Hasil untuk "Human ecology. Anthropogeography"

C. Bradley, S. Altizer

Urbanization is intensifying worldwide, with two-thirds of the human population expected to reside in cities within 30 years. The role of cities in human infectious disease is well established, but less is known about how urban landscapes influence wildlife–pathogen interactions. Here, we draw on recent advances in wildlife epidemiology to consider how environmental changes linked with urbanization can alter the biology of hosts, pathogens and vectors. Although urbanization reduces the abundance of many wildlife parasites, transmission can, in some cases, increase among urban-adapted hosts, with effects on rarer wildlife or those living beyond city limits. Continued rapid urbanization, together with risks posed by multi-host pathogens for humans and vulnerable wildlife populations, emphasize the need for future research on wildlife diseases in urban landscapes.

K. Lafferty

Yuanfei Pan, Hailong Zhao, Qinyu Gou et al.

Lesley Gittings, Carmen H. Logie, Miriam Selick et al.

Homeless youth face elevated risks of sexual violence, diminishing their access to sexual-well-being, justice and health. Sexual consent—expressed agreement, capacity and freedom to participate in sexual practices—is fundamental to realising sexual well-being, yet is underexplored with this population. Arts-based approaches are promising for advancing health and well-being, yet gaps exist regarding their role in sexual consent education with homeless youth. This study explores homeless youth experiences of sexual consent and violence, and the potential of arts-based approaches in sexual consent education. We conducted online focus groups and in-depth interviews (2021–2022) with youth who have experienced homelessness, and key informant (KI) interviews with youth workers in Toronto. We explored: a) understandings of sexual consent, b) needs and challenges in sexual consent education, and c) two arts-based sexual consent education approaches (poetry and comics). Data were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically, informed by the social contextual framework which attends to relational, material, and symbolic contexts. Participants (N = 24) included 17 youth aged 18–29 with homelessness experiences (4 FGs; 5 interviews; mean age 22.57, SD 3.22), and 7 KI (1 FG; 5 interviews; mean age 27.25, SD 5.54). Factors shaping exposure to sexual violence victimization included: relational (in-person and digital sexual spaces, lack of social support), material (insecure housing, poverty) and symbolic (gender, sexual orientation, substance use stigmas) contexts. These create environments where homeless youth experience diminished sexual self-determination, security and safety. Poetry and comics are effective and acceptable when tailored to the realities of homeless youth, and focused on empowerment rather than only technical skills.

Justine A. Smith, Megan E. McDaniels, S. Peacor et al.

Human activities catalyse risk avoidance behaviours in wildlife across taxa and systems. However, the broader ecological significance of human‐induced risk perception remains unclear, with a limited understanding of how phenotypic responses scale up to affect population or community dynamics. We present a framework informed by predator–prey ecology to predict the occurrence of non‐consumptive effects (NCE) and trait‐mediated indirect effects (TMIE) of anthropogenic disturbances. We report evidence from a comprehensive review of the different types of human‐induced behavioural and physiological phenotypic changes and their influence on vital rates and population parameters in wildlife. Evidence for human‐induced NCEs and TMIEs is mixed, with half of published studies finding a relationship between human activities, phenotypic change and population outcomes. The net effects of anthropogenic NCEs and TMIEs depend on the mismatch between the phenotypic response and the lethality of human activity. However, strong research biases in taxa, systems, human disturbance types and demographic measures prevent unified inference about the prevalence of population responses to human activities. Coexistence with and conservation of wildlife requires additional research linking human‐induced phenotypic change to population and community outcomes.

Beatriz Milz, Igor Matheus Santana-Chaves, Pedro Roberto Jacobi et al.

Francis Régis Gonçalves Mendes Barbosa, Madalena Maria Schlindwein, Marcelo Corrêa da Silva

Amartya Sen's theory of Development as Freedom states the prediction of development by evaluating the expansion of individual freedoms. This study operationalizes this theory and its instrumental freedoms through the construction of a development index and multivariate statistics. Spatiality of municipal development provides empirical evidence for interrelations between instrumental freedoms defended by this theory. The determinants of development related mainly to income and its distribution, but also housing conditions and social vulnerabilities. The findings unmask the geographic structure of (under) development in a frontier in Mid-West Brazil, marked by higher deprivation of opportunities, precarious services and greater economic stagnation.

Alessandro Arangio

The Chartered Community of Navarre, European Plural Region. With a population of around 660.000 inhabitants, the Chartered Community of Navarre is one of the smallest autonomous communities in Spain. Since the since the 1960s, this border region with no sea outlets has begun to show considerable dynamism in various economic sectors. The resident foreign population has gradually grown, mainly Moroccan, Ecuadorean, Colombian, Romanian. Today it represents almost 11% of the total and is strongly transforming the identity of a proudly regionalist community, linked to its traditions and, in some areas, to the Basque language. Navarre is increasingly acquiring the physiognomy of a plural and multi-ethnic region. This paper intends to investigate this transition, in which immigrant communities are protagonists.

Oleksii Havryliuk

This paper describes and analyses the geography and factors of the neighbourhood satisfaction of the residents of a former post-WWII Soviet closed city in Ukraine – the post-Soviet city of Dnipro (population ca. one million). It is based on a questionnaire survey (n=1248) among adult (18+) inhabitants in Dnipro conducted in early 2018. The results show that the current inner-urban pattern is characterised by semi-peripheralised neighbourhood satisfaction, which is a consequence of the significant influence of (among other factors): infrastructure availability in the neighbourhood, the social and natural environmental in the neighbourhood, and the set of Soviet-legacy factors (the “Soviet” factor). Surprisingly, the highest level of neighbourhood satisfaction in the city of Dnipro is observed in one of the peripheral neighbourhoods (with predominant detached housing), in which the residents’ evaluation of their residential neighbourhood follows the proximity effect.

Jane BECKETT-CAMARATA

The objective of this study is to describe two Pennsylvania cities' unique approaches to smart and connectedtechnology design and implementation around mobility, public safety, and sustainability.Harrisburg and Pittsburgh are emerging leaders implementing their unique smart and connected approach. These two cities are undergoing a physical, technological, and demographic transformation, which impacts social and economic issues. As a result, many distinct aspects and elements of these cities play an increasingly important role in defining the quality of life of the diverse citizenry. Cities depend on newer and emerging technologies, such as smart streetlights, autonomous vehicles, electric vehicles, shared mobility, and the Internet of Things(IoT) connected devices to improve health, safety, general welfare, and quality of life for citizens. Moreover, in smart cities, citizens' activities are not limited to their homes.Thus, smart spaces need to connect the smart city to the smart home seamlessly into a smart home concept [1]. The smart and connected cities concept is defined and visualized differently by each city depending on the context, needs and funding. As a result, each city initiates intelligent technology strategies, tools, and partnerships in its approach to developing and implementing the parameters that frame a just, equitable, and inclusive smart city. This multi-case study describes each city’s smart city and connected goals, successes and challenges to answer the research question: How has Pittsburgh and Harrisburg defined and implemented the concept of Smart City to better manage its emergent needs as a result of changing demographics?

P. Scanlan, C. R. Stensvold, M. Rajilić-Stojanović et al.

Robin I. M. Dunbar, R. Sosis

We examine community longevity as a function of group size in three historical, small scale agricultural samples. Community sizes of 50, 150 and 500 are disproportionately more common than other sizes; they also have greater longevity. These values mirror the natural layerings in hunter-gatherer societies and contemporary personal networks. In addition, a religious ideology seems to play an important role in allowing larger communities to maintain greater cohesion for longer than a strictly secular ideology does. The differences in optimal community size may reflect the demands of different ecologies, economies and social contexts, but, as yet, we have no explanation as to why these numbers seem to function socially so much more effectively than other values.

Guiping Yu, Qiufeng Wang, Meng Yang et al.

S. Klosterkamp

<p>Based on an ethnographic study of anti-terror trials at higher regional appeal courts in Germany, conducted in 2015–2020, this article examines the interrelation between the German penal system and criminal trials as mutually constitutive, governmentally guided, and highly secured elements of a state-induced and Islam-centred terrorism prevention. This includes the physical nature of the courthouses, as well as discourses of risk inscribed within them, which are linked to corresponding racialized and gender-rendered readings of the ‚need for custody‘. Under the auspices of a ‚new penology‘ and legitimized as an elimination of ‚state-endangering actions‘, two logics emerge in the course of these proceedings that emphasize either a ‚rectification of the reformable‘ or a ‚confinement of the incorrigible‘, illustrating how a reshaped field of crime control and criminal justice can currently be observed that makes permanent incarceration the guarantor of a promise of security.</p>

Manuela Monarcha Murad da Silveira

Como parte de um esforço coletivo por construir uma nova geografia no Equador – e desejando que novas e plurais geo-grafias sejam possíveis –, sistematizamos neste artigo algumas reflexões que tiveram um papel central na práxis do Coletivo XX, voltado à defesa dos territórios dos povos e comunidades tradicionais, em uma conjuntura em que os avanços constitucionais relativos à plurinacionalidade do Estado não eram suficientes para frear os atropelos a esses territórios. Apresentamos, em primeiro lugar, uma leitura decolonial sobre o processo histórico de legitimação do monopólio territorial estatal, ressaltando o papel da associação naturalizada entre Estado, nação e território. Em seguida, fazemos uma revisão teórica sobre o conceito de território e de (des)ordenamento territorial, em sua relação com o processo de reconfiguração crítica da Geografia. Por fim, tecemos breves comentários sobre o processo de fomação territorial do Equador e as dinâmicas mais recentes que vêm ocasionando conflitos territoriais.

M. Mießner, M. Naumann

<p>Not only since the Covid-19 pandemic, rural areas have received new attention as supposedly healthier and attractive places of residence. Regions previously characterized as shrinking are experiencing a highly selective influx of urban middle-class households and an increase in real estate and rental prices. These influxes and housing market developments raise the question of value increase and displacement. English-speaking, and especially British, human geographers have been studying the phenomenon of ”rural gentrification” for several decades. This article therefore aims to systematize this state of the art in terms of its conceptual framework and empirical objects. Based on this, the article explains possible connections for German research on rural gentrification and discusses starting points for future research.</p>

Laurie J. Reitsema

O. E. Filatova, A. B. Gudkov, V. V. Eskov et al.

Over the past 100-150 years, the selection of homogeneous groups in ecology as a whole has been carried out as part of the calculation of the coefficient of variation V = о / or by the ABC method. However, the Eskov - Zinchenko effect imposes serious restrictions on all statistical methods. The aim of the study was to verify the statistical homogeneity of three groups of Khanty women of different ages. Methods: The technique of repeating measurements of the same parameters of the Khanty women's cardiovascular system (three different ages) was used, for which matrices of all (105) different pairwise comparisons of samples for each such group were constructed (these measurements were repeated). Results. It was established that the same age, gender and living conditions (ethnicity) do not guarantee the selection of physiologically (statistically) homogeneous groups of subjects. The study proves the lack of statistical homogeneity of the three age-tested groups of Khanty women. The proportion of statistical similarity is less than 20 % of all 105 comparison pairs in all three age comparison groups. It is shown that repeated measurement of the same group gives a different picture of the distribution of pairs that can be attributed to one (common) general population. Each new dimension will give other pairs of k coincidences and it will never (from the standpoint of stochastics) be able to select a homogeneous group statistically coincident in the xi samples of the homeostasis parameter. In fact, the Eskov - Zinchenko effect spreads from one subject (in the mode of n iterations of experiments) to a group of different subjects (which cannot be homogeneous). Conclusions. From the standpoint of chaos theory - self-organization, other criteria of group homogeneity are required, in which the parameters of quasi attractors and the ratio of objects of these quasi attractors are already calculated.

Uilmer Rodrigues Xavier da Cruz

O espaço capitalista é constituído a partir das relações sociais que, traduzidas segundo uma lógica de produção, circulação e acúmulo de capital, do consumo e da exploração de força de trabalho, instituem-se em relações de trabalho que centralizam ou marginalizam os sujeitos, fragmentando a sociedade em classes. Esta reflexão corresponde a um olhar específico acerca de uma das categorias de trabalho que compõe a lógica capitalista; a catação de materiais recicláveis, como os sujeitos que compõem esta prática: os catadores. Para tanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é o de compreender qual a relação entre o trabalho de catação realizado pelos catadores de material reciclável da rede de reciclagem do Rio de Janeiro e a manutenção da indústria de reciclagem do Estado. Neste sentido, buscamos destacar os conceitos de espaço e rede e a correspondência destes conceitos com este fenômeno, em que os trabalhadores envolvidos são pilares fundamentais com seus papéis e práticas laborais. Embora não se possa afirmar que a presente proposta concentra-se em uma ‘única’ verdade a respeito deste fenômeno, busca-se colaborar enquanto uma das possíveis análises a respeito do trabalho de catação intrínseco à Indústria de Reciclagem e, por sua vez, à lógica capitalista, a partir de uma abordagem Geográfica.

Vedran Duančić