Hasil untuk "History of the Greco-Roman World"

Emanuele Bottazzi, Mikhail G. Katz

We apply Nancy Cartwright's distinction between theories and basic models to explore the history of rival approaches to modeling a notion of chance for an ideal uniform physical process known as a fair spinner. This process admits both Archimedean and non-Archimedean models. Advocates of Archimedean models maintain that the fair spinner should satisfy hypotheses such as invariance with respect to rotations by an arbitrary real angle, and assume that the optimal mathematical tool in this context is the Lebesgue measure. Others argue that invariance with respect to all real rotations does not constitute an essential feature of the underlying physical process, and could be relaxed in favor of regularity. We show that, working in ZFC, no subset of the commonly assumed hypotheses determines a unique model, suggesting that physically based intuitions alone are insufficient to pin down a unique mathematical model. We provide a rebuttal of recent criticisms of non-Archimedean models by Parker and Pruss.

AgiBot-World-Contributors, Qingwen Bu, Jisong Cai et al.

We explore how scalable robot data can address real-world challenges for generalized robotic manipulation. Introducing AgiBot World, a large-scale platform comprising over 1 million trajectories across 217 tasks in five deployment scenarios, we achieve an order-of-magnitude increase in data scale compared to existing datasets. Accelerated by a standardized collection pipeline with human-in-the-loop verification, AgiBot World guarantees high-quality and diverse data distribution. It is extensible from grippers to dexterous hands and visuo-tactile sensors for fine-grained skill acquisition. Building on top of data, we introduce Genie Operator-1 (GO-1), a novel generalist policy that leverages latent action representations to maximize data utilization, demonstrating predictable performance scaling with increased data volume. Policies pre-trained on our dataset achieve an average performance improvement of 30% over those trained on Open X-Embodiment, both in in-domain and out-of-distribution scenarios. GO-1 exhibits exceptional capability in real-world dexterous and long-horizon tasks, achieving over 60% success rate on complex tasks and outperforming prior RDT approach by 32%. By open-sourcing the dataset, tools, and models, we aim to democratize access to large-scale, high-quality robot data, advancing the pursuit of scalable and general-purpose intelligence.

Héctor Laria, Alex Gomez-Villa, Kai Wang et al.

Recent advances in diffusion models have significantly enhanced image generation capabilities. However, customizing these models with new classes often leads to unintended consequences that compromise their reliability. We introduce the concept of open-world forgetting to characterize the vast scope of these unintended alterations. Our work presents the first systematic investigation into open-world forgetting in diffusion models, focusing on semantic and appearance drift of representations. Using zero-shot classification, we demonstrate that even minor model adaptations can lead to significant semantic drift affecting areas far beyond newly introduced concepts, with accuracy drops of up to 60% on previously learned concepts. Our analysis of appearance drift reveals substantial changes in texture and color distributions of generated content. To address these issues, we propose a functional regularization strategy that effectively preserves original capabilities while accommodating new concepts. Through extensive experiments across multiple datasets and evaluation metrics, we demonstrate that our approach significantly reduces both semantic and appearance drift. Our study highlights the importance of considering open-world forgetting in future research on model customization and finetuning methods.

Federico Laudisa

The Bohr and von Neumann views on the measurement process in quantum mechanics have been interpreted for a long time in somewhat controversial terms, often leading to misconceptions. On the basis of some textual analysis, I would like to show that, contrary to a widespread opinion, their views should be taken less inconsistent, and much closer to each other, than usually thought. As a consequence, I claim that Bohr and von Neumann are conceptually on the same side on the issue of the universality of quantum mechanics: hopefully, this might contribute to a more accurate history of the measurement problem in quantum mechanics.

Emily F. Kerrison, Ron D. Ekers, John Morgan et al.

Recent observations of interplanetary scintillation (IPS) at radio frequencies have proved to be a powerful tool for probing the solar environment from the ground. But how far back does this tradition really extend? Our survey of the literature to date has revealed a long history of scintillating observations, beginning with the oral traditions of Indigenous peoples from around the globe, encompassing the works of the Ancient Greeks and Renaissance scholars, and continuing right through into modern optics, astronomy and space science. We outline here the major steps that humanity has taken along this journey, using scintillation as a tool for predicting first terrestrial, and then space weather without ever having to leave the ground.

Dawood Kothawala

All our observations that characterise space and time are expressed in terms of non-local, bi-tensorial objects such as geodesic intervals between events and two-point (Green) functions. In this contribution, I highlight the importance of characterising spacetime geometry in terms of such non-local objects, focusing particularly on two important bi-tensors that play a particular fundamental role -- Synge's World function and the van Vleck determinant. I will first discuss how these bi-tensors help capture information about spacetime geometry, and then describe their role in characterising quantum spacetime endowed with a lower bound, say $\ell_0$, on spacetime intervals. Incorporating such a length scale in a Lorentz covariant manner necessitates a description of spacetime geometry in terms of above bi-tensors, and naturally replaces the conventional description based on the metric tensor $g_{ab}(x)$ with a description in terms of a non-local bi-tensor $q_{ab}(x, y)$. The non-analytic structure of $q_{ab}(x, y)$ which renders a perturbative expansion in $\ell_0$ meaningless, also generically leaves a non-trivial ``relic" in the limit $\ell_0 \to 0$. I present some results where such a relic term is manifest; specifically, I will discuss how this: (i) suggests a description of gravitational dynamics different from the one based on Einstein-Hilbert lagrangian, (ii) implies dimensional reduction to $2$ at small scales, (iii) connects with the notion of cosmological constant itself being a non-local vestige of the small scale structure of spacetime, (iv) helps address the issues of spacetime singularities. I will conclude by discussing the ramifications of these ideas for quantum gravity.

Hélène Castelli, Eleonora Colangelo

Olival Freire Junior

Alain Aspect's three experiments on Bell's theorem, published in the early 1980s, were a turning point in the history of the research on the foundations of quantum mechanics not only because they corroborated entanglement as the distinctive quantum signature but also because these experiments brought wider recognition to this field of research and Aspect himself. These experiments may be considered the most direct precursors of the research on quantum information, which would blossom a decade later.

Benoît Rittaud, Laurent Vivier

We reconsider the classical equality 0.999. .. = 1 with the tool of circular words, that is: finite words whose last letter is assumed to be followed by the first one. Such circular words are naturally embedded with algebraic structures that enlight this problematic equality, allowing it to be considered in Q rather than in R. We comment early history of such structures, that involves English teachers and accountants of the first part of the xviii th century, who appear to be the firsts to assert the equality 0.999. .. = 1. Their level of understanding show links with Dubinsky et al.'s apos theory in mathematics education. Eventually, we rebuilt the field Q from circular words, and provide an original proof of the fact that an algebraic integer is either an integer or an irrational number.

Gaetano Arena

I lupanari pubblici sarebbero documentati con certezza soltanto nelle città europee tardomedievali, mentre in età romano-imperiale e tardoantica non sarebbero esistiti postriboli sottoposti al controllo dello Stato. L’analisi di una missiva inviata da papa Onorio I (625-638) a Pietro, vescovo di Siracusa, consente tuttavia di rintracciare i prodromi dell’esistenza di prostibula publica nella città siciliana, destinata a ricoprire un ruolo politico e religioso di primo piano nella fitta trama di avvicendamenti amministrativi e conflitti dottrinari che connotarono l’Impero bizantino durante i regni di Eraclio (610-641) e Costante II (641-668).

Breno Battistin Sebastiani

O texto examina passos dos referidos historiadores em busca de compreender quão frágil uma democracia pode ser enquanto fruto de escolha e criação coletiva e, ao mesmo tempo, quão resiliente quando da atuação de lideranças que tudo fizeram para destruí-la e, ao fim de todos os seus esforços, apenas fomentaram forças que acabariam por restaurá-la ou reforçá-la depois de temporariamente abatida. A partir da abordagem enativa proposta por Y. Popova (2015), discute como as narrativas produzidas a partir dos exemplos examinados permanecem válidas para se pensar problemas contemporâneos.

Lidiane Carderaro

Não é difícil encontrarmos em narrativas mitológicas da Grécia Antiga episódios em que a música exerça papel fundamental. São numerosos os seres mitológicos considerados músicos ou que possuem atributos musicais, com maior ou menor relevância para sua trajetória mitológica. Este artigo apresenta uma introdução a essas relações entre música e mitologia, tendo por base as representações em vasos cerâmicos. Baseado em um minicurso desenvolvido para promover o primeiro contato com o estudo da relação entre música e mitologia na Grécia Antiga, o texto apresenta algumas discussões sobre as interpretações da iconografia de temática musical na cerâmica grega, as relações sociais implicadas na imagem e a evolução formal dos instrumentos e personagens mitológicos. Assim, intenta-se demonstrar a importância da mitologia para o estudo da música grega antiga e vice-versa, e a importância dessa relação para a compreensão dos aspectos técnico, teórico e social da música na Antiguidade Grega.

Matheus Trevizam

Neste artigo, discutimos como se articulam a exposição de conteúdos técnicos vinculados à vulcanologia, na obra romana chamada Aetna, e alguns recursos poéticos de que seu autor anônimo se serve com maestria. Dessa maneira, a elaboração cuidada do proêmio seduz e facilita a “entrada” do público no texto, enquanto a antropomorfização da Natureza, as comparações e a evocação sonora do monte Etna no poema são recursos que facilitam o entendimento das teorias “científicas” expostas ou aproximam o inusitado conteúdo do público.

Claudia Di Nitto

The migratory issues need to be deepened, not only from the human point of view, but also with regard to legal discipline. Asylum, a term of Greek origin ἄσυλον (ἱερόν), literally means without capture; in the Latin terminology asylum indicates a temple where there is no right of capture and is strictly bound to the Institute of Hospitality, defined by the Romans Hospitium Publicum (one of the first forms of public hospitality). Asylum and refugee status represent, therefore, two institutions that go back to the Greco-Roman age and that will be deepened juridically from the origins and their practical applications. The different interpretations regarding the discipline that have been developed in modern and contemporary history will be analyzed later, and in addition, it will be observed how these have finally been reinterpreted since the First and the Second World Conflicts and moreover since the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948.

Fábio Vergara Cerqueira

Entre o último terço do século V e as primeiras décadas do século III a.C., desenvolveu-se no sudeste da Itália uma importante indústria cerâmica. Os chamados “vasos italiotas”, de tradição grega, foram produzidos inicialmente nas cidades gregas da costa do Mar Jônico (Metaponto, Tarento) e, a partir de meados do séc. IV, também nos núcleos urbanos indígenas mais desenvolvidos (e.g. Canosa, Ruvo). As cenas de namoro heterossexual, raramente representadas na iconografia ática, evoluem na pintura dos vasos ápulos para cenas de intensas carícias entre os amantes, expressas por meio de uma linguagem visual erótica muito rica, em que noivo e noiva estão muito próximos fisicamente, incluindo abraços e beijos. Essa nova erótica resulta de um ambiente repleto de trocas culturais, que caracteriza o mundo colonial grego.

Jason Garver

"Rigor" is an often sought after but ill-defined concept in education. This work reviews several models of rigor from current literature before proposing a tool which is used to analyze science education throughout history. The 20\textsuperscript{th} century science education in the United States was subject to changing sociopolitical motivations about the use of science both in general and for students. These factors as well as developments in theory of learning and broad education reforms had changing affects on the level of rigor in science education. This work analyzes the theoretical level of rigor of science education in the US based on two main motivating factors for science education; science as a social endeavor and science as a discipline, throughout the 20\textsuperscript{th} century.

Leonardo Medeiros Vieira

Pretendo, nesta exposição, explorar as motivações atuantes no roubo de gado praticado por Odisseu contra Polifemo, procurando apresentar argumentos para defender que, longe de necessitarem do suporte de uma estrutura explicativa extratextual (nesse caso, o esquema mítico do mestre dos animais de Walter Burkert), elas se conformam a padrões observáveis em outras passagens dos poemas homéricos e especialmente da Odisseia.

Adrian Kelly, Camila Aline Zanon

Este artigo reexamina um dos casos mais famosos de interação, o chamado Mito de Sucessão encontrado nas tradições grega arcaica, acadiana e hurro-hitita. Ele sugere que a versão dessa narrativa na Teogonia de Hesíodo, em lugar de indicar um modelo simplista de derivação direta, toca em um processo de interação mais rico e complexo, e que, portanto, esse nexo de textos do Oriente Próximo – incluindo a Canção de Emergência hitita (que costumava ser chamada Canção de Kumarbi), mas acrescentando a Teogonia de Dunnu e o Enuma Elish acadianos e uma variedade de narrativas posteriores da tradição greco-fenícia – pode indicar algo de fundamental sobre cada cultura, especificamente o modo pelo qual os gregos da época arcaica percebiam o gênero como um elemento essencial na sua construção dessas narrativas: ou seja, a figura da esposa-mãe, que nas tradições próximo-orientais pode assumir, e de fato assume, uma variedade de papéis, é consistentemente reduzida a uma função desestabilizadora, minando e subvertendo o domínio da divindade marido-pai. O estudo desses textos serve como uma ilustração clara do modo pelo qual a analogia transcultural é mais recompensadora do que uma genealogia buscada e definida de maneira estrita, que já foi a moda dominante do estudo comparativo no campo dos Estudos Clássicos.

Jean-Pierre Aygon

Hale Güney

The last three decades have witnessed increasing number of publications on the cult of Hosios kai Dikaios, Holy and Just, a cult predominantly found in Phrygia and Lydia worshipped together with Helios and Apollo. Due to various reasons, this cult, however, is less examined within archaeologi­cal context in which votive inscriptions emerged. The lack of archaeological context prevents us to evaluate the origins and organization of the cult under consideration. This paper presents the initial results of an epigraphic survey carried out since 2014 in northeast Phrygia. The first surveyed area today encompassing Mihalıççık County in Eskişehir province is located between the Sakarya (Sangarios) river to the north and the Porsuk (Tembris) river to the south. This paper focuses on two groups of new inscriptions found in Kayı and Otluk villages and their vicinities located in Mihalıç­çık County. It also includes one inscription (no. 5) which was incompletely published by Anderson. The discovery of four inscriptions offers some new information about the cult of Hosios and Dikaios, possible locations for the sanctuary/shrine of the cult and the provenance of the stone used for votive inscriptions in northeast Phrygia. The paper begins by laying out the historical geography of survey area, and then it presents the inscriptions and commentaries. It finally evaluates the evidence with reference to archaeological context including general historical conclusions.