Hasil untuk "Highway engineering. Roads and pavements"

Ana B. M. Bett, Thais S. Nepomuceno, Edson OliveiraJr et al.

Context: The empirical software engineering (ESE) community has contributed to improving experimentation over the years. However, there is still a lack of rigor in describing controlled experiments, hindering reproducibility and transparency. Registered Reports (RR) have been discussed in the ESE community to address these issues. A RR registers a study's hypotheses, methods, and/or analyses before execution, involving peer review and potential acceptance before data collection. This helps mitigate problematic practices such as p-hacking, publication bias, and inappropriate post hoc analysis. Objective: This paper presents initial results toward establishing an RR template for Software Engineering controlled experiments using the Open Science Framework (OSF). Method: We analyzed templates of selected OSF RR types in light of documentation guidelines for controlled experiments. Results: The observed lack of rigor motivated our investigation of OSF-based RR types. Our analysis showed that, although one of the RR types aligned with many of the documentation suggestions contained in the guidelines, none of them covered the guidelines comprehensively. The study also highlights limitations in OSF RR template customization. Conclusion: Despite progress in ESE, planning and documenting experiments still lack rigor, compromising reproducibility. Adopting OSF-based RRs is proposed. However, no currently available RR type fully satisfies the guidelines. Establishing RR-specific guidelines for SE is deemed essential.

Andriy Andrusyak, Vitalii Artomov

Introduction. The increasing intensity and weight of both civilian and military traffic pose significant challenges to bridge engineering, requiring continuous updates and improvements in the assessment methods of load-bearing capacity and structural safety. Ukrainian infrastructure objects damaged during the Russo-Ukrainian war — particularly bridges — require urgent restoration and reliability assurance. This study conducts a comparative analysis of Ukrainian State Building Codes (DBN) and the NATO Tri-Partite Design and Test Code for Military Bridging and Gap-Crossing Equipment (TDTC). The findings help assess the compatibility of existing civilian bridges with modern military equipment and provide recommendations for designers regarding the implementation of foreign military standards. The publication contributes to the harmonization of Ukrainian building norms with international standards within the context of Ukraine’s Euro-Atlantic integration. Problem Statement. The core issue addressed in this research is the lack of open data on bridge performance under military loads and the need for a systematic comparison between civil and military bridge engineering methodologies. The Russo-Ukrainian war has highlighted infrastructural vulnerabilities, generating an urgent demand for the comparative assessment of design standards. The civil sector emphasizes accuracy and lifecycle optimization via probabilistic models, while the military sector prioritizes speed and tactical mobility through simplified, deterministic systems such as the MLC (Military Load Classification). Previous studies have revealed critical knowledge gaps, including insufficient analysis of the dynamic interaction between military convoys, a lack of standardized cross-assessment protocols, and limited access to data on military vehicle movement. These challenges hinder comprehensive engineering assessments and the secure, uninterrupted functioning of Ukrainian infrastructure.

Lyudmila Boginska

Introduction. The growth rate of transportation and the number of motor vehicles has led to the fact that transport and road systems are currently a powerful technogenic factor affecting the environment. In this regard, the tasks of road transport as a branch of economic geography include the study of the patterns of interaction of transport systems, both sectoral and regional, not only with territorial-production systems and settlement systems, but also with the environment. Issues. Despite the acuteness of environmental problems of transport operation, this area of ​​research has not received sufficient widespread development: the ecological and economic aspects of road construction, as the basis for the operation of the transport network, including in rural areas, have not been sufficiently studied. The relevance of the chosen topic is also determined by the weak development of a systemic approach to the issue of the interaction of the “transport – road – environment system”, the lack of quantitative indicators for studying the spread of motor vehicle impacts within the entire communication network and its individual links. Purpose. Conducting an analysis of existing and newly created scientifically based solutions to environmental problems of highways and road construction production enterprises. Materials and methods. Analysis of literary sources and conducting research on the issue of minimizing the negative impact of road construction on ecosystems and optimizing economic costs. Results. Road construction, being a key element of infrastructure, has a significant impact on the environmental and economic spheres. The article is devoted to the analysis of ecological and economic aspects of road construction, including the assessment of the impact on the environment, resource use, economic efficiency and social consequences. Modern technologies and methods aimed at minimizing the negative impact of road construction on ecosystems and optimizing economic costs are considered. Special attention is paid to issues of sustainable development and the need to integrate environmental and economic criteria in the decision-making process regarding road construction. In modern conditions, when Ukraine is actively developing an innovative economy, environmental challenges require rethinking traditional economic approaches and the role of the state. This means that environmental policy should become not just a set of measures, but a comprehensive system aimed at: increasing the well-being of society; improving the quality of life; rational use of natural resources. It is emphasized that environmental protection measures should be taken into account at all stages of highway construction, starting from research and design, ending with the procurement of materials, their transportation, construction and installation works and quality control of the condition of roads. Both highways and vehicles, depending on many factors, can cause harm to the environment both over a long and short period of time. The article focuses on the impact of highways. The modern approach to road construction is being improved, which involves taking into account ecological and economic aspects, which allows balancing the needs of development with environmental protection.

Dehai Zhao, Zhenchang Xing, Qinghua Lu et al.

UI automation is a useful technique for UI testing, bug reproduction, and robotic process automation. Recording user actions with an application assists rapid development of UI automation scripts, but existing recording techniques are intrusive, rely on OS or GUI framework accessibility support, or assume specific app implementations. Reverse engineering user actions from screencasts is non-intrusive, but a key reverse-engineering step is currently missing - recognizing human-understandable structured user actions ([command] [widget] [location]) from action screencasts. To fill the gap, we propose a deep learning-based computer vision model that can recognize 11 commands and 11 widgets, and generate location phrases from action screencasts, through joint learning and multi-task learning. We label a large dataset with 7260 video-action pairs, which record user interactions with Word, Zoom, Firefox, Photoshop, and Windows 10 Settings. Through extensive experiments, we confirm the effectiveness and generality of our model, and demonstrate the usefulness of a screencast-to-action-script tool built upon our model for bug reproduction.

Sukhwan Chung, Daniel Sardak, Maksim Kitsak et al.

Military logistics rely heavily on public infrastructure, such as highways and railways, to transport troops, equipment, and supplies, linking critical installations through the Department of Defense's Strategic Highway Network and Strategic Rail Corridor Network. However, these networks are vulnerable to disruptions that can jeopardize operational readiness, particularly in contested environments where adversaries employ non-traditional threats to disrupt logistics, even within the homeland. This paper presents a contested logistics model that utilizes network science and Geographic Information System (GIS) to evaluate the robustness and resilience of strategic transportation networks under various disruption scenarios. By integrating GIS data to model logistics networks, simulating disruptions, and quantifying their impacts, we identified vulnerabilities in US power projection routes and assessed the resilience and robustness of highways and railways. Our findings reveal that highways are more resilient than railways, with greater capacity to absorb targeted disruptions. These findings underscore the importance of prioritizing investments in highway infrastructure and reinforcing vulnerable road and rail segments, particularly in high-risk regions, to enhance the resilience of military logistics and maintain operational effectiveness in contested conditions.

Roham Koohestani, Philippe de Bekker, Begüm Koç et al.

Benchmarks are essential for unified evaluation and reproducibility. The rapid rise of Artificial Intelligence for Software Engineering (AI4SE) has produced numerous benchmarks for tasks such as code generation and bug repair. However, this proliferation has led to major challenges: (1) fragmented knowledge across tasks, (2) difficulty in selecting contextually relevant benchmarks, (3) lack of standardization in benchmark creation, and (4) flaws that limit utility. Addressing these requires a dual approach: systematically mapping existing benchmarks for informed selection and defining unified guidelines for robust, adaptable benchmark development. We conduct a review of 247 studies, identifying 273 AI4SE benchmarks since 2014. We categorize them, analyze limitations, and expose gaps in current practices. Building on these insights, we introduce BenchScout, an extensible semantic search tool for locating suitable benchmarks. BenchScout employs automated clustering with contextual embeddings of benchmark-related studies, followed by dimensionality reduction. In a user study with 22 participants, BenchScout achieved usability, effectiveness, and intuitiveness scores of 4.5, 4.0, and 4.1 out of 5. To improve benchmarking standards, we propose BenchFrame, a unified framework for enhancing benchmark quality. Applying BenchFrame to HumanEval yielded HumanEvalNext, featuring corrected errors, improved language conversion, higher test coverage, and greater difficulty. Evaluating 10 state-of-the-art code models on HumanEval, HumanEvalPlus, and HumanEvalNext revealed average pass-at-1 drops of 31.22% and 19.94%, respectively, underscoring the need for continuous benchmark refinement. We further examine BenchFrame's scalability through an agentic pipeline and confirm its generalizability on the MBPP dataset. All review data, user study materials, and enhanced benchmarks are publicly released.

Paloma Guenes, Rafael Tomaz, Bianca Trinkenreich et al.

Research shows that more than half of software professionals experience the Impostor Phenomenon (IP), with a notably higher prevalence among women compared to men. IP can lead to mental health consequences, such as depression and burnout, which can significantly impact personal well-being and software professionals' productivity. This study investigates how IP manifests among software professionals across intersections of gender with race/ethnicity, marital status, number of children, age, and professional experience. Additionally, it examines the well-being of software professionals experiencing IP, providing insights into the interplay between these factors. We analyzed data collected through a theory-driven survey (n = 624) that used validated psychometric instruments to measure IP and well-being in software engineering professionals. We explored the prevalence of IP in the intersections of interest. Additionally, we applied bootstrapping to characterize well-being within our field and statistically tested whether professionals of different genders suffering from IP have lower well-being. The results show that IP occurs more frequently in women and that the prevalence is particularly high among black women as well as among single and childless women. Furthermore, regardless of gender, software engineering professionals suffering from IP have significantly lower well-being. Our findings indicate that effective IP mitigation strategies are needed to improve the well-being of software professionals. Mitigating IP would have particularly positive effects on the well-being of women, who are more frequently affected by IP.

Andrii Ivko

Introduction. Infrastructure restoration projects of Ukraine are being implemented in the difficult conditions of war and many challenges. To increase the effectiveness of their implementation, project-oriented organizations need an effective management system. At the same time, it is necessary not only to apply innovative models and methods of project management developed by the world's leading organizations and companies, but also to create our own scientific developments, taking into account complex environmental conditions. Since restoration projects are related to the construction industry, which is one of the locomotives of the Ukraine's economy development as a whole. Therefore, the development of new models and methods of increasing the effectiveness of project-oriented organizations is an urgent scientific task. Problem statement. The problems of management systems development of project-oriented organizations implementing restoration projects using modern (including syncretic) project management methodologies are described. The need to improve the efficiency of such management systems is emphasized. The importance of developing a syncretic maturity model for use by project-oriented organizations for the implementation of recovery projects within the syncretic project management methodology is substantiated. The scientific task of developing a model of syncretic maturity in the field of project management for use in the researched type of projects is formulated. Purpose. Development of the technological maturity model for self-managed organizations in the context of the syncretic methodology use in the implementation of infrastructure restoration projects by such organizations, and models and methods set identification for syncretic technological maturity development in project management. Materials and methods. To achieve the goal, the following models and methods were used: research of literary sources, methods of analysis and synthesis, models and methods of classification and structuring, models of technological maturity, methods of identification. The materials for the analysis were projects and portfolios of infrastructure restoration projects, the implementation of which is overseen by the State Agency for Reconstruction and Development of Infrastructure of Ukraine (SARDI). The results. In the further development of Harold Kerzner's technological maturity model, the Syncretic Technological Maturity Model (SMMM) in project management is proposed. The model includes seven levels of technological maturity: syncretic language, syncretic processes, integrated (project and operational) processes, a singular project methodology, a singular integrated methodology, integrated benchmarking (the process of borrowing and implementing best practices), continuous integrated improvements. A graphical view of the model is provided. A set of models and methods are proposed that are required to achieve each level of technological maturity according to the SMMM model. As well as the multitude of models and methods that must be used to stay at the current level of maturity.

Oleksandr Pyna, Olha Belenchuk, Roman Yefymenko

Introduction. The increase in accidents on highways leads to the emergence of places and areas of concentration of traffic accidents, which, in turn, require a detailed examination to identify possible causes of accidents, determine ways to eliminate the problem and ensure the safety of all road users. Problem statement. Traffic accidents in places / areas of their concentration are characterized by great severity of consequences, especially involving vulnerable road users, which requires a detailed analysis of each such place / area and the implementation of measures that will improve road safety. Purpose. Ensuring the safety of highways in places / areas of concentration of traffic accidents, reducing the severity of their consequences and ensuring comfortable conditions for road users. Materials and methods. Current legal acts, building codes and regulatory documents regarding technical means of traffic management, practical experience gained during unscheduled road safety inspections in places / areas of concentration of traffic accidents have been analyzed. Results. It has been established that road safety inspections in places / areas of concentration of traffic accidents with subsequent implementation of recommended measures affect the reduction of the accident rate, in particular, the number of road accidents involving vulnerable road users decreases. Conclusions. Places and areas of concentration of traffic accidents are characterized by great severity of consequences on a short stretch of road. In order to effectively protect road users and to reduce the likelihood of traffic accidents, especially with vulnerable road users, it is necessary to carry out a road safety inspection, based on the results of which it is recommended to implement measures to improve road safety.

Anahí Gajardo, Victor Lutfalla, Michaël Rao

We perform intensive computations of Generalised Langton's Ants, discovering rules with a big number of highways. We depict the structure of some of them, formally proving that the number of highways which are possible for a given rule does not need to be bounded, moreover it can be infinite. The frequency of appearing of these highways is very unequal within a given generalised ant rule, in some cases these frequencies where found in a ratio of $1/10^7$ in simulations, suggesting that those highways that appears as the only possible asymptotic behaviour of some rules, might be accompanied by a big family of very infrequent ones.

Jialiang Wei, Anne-Lise Courbis, Thomas Lambolais et al.

Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) are central to app development projects. App developers may use the GUIs of other apps as a means of requirements refinement and rapid prototyping or as a source of inspiration for designing and improving their own apps. Recent research has thus suggested retrieving relevant GUI designs that match a certain text query from screenshot datasets acquired through crowdsourced or automated exploration of GUIs. However, such text-to-GUI retrieval approaches only leverage the textual information of the GUI elements, neglecting visual information such as icons or background images. In addition, retrieved screenshots are not steered by app developers and lack app features that require particular input data. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes GUing, a GUI search engine based on a vision-language model called GUIClip, which we trained specifically for the problem of designing app GUIs. For this, we first collected from Google Play app introduction images which display the most representative screenshots and are often captioned (i.e.~labelled) by app vendors. Then, we developed an automated pipeline to classify, crop, and extract the captions from these images. This resulted in a large dataset which we share with this paper: including 303k app screenshots, out of which 135k have captions. We used this dataset to train a novel vision-language model, which is, to the best of our knowledge, the first of its kind for GUI retrieval. We evaluated our approach on various datasets from related work and in a manual experiment. The results demonstrate that our model outperforms previous approaches in text-to-GUI retrieval achieving a Recall@10 of up to 0.69 and a HIT@10 of 0.91. We also explored the performance of GUIClip for other GUI tasks including GUI classification and sketch-to-GUI retrieval with encouraging results.

Zhiyu Fan, Yannic Noller, Ashish Dandekar et al.

The growing number of students enrolling in Computer Science (CS) programmes is pushing CS educators to their limits. This poses significant challenges to computing education, particularly the teaching of introductory programming and advanced software engineering (SE) courses. First-year programming courses often face overwhelming enrollments, including interdisciplinary students who are not CS majors. The high teacher-to-student ratio makes it challenging to provide timely and high-quality feedback. Meanwhile, software engineering education comes with inherent difficulties like acquiring industry partners and the dilemma that such software projects are often under or over-specified and one-time efforts within one team or one course. To address these challenges, we designed a novel foundational SE course. This SE course envisions building a full-fledged Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) of Programming Assignments to provide automated, real-time feedback for novice students in programming courses over multiple years. Each year, SE students contribute to specific short-running SE projects that improve the existing ITS implementation, while at the same time, we can deploy the ITS for usage by students for learning programming. This project setup builds awareness among SE students about their contribution to a "to-be-deployed" software project. In this multi-year teaching effort, we have incrementally built an ITS that is now deployed in various programming courses. This paper discusses the Intelligent Tutoring System architecture, our teaching concept in the SE course, our experience with the built ITS, and our view of future computing education.

Ramadan Mazrekaj, Bojan Đurin, Ahmet Shala et al.

Road accidents in Kosovo cause more than 100 deaths each year and about EUR 40 million in property damage. The paper presents an accident prediction model that relates accident frequency to various contributory factors and is developed using trend analysis and the Innovative Polygon Trend Analysis method. In addition, the study investigates road traffic accidents using a novel methodology to compare the different modes and other parameters. The presented research also discusses the road safety in Kosovo, which is a Republic with relatively low economic growth based on GDP per capita, a young population, an increase in the number of vehicles per capita, and an increase in the number of road accidents, but a decline in the number of deaths from road accidents in recent years.

Opeoluwa Akinradewo, Clinton Aigbavboa, Ayodeji Oke et al.

When determining the success of a road project, cost is one of the most important variables to consider. This is because cost is the project’s backbone and driving force throughout the construction process. As a result, to assess the cost performance of a road project, the actual cost is compared to the planned cost. This research aims at uncovering the causal variables that contribute to cost overruns on road projects using Accra, Ghana as a case study. Relevant literature was thoroughly reviewed to extract identified factors. This study adopted a quantitative research approach, using a questionnaire developed to collect data from the target audience. The questionnaire survey was conducted using civil engineers and quantity surveyors working in the Ghanaian construction sector. The data that were retrieved were analysed using descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis. According to the findings, the main reasons driving cost overruns on road projects include consultant/ contractor-related, environment-related, economy-related, risk/uncertainty-related, technical-related, owner/client-related, and other project-related factors. It was determined that cost overruns in construction projects occurred because of a lack of professionalism on the part of the stakeholders engaged in the construction process from start to finish. Future research may therefore be conducted utilising all of Ghana’s regions to obtain a broad view of the research.

Vivien Jover, Szabolcs Fischer

The article examines the superstructures of the tramway tracks of tramway line No. 1 in Budapest (the capital of Hungary). Since the first appearance of tramways, several technological advancements have been made to serve passenger needs as efficiently as possible. Several types of tramway track superstructure systems can be differentiated, which are implemented differently in each project. Furthermore, these superstructure types have different degradation times (both geometrical and structural), which depend on several factors. Nowadays, visual inspections are no longer considered sufficient in monitoring the tracks’ condition and deterioration, thus it is necessary to consider examinations carried out using the sensors mounted on the vehicles. Adopting appropriate methods, the measured data can be modeled and the life cycle of superstructures and structural elements can be determined as a result of sufficiently long-term studies (i.e., life cycle costs, the whole lifetime, etc.). First, the authors present a review of the relevant international literature, after that they conduct analysis of track geometry parameters of the superstructures related to five sections on the investigated tramway line based on the results of the measurements performed for three consecutive years between 2019 and 2021. The analyses consist primarily in statistical examination of the measured and calculated parameters.

Hanna Dzido

Abstract: With the increase in global investments in offshore wind energy and the rapid implementation of wind technologies in hazardous deep water environments, operational inspection of wind turbines and related infrastructure plays an important role in the safe and efficient operation of offshore wind farms. In recent years, much attention has been paid to the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and remotely piloted unmanned aerial vehicles (RPAs) commonly referred to as "drones" for remote inspection of renewable energy infrastructure, i.e. photovoltaic farms and onshore wind farms. Drones have significant potential also in in offshore wind energy. Inspection with drones allows for to reduce not only the number of flight operations (involvement of aircraft and flight crews) and the transport of personnel carrying out the maintenance and repair of offshore wind turbines. With drones is possible carry the equipment transported for hazardous inspection work. The involvement of UAVs also reduces the plant downtime needed to detect faults and collect diagnostic information from the entire wind farm. The benefits of inspection technology in the offshore wind energy industry based on drones are confirmed by the previous tests, and the prospect of offshore energy development encourages further work with the use of UAVs. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that any unexpected failure of the drone system during its mission may interrupt control works (during inspections), and thus reduce the electricity generated by wind turbines. The article presents the potential of drones in the process of inspecting wind farms, including offshore wind farms, presents examples of UAV models used for inspections, indicates methods of conducting inspections with the use of drones and highlights a significant reduction in the costs of the operation of offshore wind farms as a result of limiting the use of manned aviation (helicopters and flight crews) and the elimination of the risk associated with the involvement of personnel to perform inspections of wind farms at sea. The potential of unmanned floating platforms as part of cooperation with UAV in the process of inspecting offshore wind farms was also indicated. Keywords: wind energy, offshore, drones, wind farms, drone inspections, maritime inspections, marine aviation, offshore, offshore wind energy, safety air operations, risk analysis

Ian A. Cosden, Kenton McHenry, Daniel S. Katz

As software has become more essential to research across disciplines, and as the recognition of this fact has grown, the importance of professionalizing the development and maintenance of this software has also increased. The community of software professionals who work on this software have come together under the title Research Software Engineer (RSE) over the last decade. This has led to the formalization of RSE roles and organized RSE groups in universities, national labs, and industry. This, in turn, has created the need to understand how RSEs come into this profession and into these groups, how to further promote this career path to potential members, as well as the need to understand what training gaps need to be filled for RSEs coming from different entry points. We have categorized three main classifications of entry paths into the RSE profession and identified key elements, both advantages and disadvantages, that should be acknowledged and addressed by the broader research community in order to attract and retain a talented and diverse pool of future RSEs.

Mohammad Shakerian, Mohammad Sadra Rajabi, Mohammad Tajik et al.

One of the critical challenges in infrastructural constructions is designing and planning operations and their related resources. The complex interlinked composition of different factors and variables affecting resource productivity has made simulation a powerful approach for operational planning. The construction sector has recently seen a notable surge in applying various simulation tools to enhance further the quality of projects planning, particularly in large-scale infrastructure developments (e.g., highway construction). Due to possible cost overruns in improper resource allocation, optimizing the design and construction planning stages of megaprojects such as massive pavement projects is essential. Recent studies aimed to build a simulation-based strategy in construction designing and planning by combining various simulation approaches (e.g., discrete-event simulation, system dynamics, agent-based simulation, and hybrid simulation) to enhance the planning phase. This paper introduces an evolving real-time hybrid simulation technique regarding the projects intrinsic time-varying inputs and factors to optimize the planning of Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) pavement projects. Several scenarios are investigated using various resource combinations to achieve the best execution method for delivering concrete to the project. An actual highway project case study validates the proposed model and its application for future projects. This studys findings exhibit the proficiencies of the simulation-based approach in resource planning of RCC pavement projects within the time and cost constraints and their related regulations.

Jean-François Corté

Hard grade paving asphalts, i.e., having a penetration at 25 ​°C lower than 25 ​mm/10, have experienced, in France, a significant development over the last forty years, linked to the development of high modulus asphalt concrete for rehabilitation then for new construction of road pavements. In the first part, this paper provides a review of the evolution of asphalts in France over the past sixty years towards the use of harder penetration grades and a limitation of the evolution of the asphalt in the mixing plant to avoid early cracking of the pavement. Current recommendations in relation to climatic conditions are mentioned. Rheological characteristics of different hard asphalts produced in France are presented including data on the effect of ageing tests rolling thin film oven test (RTFOT) and pressure ageing vessel (PAV). Hardening of hard asphalt after RTFOT+PAV is comparable to that of softer asphalts. The performance related to low temperature cracking is less which limits the use of plain hard asphalt in pavements subjected to severe winter conditions and requires polymer modification. The specifications for hard grade paving asphalts based on traditional empirical tests included in the European standard developed in the mid 2000s and the choices made in France are presented. A comparison of the specifications for hard grade paving asphalts in the European standards and of those proposed for China shows that the European specifications are more stringent as regards consistency and evolution after ageing tests.

Friska Mirza, Rendy Thamrin, Zaidir Zaidir

Kolom yang merupakan elemen struktur terpenting dalam bangunan gedung memiliki banyak kemungkinan variasi penampang yang digunakan, dimana kekakukan kolom dan struktur bangunan secara keseluruhan dipengaruhi oleh bentuk penampang kolom tersebut. Pada penelitian ini akan dilakukan analisis nonlinear pushover dengan 3 tipe penampang kolom, yaitu bujur sangkar (K1), persegi panjang yang ditempatkan memanjang sumbu Y (K2) dan sumbu X (K3) global. Rasio tulangan kolom pada masing-masing tipe struktur juga divariasikan, yaitu 1.1% dan 2.5%. Ketiga tipe kolom memiliki luas penampang kolom yang sama, dan juga memiliki dimensi pelat lantai, balok yang sama. Dari hasil analisis yang mengonversikan tipe kolom K1 menjadi tipe kolom K2 dan K3 menghasilkan kapasitas terbaik pada kolom K3 akibat beban pushover arah X berkisar 0.42-7.44% dan kapasitas terbaik pada kolom K2 akibat beban pushover arah Y berkisar 0.01-7.32%. Untuk kondisi geometri struktur yang dianalisis didapatkan tipe kolom K2 yang menghasilkan peningkatan nilai gaya geser dasar pada saat leleh pertama berkisar 6-13.4%. Berdasarkan deformasi struktur dan kriteria pada ATC-40 kondisi struktur berada pada tingkat kinerja damage control dimana kondisi bangunan saat terjadi gempa masih bias menahan dan resiko korban jiwa sangat kecil. Semua kolom yang dianalisis telah mengalami sendi plastis akibat beban puncak pushover yang ditandai dengan nilai gaya dalam kolom telah melewati kapasitasnya yang dihitung menggunakan perangkat lunak RCCSA. Struktur yang memenuhi syarat berperilaku Beam Sway Mechanism dihasilkan oleh tipe kolom K1, K2, dan K3 dengan rasio tulangan kolom 2.5%.