab-initio design of new high-$T_{\textrm{c}}$ superconductors.

Giacomo Cacciapaglia, Corentin Cot, Francesco Sannino

A second wave pandemic constitutes an imminent threat to society, with a potentially immense toll in terms of human lives and a devastating economic impact. We employ the epidemic renormalisation group approach to pandemics, together with the first wave data for COVID-19, to efficiently simulate the dynamics of disease transmission and spreading across different European countries. The framework allows us to model, not only inter and extra European border control effects, but also the impact of social distancing for each country. We perform statistical analyses averaging on different level of human interaction across Europe and with the rest of the world. Our results are neatly summarised as an animation reporting the time evolution of the first and second waves of the European COVID-19 pandemic. Our temporal playbook of the second wave pandemic can be used by governments, financial markets, the industries and individual citizens, to efficiently time, prepare and implement local and global measures.

Rodrigo H. Álvarez-Gutiérrez, Amelia M. Stutz, Chi Y. Law et al.

We analyze the gas mass distribution, the gas kinematics, and the young stellar object (YSO) content of the California Molecular Cloud (CMC) L1482 filament. We derive a Gaia DR2 YSO distance of 511$^{+17}_{-16}$ pc. We derive scale-free power-laws for the mean gas line-mass (M/L) profiles; we calculate the gravitational potential and field profiles consistent with these. We present IRAM 30 m C$^{18}$O (1-0) (and other tracers) position-velocity (PV) diagrams that exhibit complex velocity twisting and turning structures. We find a rotational profile in C$^{18}$O perpendicular to the southern filament ridgeline. The profile is regular, confined ($r\lesssim0.4$ pc), anti-symmetric, and to first order linear with a break at $r\sim0.25$ pc. The timescales of the inner (outer) gradients are $\sim$0.7 (6.0) Myr. We show that the centripetal force, compared to gravity, increases toward the break; when the ratio of forces approaches unity, the profile turns over, just before filament breakup is achieved. The timescales and relative roles of gravity to rotation indicate that the structure is stable, long lived ($\sim$ a few times 6 Myr), and undergoing outside-in evolution. Moreover, this filament has practically no star formation, a perpendicular Planck plane-of-the-sky (POS) magnetic field morphology, and POS "zig-zag" morphology, which together with the rotation profile lead to the suggestion that the 3D shape is a corkscrew filament with a helical magnetic field. These results, combined with results in Orion and G035.39-00.33, suggest evolution toward higher densities as rotating filaments shed angular momentum. Thus, magnetic fields may be an essential feature of high-mass (M $\sim10^5$ M$_{\odot}$) cloud filament evolution toward cluster formation.

Valentin Vandendaele

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2019 4(3), 871-880 | European Forum Insight of 27 January 2020 | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. The AG's Opinion. - II.1. Preliminary observations. - II.2. Interpretation in the light of the general scheme. - II.3. Teleological interpretation. - II.4. Conclusion. - III. Comment. - III.1. Interpretation in the light of the general scheme. - III.2. Teleological interpretation. - IV. Conclusion. | (Abstract) In his Opinion delivered on 6 December 2018 in case C-596/17, JTI, AG Saugmandsgaard Øe argued that Art. 15, para. 1, of Directive 2011/64 authorises Member States to prevent tobacco manufacturers and importers from varying the retail selling price per item or gram for each of their manufactured tobaccos of a certain brand and type in function of the quantity in which the tobacco is packaged. This Insight makes the case that the AG's arguments are unconvincing, however.

Salvatore Corrente, Ana Garcia-Bernabeu, Salvatore Greco et al.

For long time the measurement of innovation has been in the forefront of policy makers' and researchers' agenda worldwide. Therefore, there is an ongoing debate about which indicators should be used to measure innovation. Recent approaches have favoured the use of composite innovation indicators. However, there is no consensus about the appropriate methodology to aggregate the varying dimensions of innovation into a single summary indicator. One of the best known examples of composite innovation indicators is the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS). It is a relevant tool for benchmarking innovation in Europe. Still, the EIS lacks a proper scheme for weighting the included indicators according to their relative importance. In this context, we propose an appraisal methodology permitting to take into consideration the interaction of criteria and robustness concerns related to the elicitation of the weights assigned to the elementary indicators. With this aim, we apply the hierarchical-SMAA-Choquet integral approach. This integrated multicriteria decision making (MCDM) method helps the users to rank and benchmark countries' innovation performance taking into account the importance and interaction of criteria assigned by themselves, rather than equal weights or weights exogenously fixed by external experts.

Natalia Zdanowska

After the Fall of the Berlin Wall, Central Eastern European cities (CEEc) integrated the globalized world, characterized by a core-periphery structure and hierarchical interactions between cities. This article gives evidence of the core-periphery effect on CEEc in 2013 in terms of differentiation of their urban functions after 1989. We investigate the position of all CEEc in transnational company networks in 2013. We examine the orientations of ownership links between firms, the spatial patterns of these networks and the specialization of firms in CEEc involved. The major contribution of this paper consists in giving proof of a core-periphery structure within Central Eastern Europe itself, but also of the diffusion of innovations theory as not only large cities, but also medium-sized and small ones are part of the multinational networks of firms. These findings provide significant insights for the targeting of specific regional policies of the European Union.

Mijatović Marija D.

In this paper the author examines the consequences of the law reception process on Serbian corporate law. Cases of law reception are not rarely recorded occurrence in domestic legislative activity. Reasons for that are multiple, and they are also becoming more and more justified if one has in mind the need for fast harmonization of Serbian law with that of European Union. Still, this process of taking over law forms and istitutes does not represent the ideal solution. Moreover, in the case of corporate law the existence of disbalance between received rules that are included in regulation and the reality of its (non)appliance is obvious. Such results of law reception impose the following question upon law science: how to overcome ambiguity of its effects. In the light of significant changes brought by the 2018 amendments of Law on Business Organizations - such as incorporating new legal forms of Societas Europas or European Economic Interest Grouping - it remains to be seen what will be the future answer to challenges of new law institutes integration into the national law system.

Antonio Iannì

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2018 3(3), 1159-1178 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. Sovereign default: the same old story. - II. The European debt crisis: a first timid step towards a possible solution. - III. The European Citizens' Initiatives: an introductory overview. - IV. The Anagnostakis case. - V. Final remarks. | (Abstract) This Article first briefly examines the attempt made by both Member States and EU institutions to administer financial assistance to countries experiencing economic difficulties. The analysis will consider the legal and other experience of the "state rescue funds": notably the European Stability Mechanism (ESM). The Article especially analyses the Pringle judgment (Court of Justice, judgment of 27 November 2012, case C-370/12) offering an essential conceptual toolbox, useful to develop a better understanding of the Court of Justice's current interpretation of the "no bail-out clause" (Art. 125 TFEU), and more generally an overview of the Court's doctrine on sovereign insolvency. Following this line of research, the second part focuses on the judgment of the General Court of the European Union in the case Anagnostakis v. Commission (judgment of 30 September 2015, case T-450/12). Mr Alexios Anagnostakis − a Greek citizen − proposed the initiative "One million signatures for a Europe of solidarity" to the European Commission. The initiative sought "to establish in EU fundamental law the principle of the "state of necessity"; when the financial and the political existence of a State is in danger because of the serving of the abhorrent debt the refusal of its payment is necessary and justifiable". In September 2012 the European Commission, pursuant to Art. 4, para. 2, let. b), of Regulation 211/2011, refused to register the proposal, based on a lack of competence. Mr Anagnostakis then brought an action of annulment before the General Court. Considering the Anagnostakis case, the Article finally suggests a new role for the EU judges, strictly connected to the right of initiative and the sovereign default issue.