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W roku 1955 najnowszy wówczas członek obozu krajów komunistycznych, Demokratyczna Republika Wietnamu, stanął przed problemem sformułowania swojej polityki wobec wietnamskich katolików.Nie mając doświadczenia na tym polu, Wietnamczycy zdecydowali się poprosić o pomoc komunistyczną Polskę. Warszawa wydawała się mieć znaczne osiągnięcia w radzeniu sobie z Kościołem katolickim, Polacy byli aktywni w Azji i wybór ten wydawał się naturalny.W efekcie w kwietniu 1955 roku w Wietnamie Północnym wylądowała delegacja tzw. księży patriotów pod patronatem Stowarzyszenia PAX. Efekty tej wizyty były owocne i dalsza współpraca wydawała się obiecująca, na przeszkodzie stanęły jednak wydarzenia Polskiego Października w roku 1956.Nowa ekipa Władysława Gomułki i jej polska droga do socjalizmu budziły głęboką ideologiczną podejrzliwość w Hanoi, co przekreślało możliwość na dalszy udział Polaków w kreowaniu wietnamskiej polityki wobec swojej katolickiej mniejszości.
History of Central Europe, History of Balkan Peninsula
As in other towns during the Jagiellonian era, the town council in Kutná Hora tried to control a wide range of institutions and properties located within the town’s walls. Since society in Bohemia was Utraquist, the town council’s influence extended beyond the secular sphere into the sphere of church institutions and spiritual life. As patrons, Kutná Hora councillors picked the clergymen and oversaw the fabrica ecclesiæ of for four town churches as well as the town’s hos pital. The council often intervened in matters that had traditionally been the responsibility of church institutions. The town’s ambitions were also evident in its acceptance of two Italian auxiliary bishops and the establishment of an institution known as the consistory. This paper describes the management structure of church institutions as well as the control and power mechanisms used in different areas. Its aim is to determine the extent to which secular power influenced church life in the town.
The positive, almost poetic metaphor of “nation-building” has held among the stiff, rational keywords of nationalism studies since the 1950s. This concept was introduced into the field’s discourse by the social scientists who first argued that nations were not created by God but by people themselves. These scholars named the process “nation-building.” According to them, nations had to be built through language standardisation, social mobility, mass education, and mass media. Thus, the concept was initially used in the sense of a general, socio-cultural, top-down process led by the elite, with the aim of unifying states.
Archaeology, Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology
Luca Cistrone, Emiliano Mori, Mariella Baratti
et al.
ABSTRACT Islands provide unique opportunities to study historical biogeography, acting as both cradles of endemism and active corridors for species dispersal. The Sicilian Channel, which separates Sicily from the Maghreb, exemplifies this complexity. We investigated the colonisation history of the lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros) on Pantelleria Island (southern Italy) to assess whether its population derives from Europe or North Africa. Because R. hipposideros has limited dispersal ability and is largely sedentary, its occurrence on Pantelleria raises questions about past connectivity across the Channel. We analysed mitochondrial markers (COI, cyt‐b, 12S) from Pantelleria, Malta, Algeria, and across the species' range. Phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses place Pantelleria and Malta in a well‐supported clade sister to North African lineages and distinct from European populations. Time‐calibrated analyses based on cyt‐b suggest that the Pantelleria–Malta group diverged from North African conspecifics around 200,000 years ago (MIS 7.2). A palaeogeographical reconstruction for this interval indicates lowered sea level reduced the marine gap between Pantelleria and Tunisia to about 68 km, consistent with over‐sea colonisation from North Africa. The short available sequences for conspecific European bats suggest considering these inferences as provisional. Within these limitations, our results are most consistent with a Maghrebian origin for Pantelleria's R. hipposideros, while alternative routes (including European sources) cannot be excluded. Broader genomic sampling, especially from Sicily and Morocco, will be required to resolve colonisation direction and fully establish the population's biogeographic history. More generally, our findings reinforce the view of the Sicilian Channel as an asymmetrically permeable biogeographic corridor that can facilitate faunal exchange across the central Mediterranean.
This article explores Lithuania’s hetero-image as it is created in contemporary German travel literature. The scope of the research primarily covers three German travelogues which detail the authors’ experience during their travels in Lithuania: Drei Baltische Wege (Lucius von, 2011), Wo die Ostsee Westsee heißt (Bünz, 2018) and Gebrauchsanweisung für das Baltikum (Herre, 2014). A further source also contributes to the given analysis: The Strategy for the Presentation of Lithuania abroad 2020–2030, compiled by the Lithuanian government in 2020, and the brief communicative messages conveyed in the document, which revolve around several particulars of Lithuania’s image: economy, culture, history, science and geographic location. These messages mirror Lithuania’s auto image and present the main assessment categories chosen for analyzing the German travelogues. The article concludes that the four most widely covered aspects of economy, culture, history and science, on the one hand, convey an image of a country known for its technological advancement, cultural impact and historical significance. On the other hand, however, they portray an economically underdeveloped and politically unstable country with a generally disgruntled population. Lithuania’s geographic location is tied not to Eastern or Northern Europe, but rather to Central Europe.
Literature (General), Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
Among the toponyms found in Dagome iudex, the name Alemure is the most controversial. In the description of the southern border of the Gniezno state, it is located between the Oder (flumen Oddere) and Milsko (Milze). In Polish historiography, the prevailing view is that Alemure is a heavily altered version of Olomouc (J. Ptaśnik 1911) that appeared when the original document was copied. In German historiography, however, a connection between the name Alemure and the hydronym Mohra/Mura, i.e. the name of the Morawica River, a left-bank tributary of the second order of the Oder, has long been recognised (L. Giesebrecht 1843). A comparison of historical and archaeological sources indicates that it was precisely from the name Morawica, also known in the past as Morawa, that the name Alemure could have been derived through several minor transformations. The original document probably contained the entry alia mura (second/other Morawa), and when the register was compiled, the name was recorded as alemure. The area between the Morawica and Opava rivers has the highest concentration of early medieval archaeological sites in the so-called Czech Silesia, including two important strongholds located on the Morawica itself, namely Hradec nad Moravicí and Opava-Kylešovice.
History of Eastern Europe, History of Central Europe
Tom Dobber, Ronan Ó Fathaigh, Frederik J. Zuiderveen Borgesius
In this paper, we examine how online political micro-targeting is regulated in Europe. While there are no specific rules on such micro-targeting, there are general rules that apply. We focus on three fields of law: data protection law, freedom of expression, and sector-specific rules for political advertising; for the latter we examine four countries. We argue that the rules in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) are necessary, but not sufficient. We show that political advertising, including online political micro-targeting, is protected by the right to freedom of expression. That right is not absolute, however. From a European human rights perspective, it is possible for lawmakers to limit the possibilities for political advertising. Indeed, some countries ban TV advertising for political parties during elections.
This paper describes a cascading multimodal pipeline for high-resolution biodiversity mapping across Europe, integrating species distribution modeling, biodiversity indicators, and habitat classification. The proposed pipeline first predicts species compositions using a deep-SDM, a multimodal model trained on remote sensing, climate time series, and species occurrence data at 50x50m resolution. These predictions are then used to generate biodiversity indicator maps and classify habitats with Pl@ntBERT, a transformer-based LLM designed for species-to-habitat mapping. With this approach, continental-scale species distribution maps, biodiversity indicator maps, and habitat maps are produced, providing fine-grained ecological insights. Unlike traditional methods, this framework enables joint modeling of interspecies dependencies, bias-aware training with heterogeneous presence-absence data, and large-scale inference from multi-source remote sensing inputs.
The aim of the article is to present the fate of the would-be settlement of Poles from the Koźle county to the district of Svishtov in northern Bulgaria in 1882, based on the Ministry of Finance’s materials found in in the Central State Archives in Sofia. As a result of the information provided by the missionary Grzegorz Piegza operating in the area of Svishtov, about 150 families from Upper Silesia expressed their willingness to move to the Balkans and live among the Catholic communities functioning there. It seemed that they could take advantage of the settlement action organized by the Bulgarian authorities from 1880, which assumed the distribution of land to the newcomers. However, these petitions met with a refusal by the authorities in Sofia, who wanted to bring only Bulgarians living outside the Balkans. Petitions sent from Upper Silesia to the Bulgarian authorities in 1882 are a source of information not only on the causes of migrations from this part of Prussia, but also provide knowledge about the identity of Silesians at the end of the 19th century. The analysis also served as a starting point for reflection on Bulgarian migration policy of this period.
History of Central Europe, History of Balkan Peninsula
The paper examines six fundamental aspects of the 18th-century Göttingen ideal of scholarship and knowledge, demonstrating how Károly Koppi (1744–1801), a Piarist professor of universal history at the Royal University of Pest effectively adapted and integrated this paradigm into the Hungarian intellectual context. Koppi’s efforts not only established a tradition of teaching universal history through modern methodologies but also revealed broader sociological implications. His adaptation extended beyond historiography and pedagogy to include personal career strategies, professional networking, and the cultivation of scholarly ambition and habitus. As a result, Koppi did not merely transfer the Göttingen model but actively reshaped it as a mediator. His dual role as a teacher and a knowledge broker solidified his position as a pivotal figure in fostering a modern scientific ethos, which remained influential in late 18th-century Hungary.
Emile Esmaili, Michael J. Puma, Francis Ludlow
et al.
Economic historians have long studied market integration and contagion dynamics during periods of warfare and global stress, but there is a lack of model-based evidence on these phenomena. This paper uses an econometric contagion model, the Diebold-Yilmaz framework, to examine the dynamics of economic shocks across European markets in the early modern period. Our findings suggest that key periods of violent conflicts significantly increased food price spillover across cities, causing widespread disruptions across Europe. We also demonstrate the ability of this framework to capture relevant historical dynamics between the main trade centers of the period.
Over the centuries, various minerals were used in pottery production; for some societies, graphite played a unique role. Certain areas lack local sources of this mineral but simultaneously reveal a great occurrence of ‘graphite-coated’ pottery. Still, it is commonly believed that the surface of these vessels was coated with graphite. The aim of the article is to examine whether the surface visually characterised as ‘graphited’ (suggesting the use of graphite) could be achieved without the application of the mineral and what the technological process of manufacturing might have looked like. Macroscopical and archaeometry recognition features of ‘graphite-coated’ pottery and mineral graphite were indicated. A series of experiments were performed to achieve a lustrous, silver surface without applying mineral graphite. The firing process was conducted in two types of kilns reconstructed according to archaeological sources from the territory of Poland dated to the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages. The reproduced pottery shows surfaces very similar to their prehistorical counterparts. The significant occurrence of this type of pottery indicates its production could also be conducted in areas lacking mineral graphite.
We study the distribution of strike size, which we measure as lost person days, for a long period in several countries of Europe and America. When we consider the full samples, the mixtures of two or three lognormals arise as very convenient models. When restricting to the upper tails, the Pareto power law becomes almost indistinguishable of the truncated lognormal.