We present a method for analyzing general time series by employing the history state formalism of quantum mechanics. This formalism allows us to describe a complete evolution based on a single quantum state, the history state, which simultaneously includes -also as a quantum system- the reference clock. It naturally leads to the concept of system-time entanglement, with the ensuing entanglement entropy constituting a measure of the effective number of distinguishable states visited in the history. Through a quantum coherent state embedding of the time series data, it is then possible to associate a quantum history state to the series. The gaussian overlap between these coherent states provides thus a smooth measure of distinguishability between the series data. The eigenvalues of the corresponding overlap matrix determine in fact the entanglement spectrum and entropy of the history state, which provide a rigorous characterization of the evolution. As illustration, the formalism is applied to typical financial time-series data. Through the entanglement entropy and spectrum, different evolution regimes can be identified. Entanglement based volatility indicators are also derived, and compared with standard volatility measures.
این پژوهش به بررسی فرایند اسکان عشایر در مناطق لک نشین میپردازد. روش پژوهش توصیفی و تحلیلی است و فنون گردآوری داده بررسی اسناد و مصاحبه است. دادهها از طریق سازماندهی داده تجزیهوتحلیل شدند. یافتههای پژوهش نشان میدهد: لکها در دور قاجار کوچ رو و دارای نظام ایلی بودند. آنان در کوهستانهای زاگرس میانی و دشتهای اطراف، ییلاق و قشلاق میکردند و بهعنوان یک نیروی اجتماعی نقش مؤثری در مناسبات سیاسی داشتند. در دوره رضاشاه اصلاحات گوناگونی مانند توسعه کشاورزی، توسعه صنعتی، توسعه راهها، گسترش دیوانسالاری و اسکان عشایر در زاگرس میانی انجام گرفت. سهم مناطق لک نشین از این اصلاحات، احداث جاده شوسه خرمآباد - هرسین و اسکان عشایر بود که مورد اخیر به نحوی آمرانه و خونبار اجرا شد. این سیاست از سال ۱۳۰۲ شروع و در سال ۱۳۱۲ پایان یافت و سبب زوال شیوۀ زیست کوچروی و تلفشدن دامها شد. لکها برای درامانماندن از دست نیروهایِ ارتش، به نقاط صعبالعبور پناه بردند و نوعی فرهنگ مقاومت را بنا نهادند. پس از شهریور ۱۳۲۰ به کوچروی بازگشتند؛ اما کمکم متوجه شدند دوران این شیوه از زندگی به سر آمده است. بهطورکلی اسکان عشایر به همراه جغرافیایی کوهستانیِ مناطق لک نشین سبب «مدرنیزاسیون ناموزون» در زاگرس میانی شد. کردها و لرها در مقایسه با لکها سازگاری بیشتری با شرایط جدید پیدا کردند و در دهههای پس از آن وضعیت بهمراتب بهتری داشتند. از آن زمان تا کنون وضعیت توسعهنیافتگی مناطق لک نشین همچنان پایدار مانده است و مهمترین پیامد آن مهاجرفرستی است.
Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
Extended reality can weave together the fabric of the past, present, and future. A two-day design hackathon was held to bring the community together through a love for history and a common goal to use technology for good. Through interviewing an influential community elder, Emile Pitre, and referencing his book Revolution to Evolution, my team developed an augmented reality artifact to tell his story and preserve on revolutionary's legacy that impacted the University of Washington's history forever.
Algebraic quantum field theory (AQFT) puts forward three "causal axioms" that aim to characterize the theory as one that implements relativistic causation: the spectrum condition, microcausality, and primitive causality. In this paper, I aim to show, in a minimally technical way, that none of them fully explains the notion of causation appropriate for AQFT because they only capture some of the desiderata for relativistic causation I state or because it is often unclear how each axiom implements its respective desideratum. After this diagnostic, I will show that a fourth condition, local primitive causality (LPC), fully characterizes relativistic causation in the sense of fulfilling all the relevant desiderata. However, it only encompasses the virtues of the other axioms because it is implied by them, as I will show from a construction by Haag and Schroer (1962). Since the conjunction of the three causal axioms implies LPC and other important results in QFT that LPC does not imply, and since LPC helps clarify some of the shortcomings of the three axioms, I advocate for a holistic interpretation of how the axioms characterize the causal structure of AQFT against the strategy in the literature to rivalize the axioms and privilege one among them.
Dynamic changes in processes necessitate the notion of state equivalence between the old and new workflows. In several cases, the history of the workflow to be migrated provides sufficient context for a meaningful migration. In this paper, we present an algorithm to find the equivalence mapping for states from the old workflow to the new one using a trail-based consistency model called history equivalence. The algorithm finds history equivalent mappings for all migratable states in the reachability graph of the process under migration. It also reports all non-migratable states that fall in the change region for a given pair of old and new Petri Nets. The paper presents the algorithm, its working, and an intuitive proof. The working is demonstrated through a couple of illustrations.
Mohammed Tayeeb Hasan, Nikolaos Tsantalis, Pouria Alikhanifard
Tracking statements in the commit history of a project is in many cases useful for supporting various software maintenance, comprehension, and evolution tasks. A high level of accuracy can facilitate the adoption of code tracking tools by developers and researchers. To this end, we propose CodeTracker, a refactoring-aware tool that can generate the commit change history for code blocks. To evaluate its accuracy, we created an oracle with the change history of 1,280 code blocks found within 200 methods from 20 popular open-source project repositories. Moreover, we created a baseline based on the current state-of-the-art Abstract Syntax Tree diff tool, namely GumTree 3.0, in order to compare the accuracy and execution time. Our experiments have shown that CodeTracker has a considerably higher precision/recall and faster execution time than the GumTree-based baseline, and can extract the complete change history of a code block with a precision and recall of 99.5% within 3.6 seconds on average.
Jaymohan Unnithan, Srikanth Krishnamurthy, Nandagopal Velayuthaswamy
et al.
Developing countries face a huge challenge in managing obstructive lung disorders due to frequency, severity, management, and economic impact. Spirometry has been the popular choice to assess the severity and reversibility of airflow obstruction, but the success of evaluation depends on the practitioner’s skills and the patient’s cooperation. Impulse oscillometry (IOS), a variant of forced oscillation technique is preferred over spirometry since it can be performed without forced respiratory maneuvers. The objective of this review is to evaluate IOS techniques and weigh its benefits against spirometry. Publications from international electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched using relevant keywords for 5 years (2018–2023). A total of 416 articles were filtered, and of these, 70 were selected which specifically discussed the principles, procedures, parameters, and interpretations of spirometry and oscillometry. From the full-text articles included, we have reflected on the history, defined, explained, compared, and contrasted spirometry and oscillometry methods to establish the versatility of oscillometry technique to identify small airway functions and its application in special clinical conditions. This review presents an easily comprehensible synthesis of oscillometry and spirometry bringing out the principles, advantages, and limitations that are suitable for a larger spectrum of healthcare and research community.
Il breve scritto rende conto degli eventi che, a partire dalla riedizione del 1999 degli Statuti del Comune fiorentino del 1322-25, hanno condotto all’edizione, nel 2023.
Ciro Romano, Olga Tortorella, Liliana Dalla Mora
et al.
BackgroundChronic immune stimulation by hepatitis C virus (HCV) may cause occurrence of several autoantibodies in infected patients, with or without features of clinically overt autoimmune diseases. The recent introduction of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has dramatically changed the natural history of chronic HCV infection. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of DAA therapy on serum autoantibodies in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients.MethodsThe medical records of 113 CHC patients were reviewed to assess autoantibody behavior following DAA-directed HCV eradication. Statistical analysis was performed to assess correlations between DAA treatment and autoantibody titers, HCV genotypes, and viral loads.ResultsAnti-nuclear (ANA), anti-smooth muscle cell (ASMA) and anti-mitochondrial (AMA) antibody testing was available in 77 patients; 31 out of 77 patients (40%) had one or more serum autoantibodies prior to treatment. Measurement of autoantibody titers before and after HCV eradication was performed in 20 of 31 patients. DAA treatment significantly affected ANA and ASMA titers, leading to disappearance or reduction of autoantibody titers; conversely, AMA were not influenced by DAA treatment. No correlations were observed between autoantibody specificity and both HCV genotypes and viral loads at baseline. Likewise, serum autoantibody titers were independent of HCV genotypes.ConclusionsDAA-directed HCV clearance may interrupt chronic immune stimulation by removing the drive for autoantibody induction. The isolated persistence of autoantibodies in the small fraction of patients who did not show clearance following DAA treatment may require long-term vigilance.
У статті висвітлюється становлення та громадська діяльність товариства «Просвіти» (м. Одеса) та його спадкоємців – товариства «Український клуб» і спілки «Українська хата».
Товариство «Просвіта» стало першою на Наддніпрянщині та Причорноморщині просвітянською організацією. На початку 1910 р. на основі «Просвіти» було створено Український клуб для забезпечення розваг і задоволення мешканців міста та музично-драматичну спілку «Українська хата». Завдяки такому кроку просвітяни зберегли матеріальну базу Товариства (бібліотеку, книгарню, історичний музей) й отримали можливість продовжити свою діяльність.
Одеська «Просвіта», як легальна форма існування Південної громади, була одним з етапів розвитку національно-визвольного руху у Причорномор’ї, що мав місцеве підґрунтя і водночас, був частиною загальноукраїнського процесу другої половини XIX – початку XX ст. Головними напрямками її діяльності були: проведення курсів українознавства, розбудова української освіти, видання та поширення україномовної преси і книжок, розвиток української науки, літератури та мистецтва.
MONEDELE OLANDEZE ÎN PRINCIPATUL MOLDOVEI (1711-1859)1 Absența unei monede naționale în Principatul Moldovei a permis pătrunderea diverselor tipuri de monede străine în acest spațiu. Importanța monedelor olandeze în Principatul Moldovei pe parcursul secolelor XVIII și XIX este una esențială, fapt confirmat atât de sursele scrise, cât și de descoperirile monetare. Atestarea monedelor olandeze sub formă de descoperiri monetare, pe o zonă extinsă a Principatului Moldovei, dar și menționarea lor în diferite surse scrise, confirmă răspândirea și importanța monedei olandeze în circulația monetară din acest teritoriu. Prezența talerului și a ducatului în circulația monetară a fost atât de semnificativă, încât se va produce situația în care aceste monede, deși internaționale, vor deține rolul de monede oficiale. Cuvinte-cheie: Principatul Moldovei, monedă, circulaţie monetară, tezaur, taler, ducat.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
<p>The Bay of Bengal is a well-known breeding ground to some of the deadliest cyclones in history. Despite recent advancements, the complex morphology and hydrodynamics of this large delta and the associated modelling complexity impede accurate storm surge forecasting in this highly vulnerable region. Here we present a proof of concept of a physically consistent and computationally efficient storm surge forecasting system tractable in real time with limited resources. With a state-of-the-art wave-coupled hydrodynamic numerical modelling system, we forecast the recent Supercyclone Amphan in real time. From the available observations, we assessed the quality of our modelling framework. We affirmed the evidence of the key ingredients needed for an efficient, real-time surge and inundation forecast along this active and complex coastal region. This article shows the proof of the maturity of our framework for operational implementation, which can particularly improve the quality of localized forecast for effective decision-making over the Bengal delta shorelines as well as over other similar cyclone-prone regions.</p>
Article is devoted to insufficiently studied aspects of the early history of Cossacks villages of Cuban line regiment during the first ten years of its service on the new Caucasian border. On the basis of archival and published documents, the author studies the religious features of migrants, the statistics of their migrations and describes the first officers’ staff of the Cuban regiment. The author offers solutions to the research problems that have not been resolved by the previous imperial and Soviet regional historiography.
Law, History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
The concentration parameter is a key characteristic of a dark matter halo that conveniently connects the halo's present-day structure with its assembly history. Using 'Dark Sky', a suite of cosmological $N$-body simulations, we investigate how halo concentration evolves with time and emerges from the mass assembly history. We also explore the origin of the scatter in the relation between concentration and assembly history. We show that the evolution of halo concentration has two primary modes: (1) smooth increase due to pseudo-evolution; and (2) intense responses to physical merger events. Merger events induce lasting and substantial changes in halo structures, and we observe a universal response in the concentration parameter. We argue that merger events are a major contributor to the uncertainty in halo concentration at fixed halo mass and formation time. In fact, even haloes that are typically classified as having quiescent formation histories experience multiple minor mergers. These minor mergers drive small deviations from pseudo-evolution, which cause fluctuations in the concentration parameters and result in effectively irreducible scatter in the relation between concentration and assembly history. Hence, caution should be taken when using present-day halo concentration parameter as a proxy for the halo assembly history, especially if the recent merger history is unknown.
This paper is a study of the history of the transplant of mathematical tools using negative feedback for macroeconomic stabilization policy from 1948 to 1975 and the subsequent break of the use of control for stabilization policy which occurred from 1975 to 1993. New-classical macroeconomists selected a subset of the tools of control that favored their support of rules against discretionary stabilization policy. The Lucas critique and Kydland and Prescott's time-inconsistency were over-statements that led to the "dark ages" of the prevalence of the stabilization-policy-ineffectiveness idea. These over-statements were later revised following the success of the Taylor rule.
As a candidate of dark matter, primordial black holes (PBHs) have attracted more and more attentions as they could be possible progenitors of the heavy binary black holes (BBHs) observed by LIGO/Virgo. Accurately estimating the merger rate of PBH binaries will be crucial to reconstruct the mass distribution of PBHs. It was pointed out the merger history of PBHs may shift the merger rate distribution depending on the mass function of PBHs. In this paper, we use 10 BBH events from LIGO/Virgo O1 and O2 observing runs to constrain the merger rate distribution of PBHs by accounting the effect of merger history. It is found that the second merger process makes subdominant contribution to the total merger rate, and hence the merger history effect can be safely neglected.
Stephen M. Wilkins, Christopher C. Lovell, Elizabeth R. Stanway
The calibrations linking observed luminosities to the star formation rate depend on the assumed stellar population synthesis model, initial mass function, star formation and metal enrichment history, and whether reprocessing by dust and gas is included. Consequently the shape and normalisation of the inferred cosmic star formation history is sensitive to these assumptions. Using v2.2.1 of the Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis (\bpass) model we determine a new set of calibration coefficients for the ultraviolet, thermal-infrared, and, hydrogen recombination lines. These ultraviolet and thermal infrared coefficients are 0.15-0.2 dex higher than those widely utilised in the literature while the H$α$ coefficient is $\sim 0.35$ dex larger. These differences arise in part due to the inclusion binary evolution pathways but predominantly reflect an extension in the IMF to 300 $M_{\odot}$ and a change in the choice of reference metallicity. We use these new coefficients to recalibrate the cosmic star formation history, and find improved agreement between the integrated cosmic star formation history and the in-situ measured stellar mass density as a function of redshift. However, these coefficients produce new tension between star formation rate densities inferred from the ultraviolet and thermal-infrared and those from H$α$.
It has been suggested that the cosmic history might repeat in cycles, with an infinite series of similar aeons in the past and the future. Here, we instead propose that the cosmic history repeats itself exactly, constructing a universe on a periodic temporal history, which we call Periodic Time Cosmology. In particular, the primordial power spectrum, convolved with the transfer function throughout the cosmic history, would form the next aeon's primordial power spectrum. By matching the big bang to the infinite future using a conformal rescaling (a la Penrose), we uniquely determine the primordial power spectrum, in terms of the transfer function up to two free parameters. While nearly scale invariant with a red tilt on large scales, using Planck and Baryonic Acoustic Oscillation observations, we find the minimal model is disfavoured compared to a power-law power spectrum at $5.1σ$. However, extensions of $Λ$CDM cosmic history change the large scale transfer function and can provide better relative fits to the data. For example, the best fit seven parameter model for our Periodic Time Cosmology, with $w=-1.024$ for dark energy equation of state, is only disfavoured relative to a power-law power spectrum (with the same number of parameters) at $1.8σ$ level. Therefore, consistency between cosmic history and initial conditions provides a viable description of cosmological observations in the context of Periodic Time Cosmology.