Hasil untuk "History of Germany"

Valentina Ageeva

Introduction. Transportation to forced labor is a special stage of a kind of “initiation” of Soviet citizens into slaves of the Third Reich, “Untermenschen,” associated with violent separation from their home, relatives, and established way of life, with a one-time transition to a destructive situation of loss of personal freedom, humiliation of human dignity, and physical and psychological exhaustion. Methods and materials. The author relied on the approaches of historical anthropology, historical psychology, and the history of everyday life. The source base of the study was formed by the documents of the Rostov Regional Commission for the Accounting of Damage and Atrocities Inflicted by the Nazi Occupiers on Institutions, Enterprises, and Citizens of Rostov and the Rostov region and the memories of natives of the Don who survived Nazi slavery. Analysis. The article describes the key stages of organizing the transportation of “Eastern workers”: from collections in the region to the distribution point in the Third Reich. The first psychological shock was caused by the forced separation from home and relatives, which “Eastern workers” experienced during the departure from the collection points of the cities and districts of the region. During transportation, people entered the stage of psycho-emotional overload associated with both psychophysiological stressors (hunger, lack of sleep, pain) and with the experience of aggression and violence, humiliation of personal dignity, perception of their own and others’ suffering, death of other people, group isolation, and uncertainty of the future. The article also reflects forms of resistance through escapes during stops at stations and the possibility of rescue by partisans during combat operations. Results. The transportation of residents of the Rostov region in 1942–1943 to Nazi Germany was one of the first stages of the psychological and physiological breakdown of Soviet citizens by the Nazis, who were destined to become “slaves” of the Third Reich.

Luis A. Anchordoqui, Ignatios Antoniadis, Dieter Lüst

We propose a dark energy model in which a quintessence field ϕ rolls near the vicinity of a local maximum of its potential characterized by the simplest S self-dual form V(ϕ)=Λsech(2ϕ/Mp), where Mp is the reduced Planck mass and Λ∼10−120Mp4 is the cosmological constant. We confront the model with Swampland ideas and show that the S-dual potential is consistent with the distance conjecture, the de Sitter conjecture, and the trans-Planckian censorship conjecture. We also examine the compatibility of this phenomenological model with the intriguing DESI DR2 results and show that the shape of the S-dual potential is almost indistinguishable from the axion-like potential, V(ϕ)=ma2fa2[1+cos⁡(ϕ/fa)], with ma and fa parameters fitted by the DESI Collaboration to accommodate the DR2 data. The self-dual potential has the advantage that one starts at the self-dual point and this is a theoretical motivation, because as the universe cools off the Z2 symmetry gets broken leading to a natural rolling away from the symmetric point.

Arzu Melek Ozgumus

It is always very interesting to read the German history, which sheds light on a nation which has been built in less than two centuries and hit almost the top of Human Development Index. The origins of its economic and political dominance can be traced back to the beginning of the German Empire’s formation. In Blood and Iron, Katja Hoyer delves into the rise of German Empire and its eventual fall, leading to the First World War, a pivotal event that reshaped the European map. In the first chapter of the book, Hoyer covers the period between 1815-1871, beginning with the Vienna Congress in 1815, where Austria-Hungary and Prussia started their competition on the hegemony over the German states – which ultimately resolved in favor of Prussia. After defeating Napoleon, Prussia gained Rhineland and Ruhr coalfields during this period hinting at their burgeoning industrial and economic power. Although the German Confederation created at that time was led by Austria, the balance of power began to shift with the rise of Otto von Bismarck in the politics. Bismarck was a junker, landowner nobility, who became a member of the Prussian Parliament in 1847. Following his terms as Ambassador in France and Russia, he was recalled to Berlin by Wilhelm I in 1862 to support passing the military budget. This was the beginning of a relationship between Wilhelm I and Bismarck that will have a defining impact in history, a relationship Hojeremphasizes as having a profound impact on German politics. Starting from this point in the book, Hoyer frequently reminds the reader of the famous “blood and iron” speech of Bismarck, in which he emphasizes that Germany's fate would be determined through decisive military and industrial strength. This speech becomes a recurring theme in Hoyer's analysis.  Bismarck’s Reich, the second chapter of the book, focuses on the years when Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm ruled as the Chancellor and Emperor of the German Empire respectively, from 1871 to 1888. It begins with Wilhelm, the King of Prussia, becoming the Emperor of the German Empire, and getting the title of Kaiser Wilhelm on 18 January 1871 in Versailles Place after the defeat of France in the Franco-German was of 1870-71. The chapter introduces the governmental structure of the Reich, which consisted of the Kaiser, Imperial Chancellor, the Bundesrat (the upper of parliament), and Reichstag (the parliament). Hoyer meticulously examines how Bismarck ensures the central role given to Prussia, and how he uses his power and position to create a German national identity. She explores how Bismarck implements a cultural strategy, Kulturkampf, to suppress the religious identities, especially of Catholic minorities under Protestant Prussian rule. Kulturkampf also aimed at the secularization of education and this has been a milestone in the creation of young generations with German identity. Despite resistance and the rise of pro-Catholic Centre Party (Deutsche Zentrumspartei) in politics, Hojer argues the enduring impact of this through the end of the book when discussing the First World War. In this chapter, the writer also briefly mentions the Jewish Question, as it was a significant debate around the same time. She emphasizes events like financial crisis or migration of Polish Jews taking over jobs of Germans which increased anti-Semitism. However, both Kaiser and the Chancellor viewed the Jewish issue as a matter of religion, rather than one of race. Through careful analysis, Hoyer captures the complexities of governance, cultural strategies, and social tensions during this formative period of the German Empire. In this chapter, Hoyer also underlines diplomatic skills of Bismarck. While she doesn’t mention the Concert of Europe when discussing Bismarck’s foreign policy, she clearly indicates how carefully he keeps a balance between all European powers. She criticizes him, in the following parts of the book, for building all his foreign policy around himself, which was doomed to fail after his resignation. The writer kept the third chapter of the book, Three Emperors and a Chancellor, covering the period between 1888 and 1890 notably brief, as this was a transition period. The chapter succinctly outlines key events such as the death of Kaiser Wilhelm, the brief reign of his son Freidrich III, wo passed away in just 99 days after his coronation, and the ascension of son Wilhelm II as the last Kaiser. Bismarck continues to be the Chancellor, counselling three successive emperors. However, the rising tensions and disagreements with Kaiser Wilhelm II ultimately leads to his resignation in 1890. The fourth chapter, Wilhelm’s Reich, serves as the second major segment of the book following Bismarck’s Reich. Hoyer portraits Wilhelm II as a young, ambitious, brave and visionary Emperor, unlike his grandfather’s, more modest and humbler demeanor. Due to his powerful character, Wilhelm II prefers Chancellors that he can easily control, and who can maintain a low profile in the politics. Under Wilhelm II’s leadership, he encourages further technological and industrial development, paving the way to German Empire to get a unique place in global trade with its specialization. While these developments increase the national wealth, but this was not reflected in people’s purchasing power. The working class becomes poorer, despite bankers, mostly Jews, becomes richer. The developing technology causes a decline in the need for workforce, exacerbating the challenges faced by a growing population. Developments in chemistry, resulted in new fertilizers, causes the food prices to decrease and leads the farmers into poverty, who eventually migrate to urban areas to seek jobs. Despite economic turmoil, Wilhelm II sought budget approval from the Reichstag to modernize the army. His ambitions to expand military power, however, intensified with the introduction of Weltpolitik, which was the imperialist foreign policy to make German Empire a world power. The book underlines that Wilhelm II saw Weltpolitik to bring all Germans’ together, including liberals, conservatives, social democrats, proving the power of iron in blood in German politics. Initially the writer expresses her hesitations about the character of Wilhelm II, questioning whether he was intelligent and proactive, or merely ignorant and easily influenced by a small circle of advisors. By the end of the fourth chapter, however, she clearly indicates how easily he was influenced by others, a vulnerability which ultimately leads him to take the decisions that brought his country into the First World War. In the fifth chapter, Catastrophe, Hojer summarizes the First World War and how Germany’s plans failed after the war began. Because of Weltpolitik, Great Britain, France and Russia allies against Germany, culminatinginto a war of attrition where both sides face with heavy loses. By the end of the war, Germany faced inevitable military defeat, widespread poverty among its population, with the British naval blockade worsening the situation. These aspects led to end of the war with armistice negotiations, which forced Kaiser Wilhelm II’s abdication and declaration of Germany as a republic.  In the final chapter, Hoyer concludes by highlighting the flawed foundations of the German nation, “blood and iron”, and how it destroyed borders, empire and military of Germany. But she also emphasizes Bismarck’s legacy and its enduring influence, and that it will survive with the rise of defensive nationalism after the defeat in the First World War. Hoyer summarizes the history of German Empire by touching upon education, literacy, education, religion, economy and socio-cultural changes of the time. She provides a clear picture of the nation-building process that lead to small German states into Germany we know today. Details she focused on, indeed, helps the reader to understand the German society, industry and economy today. Hoyer’s book can be seen as portraying Bismarck as the person who built the German nation -and national identity-, and Wilhelm II as the one who lead to the collapse of the Empire. While this seems a plausible approach initially, the details she provides explain the context of the time. It was the time when the collapse of Ottoman Empire has started, the European powers’ competition over its territory was already risking the Concert of Europe, and there was little chance for small German states to survive without a confederation. She also emphasizes how naturally these states stick to Germany even after the First World War. In other words, while she underlines the top-down nature of policies and transformation of German nation, she also gives hints about how inevitable this change was by focusing on the industrial and economic dynamics of the time.

Friedrich H. Moll, Thorsten Halling, Werner Schäfer

The field of urodynamics playes a major role in the development of urology as a specialty. It was the corner stone in functional thinking and a major point in establishing a science of its own, because physiological aspects payed the major role in generating new theories. This was in contrast to surgery. Within this field of medicine it needs up to the 1970th and 1980th establishing a functional view on aspects of treating diseases at all. Up to this time here, knife had the first place.A part of this topic regarding aspects of the German speaking countries had just been published Moll F. Halling T Geschichte der Urodynamik in: Schultz-Lampel, D., Goepel, M., Hampel, C. (eds) Urodynamik. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 2022 pp 3-22 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59066-9_1 p 2-22.Moll, F. 2001 Historische Anmerkungen zur Entwicklung der Neuro-Urologie in: Nissen G., Badura F. (Hrsg) Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Nervenheilkunde, Band 7. Königshausen und Neumann Würzburg 2001.

E. V. Leshukova

The study describes main aspects of the agitation and propaganda work of the authorities of the Khanty-Mansiysk National District and analyzes its impact on the socio-political conditions of life and behavior of the population at the initial stage of the Great Patriotic War. The source base of the study is the office documents of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, stored in the Historical Archive of the Omsk region and the State Archive of Socio-Political History of Tyumen region. The author comes to the conclusion that in the difficult conditions of the beginning of the war with Nazi Germany, the party leadership of the district showed determination and firmness in carrying out measures of a political and educational nature. The intensity and coherence of the work of the district’s party bodies in organizing rallies, meetings, lectures, talks, speeches and other forms of agitation and mass events contributed to strengthening the spiritual uplift of Ugra residents, neutralizing negative political sentiments, thereby ensuring the stability of the internal political situation in one of the rear areas of the country.

Jana C. Klink, Alexandra Rieger, Hermann Ansorge et al.

Sarcoptic mange was detected in five free-ranging raccoon dogs (<i>Nyctereutes procyonoides</i>) in the federal state of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, during a health assessment study of invasive species, including raccoon dogs, carried out between 2021 and 2022. Four raccoon dogs showed severe lesions, including extensive alopecia with thickening and hyperpigmentation of the skin (lichenification). The fifth animal was less affected, showing only thinning of the hair coat in multiple body locations. Skin scrapings were performed and confirmed the presence of <i>Sarcoptes scabiei.</i> Histopathology of the skin revealed diffuse epidermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis, mild eosinophilic dermatitis, and varying amounts of intralesional mites. <i>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius</i> and <i>Corynebacterium auriscanis</i> were detected in the skin samples of the affected animals, indicating a secondary bacterial infection. The source of sarcoptic mange remains unclear; interspecies transmission via direct or indirect contact seems likely. Raccoon dogs are therefore a potential vector for sarcoptic mange, and their behaviour could contribute to disease spread and persistence.

Paweł Lesiński

The Springtime of Nations in Germany is mostly associated with the views of various moderate liberals who played leading roles during these revolutionary events. The case is different when it comes to the members of the most radical wing within the liberal movement, the so-called “democrats.” Their ideas are described far less frequently. The article presented analyzes the idea of human rights in the view of Gustav Struve – one of the most important figures in the German democratic movement. During the German Springtime of Nations, the notion of human rights was one of the most frequently discussed but also variably understood problems. G. Struve’s views regarding this question refer not only to the idea of human rights, they also form a kind of political manifesto including solutions for various problems encountered by average citizens along with suggestions concerning an equitable structure of the social order. These postulates were revolutionary and radical but often incoherent. Thus, they fit well into the characteristics of the whole German democratic movement in the first half of the 19th century, which was seen as an unpopular, unsystematic, eclectic and immature phenomenon. The article first describes G. Struve’s life in the context of various events of the German Springtime of Nations. Subsequently, it analyzes the notion of the human being, his functioning in the social community and the definition of his rights. The article ends with an analysis of the material content of the concept of human rights in the view of the described German radical. * This article is an English translation of the paper published in Polish in Cracow Studies of Constitutional and Legal History in 2022. See Lesiński, “«Wohlstand, Bildung und Freiheit für Alle.»Idea praw człowieka.”

Marian Kiel, Stephanie D. Grabitz, Susanne Hopf et al.

Background/Objectives. The pupil regulates the incoming light to reduce glare and to achieve sufficient depth of field. Few is known on the distribution of pupil size and associated conditions in the general population. Therefore, for the first time in a large population-based study, we assess the distribution of physiologic pupil size and identify associated factors. Subjects/Methods. The Gutenberg Health Study (GHS) is a prospective cohort study established at the University Medical Center Mainz, Germany. As part of the 5-year follow-up (2012–2017), 9,559 of 12,432 participants had a valid pupil size measurement. Optical biometry (Lenstar LS900, Haag-Streit, Koeniz, Switzerland) including measurements of physical pupil diameter, central corneal thickness, corneal curvature, anterior chamber depth, and axial length was performed under mesopic light conditions. The associations of ocular geometry, the participants’ demographics, and their history of systemic diseases and medication intake with physical pupil size were assessed using multivariable linear regression models. Results. 18,335 eyes of 9,559 participants aged 40 to 80 years were included in the analysis. Median pupil diameter was 4.19 mm in right eyes and 4.12 mm in left eyes. A smaller pupil was associated with older age, hyperopic refractive error, previous cataract surgery, diabetes, obesity, and ACE inhibitor intake, whereas wider pupil was associated with female gender, arterial hypertension, intake of tricyclic antidepressants, and intake of SNRI and tetracyclic antidepressants. Socioeconomic status and smoking were not associated with pupil size. Conclusion. Individuals of older age, after cataract surgery, under therapy with ACE inhibitors and with diabetes have a smaller pupil. This should be taken into account when planning nonmydriatic fundus photography-based screening programs, for instance, for diabetic retinopathy.

Henry A. Giroux

This article argues that education is under siege in the United States by a right-wing Republican Party that wants to turn it into a propaganda tool for promoting its white supremacist ideology and updated version of fascist politics. Its aim is to use public and higher education in order to prevent young people from thinking critically, learning how to hold authority and power accountable, and to imagine a future different from a present that is sliding into tyranny. History serves as a warning sign which clearly shows that this current attack on education by the far-right in the United states has similarities to this pedagogical practices and educational policies used in Nazi Germany. The article calls for educators across the globe to analyze the current attacks on education through a historical lens that offers the tools to both understand its threat to democracy and in the midst of this urgency to find ways to fight it.

K. Buczkó, Zs. Trábert, Cs. Stenger-Kovács et al.

In this work the rapid expansion of a small-celled (<15 µm) monoraphid aquatic invasive species (AIS) along the Central European lotic systems is reported, using the integrated dataset of two large-scale monitoring programs, as supplemented by additional records. Achnanthidium delmontii Pérès, Le Cohu &amp; Barthès 2012 (ADMO) was discovered in 2007 and formally described in 2012, on the basis of specimens from a French river. ADMO was first detected in the upper sections of River Danube in 2013, and has been detectable since 2013, and from 2015 onwards in Hungary. The abundance and the number of occupied habitat types by the species have gradually increased. In 2019, ADMO was found to be among the most abundant and the most frequent species in the River Danube, with a mean relative abundance of at least 5%, and a frequency of at least 10% in samples. To extend the Danubian dataset, the relative abundances of ADMO from 79 freshwater lotic samples were studied to assess their potential of the species as an indicator organism. Weighted average regression was employed to determine the species’ optima and tolerances for 18 environmental variables. ADMO has a wide ecological range, which serves to confirm its potential invasive behaviour. In the case of the following variables, the values were found to be consistent with previously published data on the requirements of the taxon. Despite ADMO prefers high temperatures (estimated optimum = 21.8 °C), its spread shows a downstream pattern of the main watercourses of Europe. The species was first found abundantly from the upper section of River Danube, then with increasing abundance in the middle section, while remaining rare in the lower section. This distribution demonstrates that the River Danube serves as an important linear route for the species' invasion.The results of the study will help improve the ecological classification of water bodies and inform water protection actions undertaken under the auspices of the Water Framework Directive (WFD).

Angelika Leipner, Tobias Fischer, Patrick Chellouche

Piesberg quarry is famous for its Upper Carboniferous plant and arthropod fossils, including several holotypes of flying insects. The high degree of maturity of the Piesberg strata, such as the presence of anthracitic coal, quartzite, and large quartz crystals, led to controversies over a possible underlying thermal anomaly. The Piesberg is of further importance for correlation between the deep underground of northwestern Germany and the Ruhr basin coal field, as well as the Pennsylvanian coal areas in North America, and for investigations of Upper Carboniferous tight gas fields. The importance of the Piesberg for international geosciences has been enabled through its very rich mining history beginning in the Middle Ages and its long scientific history beginning at the end of the 18th century. Today, the Piesberg is not only one of the largest active quarry sites in Europe, but also a local recreation and hiking area. While the Museum am Schölerberg in Osnabrück protects its paleontological heritage through ongoing excavations and houses the world’s largest fossil and mineral collection from Piesberg, the UNESCO Global Geopark TERRA.vita and the city of Osnabrück conserve its geological heritage and promote environmental education through the Piesberg Cultural and Environmental Park. This paper highlights the international importance of the Piesberg by compiling its fossil record and paleoenvironmental interpretations. We also present preliminary data on new floral and faunal elements found in a recently discovered lake deposit. Further, the very rich mining history is briefly outlined and geoconservation and geotouristic measures are described.

Arne Rasmusson

Dissenter Protestantism and Pietist and revivalist movements have played an important, but seldom recognized, role in the emergence and development of an independent civil society, democracy, religious freedom and freedom of expression, the struggle against slavery, and the feminist movement. The article begins with the example of the Oberlin community and College in Ohio and then focusses on the emergence of dissenter Protestantism in seventeenth-century England, its continuation in the US, and similar developments in places like Germany, Sweden, and South Africa. The article also shows how effects of this history are reflected in quantitative studies undertaken within the social sciences. Using theories from sociology, moral psychology, and other behavioural sciences, it is argued that this social role of dissenter Protestantism is an effect of a complex combination of theology, practices, and institutions together with specific historical circumstances. The theology is not unique, but the emphasis on following Jesus Christ and sanctification is important. Other factors include the role of friendship and thick social networks, a relative egalitarianism, a certain distance and independence from dominant institutions and cultures, and the creation of self-organized and relatively autonomous organisations. The combination of these theological and social elements leads to the opening of free spaces that make the development of different or new practices possible. Also important is the ability to unite reasoning and affective powers and the specific practices and institutions one can enter and grow into. The article ends with a short theological reflection on sacramentality.

Jana Stoklasa

In Germany, as in other parts of Europe, workers faced social and political challenges in the process of industrialization. Consumer cooperative societies, or coops, emerged at the end of the nineteenth century as an answer to these challenges. As self-help organizations of workers, they developed into a stable pillar of the German labor movement. In 1932 they counted four million members. After 1945, under Allied supervision, “denazified” coops helped to reconstruct Germany, which was then divided into two opposing political camps. After the war, former victims of the Nazi regime, perpetrators of Nazi crimes, and bystanders all preferred to avoid discussing the Nazi past. Reconstruction in both German states focused on rapidly restoring the war-damaged economy, while ignoring the other burdens of the Nazi past. Most of today’s discussion of coops’ post-war reconstruction in Germany centers on economics. Due to various historical interrelations, critical discussion of the burdensome past remains buried. In this paper, I reflect on the transformation of the consumer cooperatives during and after the Second World War, based on archival sources documenting the denazification of the Hannover Consumer Cooperative Society in the British occupation zone and the restitution of property it lost under Nazi rule. I argue that despite the nearly complete demise of German consumer cooperatives after reunification in 1990, the buried history of how they handled the Nazi past should come to light.

Vivien Green Fryd

Henry Ries (1917–2004), a celebrated American-German photojournalist, was born into an upper-class Jewish family in Berlin. He immigrated to the U.S. in 1938 to escape Nazi Germany. As a new American citizen, he joined the U.S. Air Force. After the war, Ries became photo editor and chief photographer for the <i>OMGUS Observer</i> (1946–1947), the American weekly military newspaper published by the Information and Education Section of the Office of Military Government for Germany (OMGUS). One photograph by Ries that first appeared in this newspaper in 1946, and a second, in a different composition and enlarged format, that he included in his 2001 autobiography, create significant commentaries on postwar Germany. The former image accompanies an article about the first post-WWII German feature film: Wolfgang Staudte’s <i>The Murderers Are Among Us</i>. The photograph moves from functioning as a documentation of history and collective memory, to an individual remembrance and personal condemnation of WWII horrors. Both reveal Ries’s individual trauma over the destruction of Berlin and the death of family members, while also conveying the official policy of OMGUS. Ries’s works embody a conflicted, compassionate gaze, conveying ambiguous emotions about judgment of Germans, precisely because of his own identity, background and memories.

I. V. Safonova, N. I. Anis’kov, V. D. Kobylyansky

Winter rye is the second  bread  and the most valuable forage crop. Rye is cultivated  primarily in Russia, Germany, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Scandinavia, China, Canada and the United States. The acreage allocated  for the cultivation of rye in the world is declining (from 15.4 million ha in 1986 to 4.4 million ha in 2016). In all areas of cultivation rye has earned a reputation as the most  adapted to the climatic conditions of the insurance  culture  of low economic risk. For the expansion of crops of rye and an increase in the gross yield of grain, it is necessary to create new varieties of rye. Currently, 94 gene  banks in the world store 22,200 samples  of winter and spring rye. Gene banks are located  around the world; the largest of them – the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (3260 samples) – is located in Russia. The collection of the world’s genetic resources  of rye, concentrated in storage and propagated in the fields, contains  varieties, donors, populations and lines of cultural, weed-field, wild, winter and spring rye. The collection is being constantly updated and replenished with new samples, the system of reliable storage and maintenance of the high viability of seeds is being improved, the sources of traits with value for breeding are being identified and studied, and donors are being created. Scientific, breeding and educational institutions are being  supplied with source material. An electronic  passport documentation system of the collection is being developed and integrated into the international system  of genetic banks. In this paper,  a brief analysis and characterization of the VIR rye collection is given. The history of the pre-selection study and the stages of the creation and use of donors for various problems of selection are reviewed, a passport database on winter and spring rye has been created.

David A Groneberg

<h4>Background</h4>The city of Wrocław in Poland represents one of Central Europeans oldest capitals of science with numerous Nobel laureates. Due to a long history of political suppressions with Nazi Germany and Communism from 1933 until 1989, its scientific community was suppressed for more than half a century.<h4>Methods</h4>The present study assessed scientific activities in the field of social and neighbouring sciences using density equalizing mapping. On the basis of the NewQIS (New Quality and Quantity Indices in Science) platform and the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) of the Web of Science database, a total of 1787 articles originating from Wrocław were identified between 1966 and 2017.<h4>Results</h4>In total, 549 research collaborations of Wrocław with 96 different countries were present (30.7%). Among the 107 research areas the highest activity was found for the field of Business and Economics with n = 272 articles (average citation rate (AVR) of 12.54), followed by Psychology (n = 252 articles, AVR = 9.06), Psychiatry (n = 205 articles, AVR = 4.74) and Public, Environmental and Occupational Health (n = 145 articles, AVR = 7.96). The highest AVR was found for Operations Research (25.36 with n = 87 articles). Density equalizing mapping procedures revealed a global pattern of social sciences research collaborations with scientists from Germany, the UK and the US as the primary cooperating partner of Wrocław. The different countries had major differences in the area of research collaborations.<h4>Conclusions</h4>This is the first study that depicts the global network of Wrocław scientific activities in the field of social sciences. The exorbitant increase in research activity from 2006 onwards can lead to the assumption that Wrocław social sciences encounter a fruitful future.

Toby Nicolas Burrows

This article examines issues affecting the reuse of data relating to collections of medieval and Renaissance manuscripts in libraries, museums and archives. These manuscripts are increasingly being made available in digital formats, although the extent is perhaps less than expected; a recent report on the situation in Germany estimated that only about 7.5% of the country’s 60,000 manuscripts had been digitized. Discovering these manuscripts is heavily dependent on the quality and consistency of descriptive data about them, but the current situation is very mixed and inconsistent, despite several national programmes (such as Manuscriptorium in the Czech Republic, e-codices in Switzerland, and Biblissima in France) and a major international effort by Europeana. This article reports on recent work in manuscript studies, drawing on two major international projects. The first, funded by the European Union between 2014 and 2016, focused on the manuscript collection assembled in the nineteenth century by Sir Thomas Phillipps. It investigated ways of reconstructing the history of this vast, but now-dispersed collection, by bringing together data from a range of digital and non-digital sources. The second project, Mapping Manuscript Migrations, funded by the Trans-Atlantic Platform under its Digging into Data Challenge from 2017 to 2019, extends the earlier work to a much larger scale, and implements a Linked Open Data framework for combining and managing data related to medieval and Renaissance manuscripts. It enables large-scale analysis and visualization of their history and movements over the centuries.

Jed O. Kaplan, Kristen M. Krumhardt, Marie-José Gaillard et al.

Anthropogenic land cover change (ALCC) is the most important transformation of the Earth system that occurred in the preindustrial Holocene, with implications for carbon, water and sediment cycles, biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services and regional and global climate. For example, anthropogenic deforestation in preindustrial Eurasia may have led to feedbacks to the climate system: both biogeophysical, regionally amplifying winter cold and summer warm temperatures, and biogeochemical, stabilizing atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and thus influencing global climate. Quantification of these effects is difficult, however, because scenarios of anthropogenic land cover change over the Holocene vary widely, with increasing disagreement back in time. Because land cover change had such widespread ramifications for the Earth system, it is essential to assess current ALCC scenarios in light of observations and provide guidance on which models are most realistic. Here, we perform a systematic evaluation of two widely-used ALCC scenarios (KK10 and HYDE3.1) in northern and part of central Europe using an independent, pollen-based reconstruction of Holocene land cover (REVEALS). Considering that ALCC in Europe primarily resulted in deforestation, we compare modeled land use with the cover of non-forest vegetation inferred from the pollen data. Though neither land cover change scenario matches the pollen-based reconstructions precisely, KK10 correlates well with REVEALS at the country scale, while HYDE systematically underestimates land use with increasing magnitude with time in the past. Discrepancies between modeled and reconstructed land use are caused by a number of factors, including assumptions of per-capita land use and socio-cultural factors that cannot be predicted on the basis of the characteristics of the physical environment, including dietary preferences, long-distance trade, the location of urban areas and social organization.

Megan Brankley Abbas

Emerging from a 2005 conference at the University of Passau (Germany), Susanne Schroter’s edited volume brings together an interdisciplinary group of scholars, from anthropologists and historians to literary scholars and Muslim female activists, to examine this complex subject. The book is organized into four country-specific sections on Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand, respectively. The fifth and final section, consisting of only one chapter, adds a transnational dimension by analyzing the Tablighi Jama‘at. Despite the volume’s breadth of disciplinary and geographic contributions, its authors share a common project: the recuperation of Muslim women’s history, and especially female Muslim agency, amidst the rise of Islamization in Southeast Asia. In her introductory essay, Schroter works to unite the country-specific contributions under a broader regional framework. She argues that whereas Islam in Southeast Asia has traditionally been “moderate, especially with regard to its gender orders” (p. 7), the recent “upsurge of neo-orthodox Islam poses a threat” (p. 37) to women’s rights. With characterizations of conservative Muslims as “religious zealots” (p. 16) and “hardliners” (p. 19), she presents Islamization as a process in which “orthodox” Muslims, often with international ties, have imperiled the moderate Islam of traditional Southeast Asia and the liberal Islam of Muslim reformers. The majority of the volume’s contributors embrace this framing narrative. On the one hand, this global story enables them to shine new light on the region’s pressing debates over Islam and gender. Yet, on the other hand, the framework consistently places female agency in absolute distinction with so-called orthodox Islam, thereby eclipsing a more complicated landscape of ethical contestation and cultural difference. Building on Schroter’s framework, the book’s opening section on Indonesia features four chapters, each of which emphasizes challenges Muslim women face in asserting their rights an identities in various Indonesian Islamic spheres. To begin, Nelly van Doorn-Harder investigates the Harmonious Family Program of ‘Aisyiyah, Muhammadiyah’s sister organization, as “a tool to transmit the reformist views on gender and women’s position within marriage” ...

Redkina Olga Yurievna, Bulatov Vladimir Viktorovich

Maxim Matveyevich Zagorulko is the first rector of Volgograd State University, the veteran of the Great Patriotic War, the Honorable Citizen of Volgograd. He is the founder and the head of the scientific school studying various aspects of the Fatherland’s history. In the 1960s, M.M. Zagorulko united researches in the field of an economic history of Russia and the Great Patriotic War history. He had chosen as a subject of his doctoral dissertation a history of operation of economy of temporarily occupied territories of the USSR by fascists. In 1970, M.M. Zagorulko in a co-authorship with the Moscow scholar, the active participant of guerrilla movement A.F. Yudenkov published the monograph “Crash of Economic Plans of Fascist Germany on Temporarily Occupied Territory of the USSR”. Soon it was translated into the Czech language. In 1974, there was the second, added and modified edition of the book by M.M. Zagorulko and A.F. Yudenkov – “Crash of the «Oldenburg» Plan”. The third edition of this book was issued in 1980 in the Russian and Czech languages in Moscow and Bratislava. In 1975, Maxim M. Zagorulko defended his doctoral dissertation in the Dissertation Council of Leningrad State University on the subject “Economic Policy of Fascist Germany in the Occupied Territory of the USSR and Its Crash”. M.M. Zagorulko, his pupils and adherents conduct scientific researches in the field of an Economic History of Russia, History of military captivity in the USSR, History of the Battle of Stalingrad and so forth. Under his management multivolume collections of documents were published, monographs were written and dissertations were defended. The fundamental Encyclopedia of the Battle of Stalingrad created by him was declared in 2010 as “The best book of Russia”. In all these projects, theses and monographs M.M. Zagorulko is the organizer and inspirer of scientific researches.