I viaggi di Rainer Maria Rilke in Italia ci hanno lasciato numerose descrizioni di paesaggi con ulivi, che fin dall’antichità simboleggiano l’armonia tra la natura e l’uomo nel Mediterraneo. Tuttavia, nelle descrizioni di Rilke, l’oliva e il suo olio assumono significati ulteriori. L’olio è un simbolo sacro come rimedio miracoloso contro il male, ma è anche simbolo dell’essenza dell’arte drammatica e, in senso figurato, rappresenta l’essenza di un amore duraturo.
Kenya's exposure to climate risks and fiscal volatility has raised concerns about the pricing of its sovereign Eurobonds in global markets. This study investigates the impact of green finance announcements, ESG risk scores, and inflation on Kenya’s sovereign Eurobond yield spreads over U.S. Treasuries from 2015 to 2024. Employing a quantitative explanatory research design, the study analyzed secondary monthly data on yield spreads, macroeconomic indicators, and ESG metrics using multiple linear regression. Descriptive statistics and diagnostic tests confirmed data suitability, while correlation analysis revealed expected directional relationships. Findings show that green finance announcements significantly reduce Kenya’s sovereign risk premium, aligning with signaling theory that credible sustainability communication enhances investor confidence. ESG risk scores were also found to have a statistically significant negative effect on yield spreads, underscoring the importance of non-financial performance in sovereign debt pricing. Conversely, inflation had a significant positive effect, reflecting heightened risk aversion toward macroeconomic instability. The study concludes that climate and ESG signals now influence investor pricing behavior in African debt markets. It recommends that the Kenyan government institutionalize green finance disclosures, improve ESG reporting systems, and enforce effective inflation-targeting policies to reduce borrowing costs and enhance debt sustainability. The findings offer vital information for policymakers and investors in understanding the evolving dynamics of climate-adjusted sovereign risk.
Artykuł dotyczy zjawiska dekonstrukcji rosyjskiego dyskursu politycznego we współczesnych parodiach audiowizualnych. Podstawowym celem tekstu jest identyfikacja i analiza technik stosowanych przez parodystów w celu dekonstrukcji wybranych środków językowych wykorzystywanych w wypowiedziach rytualnych pochodzących z rosyjskiego dyskursu politycznego. Za materiał posłużyły rosyjskojęzyczne audiowizualne utwory parodystyczne publikowane na YouTube. Badanie polega na wyjawieniu intertekstualnych powiązań pomiędzy oryginalnymi wypowiedziami rosyjskich polityków i tekstami parodystycznymi, określeniu cech dyskursu politycznego poddanych parodii, analizie technik modyfikacji i określeniu funkcji tych transformacji. Artykuł obrazuje sposób, w jaki parodie odzwierciedlają idee ukryte pod warstwą werbalną wypowiedzi, uczestnicząc w konstruowaniu krytyki politycznej.
Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages, History (General) and history of Europe
In the classical period, Ottoman mathematical texts written by bookkeepers were one step ahead of other general calculation (arithmetical) books of this period regarding containing decimal fractions and root extraction methods. In addition, the contributions about numeric analysis made in both the eastern and western civilizations of the middle ages are greatly progressed in these texts. Pir Mahmud Sıdkı Edirnevi’s book stands out from other mathematical texts written by bookkeepers in terms of including exact and approximate root extraction. In our study, through analyzing approximate root extraction methods in this book, the leading role of Edirnevi is emphasized with the help of the manuscript copy of the text and secondary other references.
Correlates of War (COW), an ongoing project initiated in the United States to monitor all the wars around the globe, covers the Estonian and Latvian wars of independence, and the war between Poland and Russia, but does not represent the Lithuanian War of Independence in detail. It only includes one episode of the war, the Polish-Lithuanian war. The article points out that this is partly correlated with the lack of a single term for these events in Lithuania. The author assesses the names of the war or wars of independence circulating in Lithuania, asking to what extent their differences have had an impact on the external (non)recognition of the War of Independence. After reviewing the paradoxical situation with war names circulating in Lithuania, the essay concludes with a reflection on what caused the establishment of the plural name in Lithuania. Despite this, the author argues that, from the perspective of external recognition, a singular name would better represent the nature of the processes that occurred in 1919 and 1920, and would contribute more to the consolidation of the national identity.
Рассматриваются структурные и кадровые аспекты развития системы управления художественной отраслью Казахской ССР во второй половине 1930-х гг. Известно, что с 1936 г. в Советском Союзе проходили сложные структурно-институциональные процессы в системе управления культуры и искусства, когда вся полнота власти переходила из ведения Наркомпроса в ведение Всесоюзного комитета по делам искусств. Параллельно в Казахской ССР начался этап активного формирования республиканской художественной инфраструктуры, главой которой было определено специальное ведомство — Управление по делам искусств при СНК КазССР. Материалы из Российского государственного архива литературы и искусства (РГАЛИ) позволили прояснить, что наблюдавшийся во второй половине 1930-х гг. структурно-кадровый и производственный кризис в отрасли был опосредован общим управленческим кризисом, последовавшим после номенклатурных чисток 1937-1938 гг., и указывал на произошедшую за короткий период трансформацию в системе государственных приоритетов, приведшую к замене руководителя-«новатора» на руководителя-«функционера».
El artículo analiza las formas de castigo empleadas en las comunidades ru- rales durante el período de la Restauración. Los conflictos sociales fueron el escenario en el que se desplegaron diversas y cambiantes formas de castigo entre contendientes. Estos castigos permiten examinar las normas y valores que regulaban la convivencia colectiva en las comunidades rurales, las maneras en las que se gestionaban los conflictos y se ejercía el control sobre los vecinos. La disputa política y las nuevas formas de movilización social que se produjeron en estas décadas imprimieron cambios en la gestión del conflicto y la utiliza- ción del castigo. Estos cambios dejan observar la transformación de las ideas, identidades y relaciones sociales en el ámbito convivencial.
Qual o crescimento percentual entre o inicio do século XV e o inicio do século XVI no termo do Porto? Para responder a essa questão, o presente artigo contabiliza o número de contribuintes do Porto em duas fontes fiscais: o livro da abertura da rua nova (1438) e o livro da abertura da rua das flores (1521-1527). Temos por objetivo apresentar de forma quantitativa o crescimento populacional dos contribuintes que se deu no termo do Porto. Foram elaboradas tabelas comparativas das circunscrições com os valores populacionais nos dois períodos e respetivo crescimento percentual.
The European Central Bank (ECB) is the only central bank governed by supranational constitutional law. As such, it is not only the most important institution of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), but it also marks a new stage in the history of central banking in general. Historically, the tasks and functions of the ECB have reflected the different stages of development of the EMU. The basic principles governing its function were set out in Maastricht, reflecting the interests and ideas about Europe’s economic constitution prevailing at that time. The sovereign debt crisis that hit Europe in 2010 was the second defining moment for the ECB after Maastricht. It posited the ECB–like the rest of the EMU–to challenges that some of the drafters of the Maastricht Treaty had not fully anticipated. These new challenges led to the adoption of novel instruments and the further clarification of fundamental rules and principles. Most important of these developments was the entrustment of the ECB with a new task, banking supervision, and the adoption of unconventional measures, which proved necessary to fulfil its monetary-policy mandate. Ultimately, not only did the ECB withstand the crisis but it emerged as a protagonist in securing the unity and integrity of the EMU.
This is a general introduction to and reflection on some of the concepts and questions that will be central to JOLCEL, highlighting the fundamental role of schooling in the formation and continuation of literary universes. It is argued, amongst others, that one cannot construe a thorough history of Europe’s national literatures without taking into account their roots in Latin schooling and texts – roots that run far deeper than the (already widely studied) ‘reception of the classical’. Vice versa, we cannot fully understand the internal workings and development of the Latin tradition without taking into account neighbouring, overlapping and competing literatures.
The main objective of the study is to highlight the role of pendants in the general context of the jewelry art of the Northern Renaissance and Mannerism, the reasons for the popularization of this type of jewelry and offer a version of their classification. The methodological basis of the study is the application of iconological method of art history analysis to characterize the array of jewelry in the general context of artistic culture of the Renaissance and Mannerism of the countries, located north of the Alps; the historical method — to characterize the jewelry works in a certain chronological sequence, mainly — created in the secondhalf of 1 6th and beginning of 17th centuries; comparative method — to compare the stylistic features of jewelry of different countries of Europe and track their transformation over time. The scientific novelty of the study is in the fact that pendants of Northern Renaissance and Mannerism as the most popular type of personal jewelry have never been considered as an object of serious scientific interest, they were characterized previously in general context of arts and crafts of this period. Therefore, this essay attempts to show pendants as an independent phenomenon, a segment of jewelry fashion of the 1 6th and early 1 7th centuries in the Ukrainian science of art. The article makes an excursion into the European jewelry of the 1 6th century, outlines the types of jewelry in demand during this period, shows their main stylistic features. The materials and techniques preferred by the experts of Northern Europe in the 1 6th and early 1 7th centuries, the main subjects and ornamental motifs which existed in the decoration of jewelry, the reasons for their popularization are highlighted. A variant of the classification of pendants of this epoch is proposed, in which the dominant motif of the decor is chosen as the main criterion. The characteristics of individual pendants created during the Renaissance and Mannerism in Spain, the Netherlands, England, Germany, France. Data is collected from the collections of the State Hermitage in St. Petersburg, the Art Institute of Chicago, Victoria and Albert Museum and British Museum in London.
Systematic African studies have revealed that electoral violence tends to have a negative impact driving Africans away from participating in elections. However, by using a multidimensional approach to electoral violence and electoral participation, combined with a recent dynamic from the 2016 to 2018 Afrobarometer public opinion surveys of 33 African countries, this study finds the opposite. Africans who perceived electoral violence were more likely to attend an election campaign rally and vote. Instead of being used by the incumbent to prevent the opposition supporters from voting, electoral violence appears to motivate those who perceive it to participate. However, whilst election violence may increase electoral participation, this malpractice is not conducive for consolidating democracy or fostering support for, or satisfaction with, democracy.
La défense de l’Exposition de 1937 fut l’une des batailles menées par le Parti communiste français de juillet 1936 à janvier 1938. Paul Vaillant-Couturier, Parisien enraciné dans la banlieue de Paris et interlocuteur des intellectuels depuis 1932, y joue un rôle clé grâce au cumul des différentes fonctions de député-maire de Villejuif, rédacteur en chef de l’Humanité et dirigeant communiste de rang national (membre du comité central). Menée au nom de la fidélité au programme du Front populaire, cette lutte met particulièrement en valeur la politique culturelle du Parti communiste, dont il est le promoteur, contribuant à lui forger une identité singulière, le faisant exister comme un « je » dans une structure dominée par le « nous ».
This paper looks at the changes in Catholic rites of passage as they faced pressure from modernization and the secularization of society in the second half of the 19th century. It focuses on the transformation of three key rituals – christenings, weddings and funerals – and charts changes in them during the second half of the 19th century. These changes were noted in Catholic journals and pastoral guides for clergymen in the parishes, which provide a series of testimonies to the transformation of these rituals. These sources show a clearly observable struggle between the Catholic Church and the faithful, whose devotion was gradually weakened under secularization. This put pressure on clergymen to adapt rituals to the congregation's needs and ideas, and in so doing started the journey towards the privatization and individualization of rites of passage.
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Central Europe
Review to Sònia Gros, «Aquella dolçor amarga». La tradició amatòria clàssica en el Curial e Güelfa. València, Publicacions de laUniversitat de València, 2015, 346 pp, ISBN: 978-84-370-9648-3
1. Criminal Law in an International Context 2. Terminology of "International Criminal Law" 3. The Application of National Criminal Law to Cases with International Elements 4. The Principles of Criminal Jurisdiction and their Implementation in National Legal Orders 5. Basic Principles and Issues of European Criminal Law 6. Supranational Criminal Law 7. The Influence of European Law on Domestic Substantive Criminal Law 8. Criminal Law Enforcement in Europe 9. The European Convention on Human Rights 10. General Introduction to International Criminal Law 11. History of International Criminal Law 12. The International Criminal Court (ICC) 13. The General Part of International Criminal Law 14. Special Part of International Criminal Law 15. The Implementation of the ICC-Statute into National Law - The German Solution in Particular