Hasil untuk "History America"

John D’Emilio

Roland Stucki, S. Homer

Gearóid Ó. Tuathail

D. Nye

L. Kerber

Yannis Karmim, Renato Pino, Hernan Contreras et al.

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit inequalities with respect to various cultural contexts. Most prominent open-weights models are trained on Global North data and show prejudicial behavior towards other cultures. Moreover, there is a notable lack of resources to detect biases in non-English languages, especially from Latin America (Latam), a continent containing various cultures, even though they share a common cultural ground. We propose to leverage the content of Wikipedia, the structure of the Wikidata knowledge graph, and expert knowledge from social science in order to create a dataset of question/answer (Q/As) pairs, based on the different popular and social cultures of various Latin American countries. We create the LatamQA database of over 26k questions and associated answers extracted from 26k Wikipedia articles, and transformed into multiple-choice questions (MCQ) in Spanish and Portuguese, in turn translated to English. We use this MCQ to quantify the degree of knowledge of various LLMs and find out (i) a discrepancy in performances between the Latam countries, ones being easier than others for the majority of the models, (ii) that the models perform better in their original language, and (iii) that Iberian Spanish culture is better known than Latam one.

América Y. Torres-Boy, Anoushka Ghosh, Myles B. T. Osenton et al.

We report on the control and characterization of the isomer population of ions inside superfluid helium nanodroplets, using two-color operation of a dual-oscillator infrared free-electron laser. The timing of both lasers is highly synchronized, and their frequencies (or "colors") can be tuned independently over a wide range. Interaction of the singly deuterated proton-bound dimer of dihydrogen phosphate and formate inside helium nanodroplets with both colors enables the control over its isomer population and the recording of - one-color hidden - infrared spectra of individual isomers.

H. Qian, R. Ricklefs

Cesar Augusto López Nuñez

Este artículo es el colofón conclusivo del dossier Lo animal en las literaturas de las Américas.

María Grandury, Javier Aula-Blasco, Júlia Falcão et al.

Leaderboards showcase the current capabilities and limitations of Large Language Models (LLMs). To motivate the development of LLMs that represent the linguistic and cultural diversity of the Spanish-speaking community, we present La Leaderboard, the first open-source leaderboard to evaluate generative LLMs in languages and language varieties of Spain and Latin America. La Leaderboard is a community-driven project that aims to establish an evaluation standard for everyone interested in developing LLMs for the Spanish-speaking community. This initial version combines 66 datasets in Basque, Catalan, Galician, and different Spanish varieties, showcasing the evaluation results of 50 models. To encourage community-driven development of leaderboards in other languages, we explain our methodology, including guidance on selecting the most suitable evaluation setup for each downstream task. In particular, we provide a rationale for using fewer few-shot examples than typically found in the literature, aiming to reduce environmental impact and facilitate access to reproducible results for a broader research community.

Manuel Morales-Alvarado, Fernando Quevedo, Mario Ramos-Hamud et al.

We perform a comprehensive statistical analysis of key scientific metrics to evaluate the productivity and impact of research conducted in Latin American countries within the fields of High Energy Physics, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics (HECAP). Using data from the widely used open-access digital library INSPIRE-HEP, we provide a detailed assessment of the scientific contributions from the continent over the past 70 years. We provide data for the evolution of the overall productivity in the region relative to the rest of the world, comparing the productivity of each country, number of active researchers, number of publications, citations, h-index in total and relative to the population and number of researchers, as well as the productivity and impact compared to the percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) invested in research, and the Human Development Index (HDI) of each country. We also analyse collaborations among the different countries, as well as collaborations with the rest of the world. Additionally, we studied the gender gap evolution over the same period. This pioneering analysis, which relies solely on open data, can serve as an essential resource for researchers and policymakers alike. It aims to empower scientists with insights into the significance of their contributions to both regional and global research. Moreover, it provides both researchers and policymakers with critical quantitative data, strengthening their understanding of the progress in scientific productivity over the years to better support scientific endeavours in Latin America.

Filatov Georgy

Catalonia maintained broad autonomy for 200 years after the unification of Castile and Aragon at the end of the 15th centu-ry. It was determined both by historical background and by the political situation on the Iberian Peninsula. Ever since joining the Crown of Aragon in the 12th century, Catalonia had self-government, which was guaranteed after the marriage of Isabella of Castile and Fernando of Aragon. Their and their successors’ attempts to unify the subject lands were not con-sistent, since there was no urgent need for the centralization. Castile and its colonies provided sufficient resources for for-eign policy. After the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War, these resources were no longer enough, and the Spanish monarchs began to pursue a more active centralization policy. Catalonia responded with an uprising, which led to its transition under the French rule. After ten years of struggle, Philip IV managed to win back almost the entire rebellious region. Despite the treason, the Spanish monarchy decided to maintain Catalan privileges in order to ensure the loyalty of the region in the face of the ongoing confrontation with France.

Hagit Attiya, Michael A. Bender, Martin Farach-Colton et al.

A data structure is called history independent if its internal memory representation does not reveal the history of operations applied to it, only its current state. In this paper we study history independence for concurrent data structures, and establish foundational possibility and impossibility results. We show that a large class of concurrent objects cannot be implemented from smaller base objects in a manner that is both wait-free and history independent; but if we settle for either lock-freedom instead of wait-freedom or for a weak notion of history independence, then at least one object in the class, multi-valued single-reader single-writer registers, can be implemented from smaller base objects, binary registers. On the other hand, using large base objects, we give a strong possibility result in the form of a universal construction: an object with $s$ possible states can be implemented in a wait-free, history-independent manner from compare-and-swap base objects that each have $O(s + 2^n)$ possible memory states, where $n$ is the number of processes in the system.

Santiago Sanchez-Pardo, Sebastián Mackenzie-Martinez, Samuel Martinez-Vernaza et al.

Human melioidosis is a serious infectious disease commonly known by being endemic in southeast Asia and northern Australia. It is caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei a non-spore forming gram negative bacillus. Here we present the case of a 66-year-old woman with a history of stage IV lung adenocarcinoma that presented to the ER with 3 days of fever and altered mental status. Isolation from CSF culture was obtained confirming Burkholderia pseudomallei. Despite adequate antimicrobial treatment the patient continued to deteriorate and finally died 15 days after admission. To our knowledge there is only one additional reported case of Burkholderia pseudomallei meningitis in South America and the first one to be reported in Colombia.

Leonardo Impett, Fabian Offert

In this paper, we revisit Johanna Drucker's question, "Is there a digital art history?" -- posed exactly a decade ago -- in the light of the emergence of large-scale, transformer-based vision models. While more traditional types of neural networks have long been part of digital art history, and digital humanities projects have recently begun to use transformer models, their epistemic implications and methodological affordances have not yet been systematically analyzed. We focus our analysis on two main aspects that, together, seem to suggest a coming paradigm shift towards a "digital" art history in Drucker's sense. On the one hand, the visual-cultural repertoire newly encoded in large-scale vision models has an outsized effect on digital art history. The inclusion of significant numbers of non-photographic images allows for the extraction and automation of different forms of visual logics. Large-scale vision models have "seen" large parts of the Western visual canon mediated by Net visual culture, and they continuously solidify and concretize this canon through their already widespread application in all aspects of digital life. On the other hand, based on two technical case studies of utilizing a contemporary large-scale visual model to investigate basic questions from the fields of art history and urbanism, we suggest that such systems require a new critical methodology that takes into account the epistemic entanglement of a model and its applications. This new methodology reads its corpora through a neural model's training data, and vice versa: the visual ideologies of research datasets and training datasets become entangled.

J. Rogers

Francisco Miguel Martín Blázquez

Este artículo ofrece a lgunos avances en el conocimiento de la figura del fiscal protector de indios durante el final de la época novohispana, ya en la segunda década del siglo XIX. Mediante un acercamiento a la figura de los últimos ocupantes de este cargo, los fiscales del crimen de la Real Audiencia de México, y sus posicionamientos sociales y políticos, así como el estudio de causas localizadas en el AGN mexicano, se analizan algunos pormenores sobre esta institución de eminente carácter colonial, alrededor de una década que sufrió fuertes tensiones sociales y cambios normativos. De esta forma, se arroja luz sobre su papel en la gestión y el control de los pueblos de indios, la defensa de sus intereses frente a la tesitura bélica o su colaboración con el régimen virreinal.

Leonardo Gasparini, Germán Reyes

A common assumption in the literature is that the level of income inequality shapes individuals' beliefs about whether the income distribution is fair (``fairness views,'' for short). However, individuals do not directly observe income inequality (which often leads to large misperceptions), nor do they consider all inequities to be unfair. In this paper, we empirically assess the link between objective measures of income inequality and fairness views in a context of high but decreasing income inequality. We combine opinion poll data with harmonized data from household surveys of 18 Latin American countries from 1997--2015. We report three main findings. First, we find a strong and statistically significant relationship between income inequality and unfairness views across countries and over time. Unfairness views evolved in the same direction as income inequality for 17 out of the 18 countries in our sample. Second, individuals who are older, unemployed, and left-wing are, on average, more likely to perceive the income distribution as very unfair. Third, fairness views and income inequality have predictive power for individuals' self-reported propensity to mobilize and protest independent of each other, suggesting that these two variables capture different channels through which changes in the income distribution can affect social unrest.

P. Edwards

Bertha Estrada Lázaro, Emmanuel Francisco García Uribe

This article examines the recent evolution of the Juarez metalworking industry, which has been characterized by the knowledge application in its production processes. It dives into the identification and characterization of business social networks from a sociocentric approach. The results presented form part of a research product that reveals a system of interactions between participating companies in relation to access sources and knowledge acquisition in an interactive learning process. The study identifies a diversity of leading agents, among which are clients, industry suppliers and local consolidated companies.