Hasil untuk "History of Civilization"

R. Anderson, P. David Pearson

E. Tylor

Walter D. Mignolo

Z. Hao, V. Singh

James C. Scott

An Economist Best History Book 2017 "History as it should be written."-Barry Cunliffe, Guardian "Scott hits the nail squarely on the head by exposing the staggering price our ancestors paid for civilization and political order."-Walter Scheidel, Financial Times Why did humans abandon hunting and gathering for sedentary communities dependent on livestock and cereal grains, and governed by precursors of today's states? Most people believe that plant and animal domestication allowed humans, finally, to settle down and form agricultural villages, towns, and states, which made possible civilization, law, public order, and a presumably secure way of living. But archaeological and historical evidence challenges this narrative. The first agrarian states, says James C. Scott, were born of accumulations of domestications: first fire, then plants, livestock, subjects of the state, captives, and finally women in the patriarchal family-all of which can be viewed as a way of gaining control over reproduction. Scott explores why we avoided sedentism and plow agriculture, the advantages of mobile subsistence, the unforeseeable disease epidemics arising from crowding plants, animals, and grain, and why all early states are based on millets and cereal grains and unfree labor. He also discusses the "barbarians" who long evaded state control, as a way of understanding continuing tension between states and nonsubject peoples.

M. Fabris, Raffaela M. Abbriano, M. Pernice et al.

Mankind has recognized the value of land plants as renewable sources of food, medicine, and materials for millennia. Throughout human history, agricultural methods were continuously modified and improved to meet the changing needs of civilization. Today, our rapidly growing population requires further innovation to address the practical limitations and serious environmental concerns associated with current industrial and agricultural practices. Microalgae are a diverse group of unicellular photosynthetic organisms that are emerging as next-generation resources with the potential to address urgent industrial and agricultural demands. The extensive biological diversity of algae can be leveraged to produce a wealth of valuable bioproducts, either naturally or via genetic manipulation. Microalgae additionally possess a set of intrinsic advantages, such as low production costs, no requirement for arable land, and the capacity to grow rapidly in both large-scale outdoor systems and scalable, fully contained photobioreactors. Here, we review technical advancements, novel fields of application, and products in the field of algal biotechnology to illustrate how algae could present high-tech, low-cost, and environmentally friendly solutions to many current and future needs of our society. We discuss how emerging technologies such as synthetic biology, high-throughput phenomics, and the application of internet of things (IoT) automation to algal manufacturing technology can advance the understanding of algal biology and, ultimately, drive the establishment of an algal-based bioeconomy.

A. Shakya

Jami Petner-Arrey

M. González de Molina, V. Toledo

E. Burns, D. Svinkin, E. Fenimore et al.

GRB 221009A has been referred to as the brightest of all time (BOAT). We investigate the veracity of this statement by comparing it with a half century of prompt gamma-ray burst observations. This burst is the brightest ever detected by the measures of peak flux and fluence. Unexpectedly, GRB 221009A has the highest isotropic-equivalent total energy ever identified, while the peak luminosity is at the ∼99th percentile of the known distribution. We explore how such a burst can be powered and discuss potential implications for ultralong and high-redshift gamma-ray bursts. By geometric extrapolation of the total fluence and peak flux distributions, GRB 221009A appears to be a once-in-10,000-year event. Thus, it is almost certainly not the BOAT over all of cosmic history; it may be the brightest gamma-ray burst since human civilization began.

Zhichao Hou, Xuhua Liu, Mingwei Tian et al.

Fibers and textiles have woven their development throughout the entire history of human science and technology as well as civilization. While the emerging wearable electronics is attracting enormous attentions compared...

Mallory Knodel, Mallika Balakrishnan, Lauren M. Chambers

The label `public interest technology' (PIT) is growing in popularity among those seeking to use `tech for good' - especially among technical practitioners working in civil society and nonprofit organizations. PIT encompasses a broad range of sociotechnical work across professional domains and sectors; however, the trend remains understudied within sociotechnical research. This paper describes a mixed-methods study, designed and conducted by PIT practitioners at the Center for Democracy and Technology, that characterizes technologists within the specific context of civil society, civil rights, and advocacy organizations in North America and Western Europe. We conducted interviews with civil society leaders to investigate how PIT practitioners position the field and themselves, and we held a roundtable discussion bringing diverse voices together to make meaning of this growing phenomenon. Ultimately, we find that PIT remains both defined and plagued by its expansiveness, and that today's civil society public interest technologists see a need for both (a) more robust professionalization infrastructures, including philanthropic attention, and (b) more engaged, coherent community. This study illuminates a nascent intersection of technology and policy on-the-ground that is of growing relevance to critical sociotechnical research on the shifting relationship between computing and society.

Florence Habran, Estella Weiss-Krejci, Sacha Kacki et al.

جواد كاظم البيضاني

طبقات ناصري واحد من اهم مصنفات القاضي عمر منهاج الدين عثمان المعروف بالقاضي منهاج السراج الجوزجاني، وهو كتاب كبير في مجلدين ، ولعله الكتاب الوحيد من مصنفاته الذي ترجم الى اللغة العربية. لا يختلف هذا الكتاب كثيراً عن مصنفات معاصريه بحقل التاريخ، بيد انه تميز بعرضه الوافي ، وحديثه عن دويلات المشرق الإسلامي ومن بينها طبرستان، ولعل ما نقله القاضي مناج السراج الجوزجاني من تفاصيل عن الدولة العلوية في طبرستان يدفعنا الى القول ان هذا الكتاب يعد من مصادر تاريخ طبرستان.     ويكتسب هذا المصنف أهمية كبيرة كون مصنفه عاصر أحداث الغزو المغولي ونقل لنا صورة حية عن مشاهداته، او ما نقل اليه ، ولعل أميز هذه الأحداث الخطيرة سقوط الدولة الخوارزمية وأفولها، ودعوات القادة الخوارزميين في تحصين طبرستان امام الغزو المغولي ، وتجاهل السلاطين هذه التحذيرات، وانتقاده لهذا التجاهل. وينقلنا ذلك حس المؤرخ وإدراكه بخطوة ما كان يتعرض له العالم الإسلامي من تداعيات خطيرة.

Patrick M. Duerr, William J. Wolf

The paper re-examines the principal methodological questions, arising in the debate over the cosmological standard model's postulate of Dark Matter vs. rivalling proposals that modify standard (Newtonian and general-relativistic) gravitational theory, the so-called Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) and its subsequent extensions. What to make of such seemingly radical challenges of cosmological orthodoxy? In the first part of our paper, we assess MONDian theories through the lens of key ideas of major 20th century philosophers of science (Popper, Kuhn, Lakatos, and Laudan), thereby rectifying widespread misconceptions and misapplications of these ideas common in the pertinent MOND-related literature. None of these classical methodological frameworks, which render precise and systematise the more intuitive judgements prevalent in the scientific community, yields a favourable verdict on MOND and its successors -- contrary to claims in the MOND-related literature by some of these theories' advocates; the respective theory appraisals are largely damning. Drawing on these insights, the paper's second part zooms in on the most common complaint about MONDian theories, their ad-hocness. We demonstrate how the recent coherentist model of ad-hocness captures, and fleshes out, the underlying -- but too often insufficiently articulated -- hunches underlying this critique. MONDian theories indeed come out as severely ad hoc: they do not cohere well with either theoretical or empirical-factual background knowledge. In fact, as our complementary comparison with the cosmological standard model's Dark Matter postulate shows, with respect to ad-hocness, MONDian theories fare worse than the cosmological standard model.

Yves Laberge

S. B. F. Dorch, J. O. Petersen

About fifty years after the work that astronomer Tycho Brahe carried out while living on the island of Hven had made him world famous, King Christian IV of Denmark built the Trinity Buildings in Copenhagen. The Tower observatory was opened in 1642, and it housed the astronomers from the University of Copenhagen until 1861 when a new, modern observatory was built at Østervold in the eastern part of the city. In 1996, all the University astronomers from the observatories at Østervold and the small town of Brorfelde were relocated to the Rockefeller Buildings at Østerbro, and the two observatories were closed. In this paper we focus on the library at the observatory in Østervold, and its subsequent fate following the close-down of that observatory.

Kashevarova Nataliya

The purpose of the research is to characterize the composition and content of the documents of the Commissioner of the Fuehrer for the Supervision of the Entire Intellectual and Ideological Schooling and Training of the NSDAP (here in after - the Rosenberg Office) to determine the place of these documents in the source base of the study of the history of the Third Reich, to analyze their information potential as sources on the history of national socialist ideology and occupation policy. The research methodologyis based on scientific principles of historicism, objectivity, and systematicity, represented by historical-comparative and historical-archival methods, as well as methods of source analysis. The scientific novelty. The documents of the Rosenberg Office as a complete documentary complex have not yet been the subject of scientific research, although some historians have used these documents as sources for the history of National Socialism, A. Rosenberg’s biographical portrait, but they were not considered as sources for the ideological component of the Nazi occupation policy. Conclusions. A brief analysis of the documents of the Rosenberg Office allows us to conclude that these documents are valuable sources for studying the history of the development of the National Socialism ideology and itsinfluence through the NSDAP system. Among them, there are plans, orders, instructions, reflecting objectives and structure of the Rosenberg Office, functionsof its departments, ideological materialson anti-Semitism, Bolshevism, religion, as well as reference materialson National Socialist figures in the field of culture. A special place amongthe documents of the Service is held by materials covering its participation in the ideological training of Wehrmacht officers, as well as biographical sources documents on the activities of the staff of the Rosenberg Office. These documents also reveal its ties with a wide range of ot her Nazi agencies that participated in the process of creating Nazi propaganda.

Santanu Saha, Simone Di Cataldo, Maximilian Amsler et al.

In this work we probe the possibility of high-temperature conventional superconductivity in the boron-carbon system, using ab-initio screening. A database of 320 metastable structures with fixed composition (50$\%$/50$\%$) is generated with the Minima-Hopping method, and characterized with electronic and vibrational descriptors. Full electron-phonon calculations on sixteen representative structures allow to identify general trends in $T_{\textrm{c}}$ across and within the four families in the energy landscape, and to construct an approximate $T_{\textrm{c}}$ predictor, based on transparently interpretable and easily computable electronic and vibrational descriptors. Based on these, we estimate that around 10$\%$ of all metallic structures should exhibit $T_{\textrm{c}}$'s above 30 $K$. This work is a first step towards ab-initio design of new high-$T_{\textrm{c}}$ superconductors.

Christine Couture-Veschambre, Diego López-Onaindia, Nohemi Sala et al.