Hasil untuk "History of France"

Giuseppe Barisano, Bavrina Bigjahan, Grant Schleifer et al.

Background Intracranial arteriosclerosis (large‐ and small‐vessel disease) is considered a risk factor for major neurological disorders, such as stroke, cognitive impairment, and dementia. While most studies investigating intracranial arteriosclerosis include individuals from industrialized populations, the prevalence and clinical meaning of intracranial vascular calcifications in populations with a subsistence lifestyle is unknown. Methods In this population‐based study evaluating data collected between 2017 and 2019 from Tsimane and Moseten people, 2 indigenous populations of forager‐horticulturalists living in the Bolivian Amazon, we used computed tomography to determine the prevalence of vascular calcifications in the intracranial internal carotid arteries, vertebral arteries, and lenticulostriate arteries within the basal ganglia, and their association with demographic characteristics, brain atrophy, cognitive performance, and clinical factors. Results Our analysis included 1232 individuals who underwent a head computed tomography scan. Intracranial vascular calcifications were found in most individuals (>90%) and their prevalence was higher than that reported for age‐equivalent industrialized populations. These calcifications were significantly associated with higher age, brain atrophy, worse cognitive performance, and parkinsonian symptoms. Conclusions Despite the physically active subsistence lifestyle and the low rates of typical cardiovascular risk factors and coronary artery disease, intracranial vascular calcifications are common in these Bolivian Amerindian people, suggesting that alternative factors may contribute to intracranial arteriosclerosis and a novel dementia phenotype.

Jeroen Duindam

This article sketches patterns in the relationship between kings and princes, starting at the global level before turning to Europe and zooming in on the special case of France. A global tour d’horizon shows that royal relatives were necessary reserves for succession. This role, however, made them potentially dangerous. A long list of royal stratagems shows that kings worldwide were faced with the recurring choice between employing princes in leading positions and controlling and marginalizing them. Moving to European specificities in the relationship between kings and princes, the article unveils a Sonderweg with a tangled connection to the rise of modernity, including the norm of monogamous marriage and the presence of nobles approaching the rank of princes. The French case in most respects followed general European practice, although it was early and consistent in its adoption of the ‘double negative’ for female rule and succession through the female line. France was exceptional in the marked presence of generations of cadet lines of the royal house: elsewhere, cadet lines disappeared or ascended the throne. From the rise of the Bourbons to the demise of monarchy, cadet lines formed an important part of the body politic.

Patricia Réant, Mounira Kharoubi, Erwan Donal et al.

Abstract Background Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is a rare disease that can lead to poor quality of life, conduction disorders, arrhythmia, heart failure, and even death. Fortunately, specific treatments that can modify the natural history of the disease and the disease outcomes are now available. However, data on the prevailing patient management procedures and long-term outcomes of CA are scarce. Objective The Healthcare Amyloidosis European Registry (HEAR) is 34-centre registry initiated in France and structured for European expansion through the French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network’s Group for Research on Amyloidosis and Care Excellence and the European Clinical Research Infrastructure Network. We expect to include 8500 patients between January 2021 and December 2027. Methods The HEAR has been designed to capture detailed demographic, clinical, laboratory, imaging, and therapeutic data from both suspected and confirmed cases of all cardiac amyloidosis subtypes, including wildtype transthyretin amyloidosis, variant transthyretin amyloidosis, light-chain amyloidosis, and rarer forms. This comprehensive approach has been designed to (i) improve our understanding of real-world diagnostic pathways, treatment practices, and patient outcomes and (ii) incorporate patient-centred innovations. To enhance the patient-centred nature of the registry, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) will be systematically collected. Conclusions By addressing diagnostic pathways, real-world management and PROMs and by applying technological innovations and European scalability, the next-generation HEAR is establishing itself as a valuable resource for clinical research, public health interventions, and better patient care in the field of CA.

Arturo J. Brugger Aubán

The use of poisons spans human history, serving as tools for war, execution, assassination, revenge, and political control. Ancient texts like the "Rig Veda" mention poisoned weapons, and many civilizations used natural toxins—such as frog skin, snake venom, and plant extracts—for lethal purposes. Mythology reflects deep knowledge of poisons. Medea attempted to poison Theseus with aconite to protect her son’s claim to the throne. Hercules used Hydra’s venom to create deadly arrows. In historical contexts, figures like Socrates were executed with poison—hemlock in his case—which was reserved for elite criminals due to its cost. Classical toxicology began in Ancient Greece and continued through the Roman Empire. During Rome’s imperial era, poisons were commonly used in power struggles. Tiberius’ reign saw suspected poisonings of his potential successors, including Germanicus and Drusus. Caligula ultimately rose to power through such intrigue, killing his rivals. Notable toxicologists include Mateo Orfila, who advanced forensic detection techniques in the 19th century, and Juan Bautista Peset Aleixandre, who developed early devices to detect toxic gases in the blood. Natural poisons were also studied in modern science. Cobra venom contains dozens of toxic proteins, many of which disrupt nerve and muscle function. Aconitine, found in "Aconitum napellus", binds to sodium channels in nerves, keeping them open and causing fatal disruptions in cell signaling. Another plant-based toxin, protoanemonin from buttercups, causes painful spasms and ulcers, giving rise to the term "sardonic smile". In Renaissance and Baroque Europe, poisoners like Locusta in Nero’s Rome and La Voisin in Louis XV’s court gained notoriety for their lethal skills. They supplied aristocrats with toxic mixtures to remove rivals or secure inheritances. One infamous potion, “Aqua Tofana”, was linked to hundreds of deaths, possibly including that of Mozart. Venice’s secretive Council of Ten used poison for state security, relying on anonymous citizen reports and aconite-based poisons. In France, women like the Marquise de Brinvilliers and La Voisin were executed for mass poisonings. These individuals often disguised their poisons as medicine or spiritual remedies, exploiting trust and social status. Through myth, science, and scandal, poisons have left an indelible mark on human history, both as instruments of death and as subjects of fascination and fear.

Hagen Schölzel

The article seeks an understanding of exceptional politics for the challenges of the Anthropocene. The Anthropocene is the contemporary geological epoch characterized by a profound human impact on the biological, chemical and physical composition of the Earth and by ecological emergencies. These include global warming, species extinction and pandemics. A recourse to classical theories of the political state of emergency is not helpful for an understanding of this present, because they put nature at a distance from society and conceive a non-democratic politics. An analysis of covid politics can contribute to a new understanding of exceptional politics in the Anthropocene.

Mariya V. Malunova

The author has investigated the history of scientific relations and cooperation between Russian and Soviet scientists in the field of plant physiology with their French colleagues in the period from the end of the XIX century to the 1970s. The authors consider the changes that took place in the relations between scientific communities after the Great Russian Revolution of 1917, between the two world wars, and the beginning of the Cold War. The specific areas of cooperation between the scientists, the problems that aroused the greatest interest of plant physiologists of the two countries are reflected upon in the article. Through the article there is an analysis of the development of scientific ties with the help of scientific trips of plant physiologists to France and the USSR, which became, on the one hand, an important part of scientific diplomacy, and on the other hand, a factor that allowed a new impetus to the development of science in the two states.

G. Aad, B. Abbott, K. Abeling et al.

A search for new phenomena giving rise to pairs of opposite electrically charged muons with impact parameters in the millimeter range is presented, using 139 fb−1 of s=13 TeV pp collision data from the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The search targets the gap in coverage between existing searches targeting final states with leptons with large displacement and prompt leptons. No significant excess over the background expectation is observed and exclusion limits are set on the mass of long-lived scalar supersymmetric muon-partners (smuons) with much lower lifetimes than previously targeted by displaced muon searches. Smuon lifetimes down to 1 ps are excluded for a smuon mass of 100 GeV, and smuon masses up to 520 GeV are excluded for a proper lifetime of 10 ps, at 95% confidence level. Finally, model-independent limits are set on the contribution from new phenomena to the signal-region yields.

E. Frankema, Pieter Woltjer, J. Smits et al.

Alix Peyrard

Salomon Reinach et Adolf Michaelis, éminents archéologues et conservateurs de musées, participent, de part et d’autre du Rhin, à la professionnalisation que connaît l’archéologie au tournant du 20e siècle. Partageant un même goût pour la muséologie et l’Altertumswissenschaft, ils se montrent désireux de s’éloigner de la philologie de leurs débuts et défendent avec conviction la transmission des savoirs touchant à la science archéologique et à l’histoire de l’art. Leur correspondance qui s’étend sur une vingtaine d’années (1888–1910) rend compte de cette coopération scientifique. Alors que les nationalismes gagnent l’Europe, les deux savants maintiennent une « belle entente » franco-allemande au sein d’un vaste réseau qui n’exclut pas pour autant les débats scientifiques.

Sian Sullivan, Michèle Baussant, Lindsey Dodd et al.

This introductory paper outlines the conceptual framework and case studies comprising the research project Disrupted Histories, Recovered Pasts. Our project proposes a cross-disciplinary analysis and cross-case synthesis of experience and memory in post-conflict and postcolonial contexts. In the post- conflict and colonial contexts of our cases, we see “disruption” as present in three senses: as the productive ways in which multiple experiences retrieved through oral histories may refract and revise historical analysis; as the happening histories of objectively disruptive events break the flow of individual and collective experience; and as a strategy for cross-disciplinary research to disrupt and democratise conventional understanding by drawing attention to occluded experiences. We also articulate “recovery” as polysemic: invoking retrieval of past experiences and the possibility for enhanced well-being through voicing memories that may have been suppressed, as well as attending to mismatches with public discourses about displaced groups and individual experience. Following an introduction to our conceptual approach, we summarise our case-research. We have conducted oral history and archival research in multiple contexts, from disciplinary bases in anthropology and history. Our aim has been to interrogate relationships between oral histories and amateur histories with more formal written archives and historiography in a series of disrupted settings: evictions in colonial and apartheid west Namibia (SULLIVAN); memories and historical interpretations of the Egyptian Jewish diaspora (BAUSSANT); the evacuation of children in Second World War France (DODD); recent maritime exodus of migrants from Africa (OTELE); and rupture from a hegemonic imperial-nostalgic narrative in Portugal (DOS SANTOS). Our case research is complemented in the concluding paper of this Special Issue by systematic cross-case engagement, synthesis and theorisation of our case-study research.

Manuel Toulajian

The Ministry of Justice’s collections of public prosecution, from the first criminal registers established as early as the creation of the ministry in 1791 until the virtual disappearance of paper documents in 2016 under the influence of digitisation, are of a major heritage interest for the history of crime and more broadly for the political, economic and social history of contemporary France. For more than two centuries, the files composing the collections have reported the public prosecution for the enforcement of sentences, this judicial process which leads, throughout the national territory, to sanction criminally an offender. This process produces documents (mainly notes and reports), submitted by the Prosecutor’s Offices to Chief public Prosecutors, before they are centralised by the “direction des Affaires criminelles et des Grâces”, the Directorate for Criminal Affairs and Pardons (DACG).The departmental (an II-1816), chronological (1814-1955), methodical (1890-1955) and current series (1956-1994), all kept in the National Archives (AN), constitute, with the associated registers of the subseries BB/29, a source of over 10,000 articles and of nearly two linear kilometres. To these largely unexplored sources of a nation under construction, that then underwent two world wars and their consequences, were added dozens of thousands records of public prosecution for the period 1995-2014 (1,2 kml) managed by the department of archives, documentation and heritage (DADP) of the Ministry of Justice. These records are evidence of a strong growth of financial crime, while in the paper and digital sets which are still kept place Vendôme (2015-2021), cases linked to offences of a terrorist nature are beginning to emerge.At both ends of these archival fonds, two media linked by the same object, public prosecution, look at each other, fragile: the just born old criminal register of the ministry and the digital native document whose sustainability challenge is becoming an essential issue for the operation of justice and the build-up of its archival heritage.

Roger Villanueva, Montserrat Coll-Lladó, Laure Bonnaud-Ponticelli et al.

The entire skin surface of octopus embryos, hatchlings and juveniles bears scattered tufts of tiny chitinous setae within small pockets, from which they can be everted and retracted. Known as Kölliker’s organs (KO), they disappear before the subadult stage. The function of these structures during the early life of the octopus is unknown, despite having been first described nearly two centuries ago. To investigate these organs further, general trends in size of KO distribution and density were analyzed in hatchlings and juveniles of 17 octopod species from all oceans, representing holobenthic, holopelagic and meropelagic modes of life. The size of the KO is fairly constant across species, unrelated to mode of life or hatchling size. The density of KO is similar on ventral and dorsal body surfaces, but hatchlings of smaller size tend to have a higher density of KO on the aboral surface of the arms. Analysis of a series of post-hatching Octopus vulgaris shows KO size to be constant throughout ontogeny; it is therefore a consistent structure during the octopus early life from planktonic hatchling to benthic juvenile. New KO are generated on the skin of the arm tips during the planktonic period and initial benthic lives of juveniles. Their density, on both the mantle and arms, gradually decreases as the octopus grows. In older benthic juveniles, the KO degrades, losing its setae and the base of its follicle becomes exposed as a nearly circular stump of muscle. It is estimated that fully everted KO increase the body surface area by around two-thirds compared to when the KO are retracted. This modular mechanism of body surface extension and roughness probably influences flow-related forces such as drag and propulsion of the moving surface of the young octopus while it is of small size with a relatively large surface area. In addition, the distribution of these organs on the aboral surface of the arms of the octopus and their birefringent properties suggest a role in camouflage. Further research is needed to test these hypotheses of KO function in live animals.

Nicolas Veziris, Claire Andréjak, Stéphane Bouée et al.

Abstract Background The objective of the study was to describe the epidemiology, management and cost of non-tuberculous mycobacteria pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) in France. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed using the SNDS (“Système national des données de santé”) database over 2010–2017. Patients with NTM-PD were identified based on the ICD10 codes during hospitalizations and/or specific antibiotics treatment regimens. The study population was matched (age, sex and region) to a control group (1:3) without NTM-PD. Results 5628 patients with NTM-PD (men: 52.9%, mean age = 60.9 years) were identified over the study period and 1433 (25.5%) were treated with antibiotics. The proportion of patients still receiving treatment at 6 and 12 months was 40% and 22%, respectively. The prevalence of NTM-PD was estimated at 5.92 per 100,000 inhabitants and the incidence rate of NTM-PD remained stable over time between 1.025/100,000 in 2010 and 1.096/100,000 in 2017. Patients with NTM-PD had more co-morbidities compared to controls: corticoids (57.3% vs. 33.8%), chronic lower respiratory disease (34.4% vs. 2.7%), other infectious pneumonia (24.4% vs. 1.4%), malnutrition (based on hospitalization with the ICD-10 code reported during a hospital stay as a main or secondary diagnosis) (22.0% vs. 2.0%), history of tuberculosis (14.1% vs. 0.1%), HIV (8.7% vs. 0.2%), lung cancer and lung graft (5.7% vs. 0.4%), cystic fibrosis (3.2% vs. 0.0%), gastro-esophageal reflux disease (2.9% vs. 0.9%) and bone marrow transplant (1.3% vs. 0.0%) (p < 0.0001). The mean Charlson comorbidity index score was 1.6 (vs. 0.2 for controls; p < 0.0001). NTM-PD was independently associated with an increased mortality rate with a hazard ratio of 2.8 (95% CI: 2.53; 3.11). Mortality was lower for patients treated with antibiotics compared to untreated patients (HR = 0.772 (95% CI [0.628; 0.949]). Annual total expenses the year following the infection in a societal perspective were € 24,083 (SD: 29,358) in NTM-PD subjects vs. € 3402 (SD: 8575) in controls (p < 0.0001). Main driver of the total expense for NTM-PD patients was hospital expense (> 50% of the total expense). Conclusion Patients with NTM-PD in France were shown to have many comorbidities, their mortality risk is high and mainly driven by NTM-PD, and their management costly. Only a minority of patients got treated with antibiotics and of those patients treated, many stopped their therapy prematurely. These results underline the high burden associated with NTM-PD and the need for improvement of NTM-PD management in France.

William James Fear

Background: It is important to distinguish between evaluation as an inherent, automatic, affective process and Program Evaluation (Evaluation, with capitalised ‘E’) as an institution, and equally important to consider what a good understanding of evaluation tells us about Evaluation. Evaluation is an established social institution whose modern roots can be traced back to 16th century France. Since the early 1900s the institution has developed within and across a range of scientific disciplines with interests in perceived social problems and efforts to resolve the said problems. This can be demonstrated objectively by the number and scale of relevant publications within relevant disciplines. This, in turn, helps us understand more about Evaluation as an institution. Set in this context is the question of Evaluation Science: is this simply a fashionable institutional motif or is it a potential new era for Evaluation? Purpose: Commentary on the history and development of Program Evaluation. Setting: Not applicable. Intervention: Not applicable. Research design: Not applicable. Data collection & analysis: Not applicable. Findings: Not applicable. Keywords: program evaluation; evaluation; history; evaluation science.

Lizandra Carvajal García

In French history, more than one symbolic character has been canonized by national memory during the country’s most crucial times. From Jeanne d'Arc to Napoleon, without forgetting Thiers, Clemenceau and Charles de Gaulle, a wide array of images and meanings has developed, from which the archetypal figure of the providential man or the savior has emerged. Under this influence, Charles de Gaulle became the favorite hero of contemporary France, where myth and gaullist memory have developed thanks to a conscious and intentional memory policy. Commemorations, monuments, pilgrimages, museums, books, cinematography, study programs, congresses and souvenirs all make up an arsenal destined to keep well alive the image of the General: the heart of the France Libre, the founder of the Fifth French Republic and the last providential man of the Hexagon-shaped country.

Dimitar Divchev, Georg Stöckl, the study investigators

Abstract Introduction The antianginal effectiveness of ivabradine administration in addition to beta-blockers has been shown in patients with stable angina. The first fixed-dose combination (FDC) of ivabradine and metoprolol is now available and its evaluation in various stable angina patient populations relevant to clinical practice would be useful. Methods In this 4-month, prospective, multicenter, observational study, the effectiveness and tolerability of the metoprolol/ivabradine FDC was assessed in patient subgroups specified according to age, coronary artery disease (CAD) duration, Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) class, co-morbidities, and previous myocardial infarction (MI) or revascularization. Heart rate (HR), angina attack frequency, short-acting nitrate (SAN) consumption, functional status, and medication adherence were documented at baseline and after 4 months of follow-up. Results A total of 747 stable angina patients were included and divided into subgroups. At 4 months, a significant decrease in HR, angina attack frequency, and SAN consumption per week was consistently observed across all patient subgroups. The proportion of CCS class I patients increased significantly from baseline to month 4. In all patient subgroups, at 4 months, a significant increase was observed in the proportion of patients with self-reported complete adherence. Complete adherence at the final visit was found to decrease with an increasing number of medications. Physicians evaluated the effectiveness and tolerability of the FDC as ‘very good’ and ‘good’ for more than 96% of patients in all analyzed patient subgroups. Conclusions Treatment with metoprolol/ivabradine FDC significantly improved angina symptoms and adherence, with an excellent tolerability profile, in stable angina patient subgroups relevant to real-life clinical practice, regardless of age, CAD duration, CCS class, comorbidities, previous MI, or history of revascularization. Trial registration ISRCTN51906157. Funding This study was sponsored by Servier Deutschland GmbH. Editorial assistance and the Rapid Service Fee were funded by Servier, France. Plain Language Summary Plain language summary available for this article.

Elena Grigoryeva

In the section “European-style conversion” there are two almost detective stories about transformation of prison castles into a new urban quarter (Germany) and a garden (Great Britain). The renovated German quarter was seamlessly integrated into the structure of the core of the imperial city thanks to the placing of education institutions in the historical building together with strengthening the trading function. The English garden became the embodiment of harmony between the old brick walls and the enfilade of green interiors. A long article by our permanent author from France, Christian Horn, reviews regeneration of industrial facilities and areas as an alternative to building on Greenfield. In the present-day postin- dustrial Europe (including Russia) conversion often looks like a far-seeing and cost-effective policy.The section is culminated by a largescale example of conversion of industrial facilities in Khamovniki, downtown Moscow. The object of the issue is a weaving factory “Red Rose” transformed into a contemporary multifunctional complex. Its history that is as long as a quarter of the millennium coexists with Yandex information technologies, while the permeability of the renewed quarter improves the level of adjoining streets.

Laura Péaud

At the beginning of the 19th century, in France or in Europe, geography does not exist as a discipline in the scientific field. However, some figures start to show geography as a discipline and behave to act, so that geography can compete with natural history or history. This first institutionalisation is based on the foundation of a geographical community, which can meet in places and identify itself in key figures. Despite this desire, the first geographers do not create a real scientific program for geography. Their search for recognition allows them to partially found a discipline, but not a science. Regarding the French situation between 1800 and 1850, this paper aims to question an unknown moment in the history of geography, one of the first rushes for a geographical discipline and examines the epistemological ways of this movement.

Roger Price

This is the most up-to-date and comprehensive study of French history available ranging from the early middle ages to the present. Amongst its central themes are the relationships between state and society, the impact of war, competition for power, and the ways in which power has been used. Whilst taking full account of major figures such as Philip Augustus, Henri IV, Louis XIV, Napoleon and de Gaulle, it sets their activities within the broader context of changing economic and social structures and beliefs, and offers rich insights into the lives of ordinary men and women. This third edition has been substantially revised and includes a new chapter on contemporary France - a society and political system in crisis as a result of globalisation, rising unemployment, a failing educational system, growing social and racial tensions, corruption, the rise of the extreme right, and a widespread loss of confidence in political leaders.

Ségolène Berthou, Sylvain Mailler, Philippe Drobinski et al.

Heavy precipitation events (HPEs) are frequent in southern France in autumn. An HPE results from landward transport of low-level moisture from the Western Mediterranean: large potential instability is then released by local convergence and/or orography. In the upstream zone, the sea surface temperature (SST) undergoes significant variations at the submonthly time scale primarily driven by episodic highly energetic events of relatively cold outflows from the neighbouring mountain ranges (the Mistral and Tramontane winds). Here, we study the HPE of 22–23 September 1994 which is preceded by a strong SST cooling due to the Mistral and Tramontane winds. This case confirms that the location of the precipitation is modulated by the SST in the upstream zone. In fact, changes in latent and sensible heat fluxes due to SST changes induce pressure and stratification changes which affect the low-level dynamics. Using three companion regional climate simulations running from 1989 to 2009, this article statistically shows that anomalies in the HPEs significantly correlate with the SST anomalies in the Western Mediterranean, and hence with the prior history of Mistral and Tramontane winds. In such cases, the role of the ocean as an integrator of the effect of past wind events over one or several weeks does indeed have an impact on HPEs in southern France.