Hasil untuk "Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade"

M. Andoni, V. Robu, D. Flynn et al.

Abstract Blockchains or distributed ledgers are an emerging technology that has drawn considerable interest from energy supply firms, startups, technology developers, financial institutions, national governments and the academic community. Numerous sources coming from these backgrounds identify blockchains as having the potential to bring significant benefits and innovation. Blockchains promise transparent, tamper-proof and secure systems that can enable novel business solutions, especially when combined with smart contracts. This work provides a comprehensive overview of fundamental principles that underpin blockchain technologies, such as system architectures and distributed consensus algorithms. Next, we focus on blockchain solutions for the energy industry and inform the state-of-the-art by thoroughly reviewing the literature and current business cases. To our knowledge, this is one of the first academic, peer-reviewed works to provide a systematic review of blockchain activities and initiatives in the energy sector. Our study reviews 140 blockchain research projects and startups from which we construct a map of the potential and relevance of blockchains for energy applications. These initiatives were systematically classified into different groups according to the field of activity, implementation platform and consensus strategy used. 1 Opportunities, potential challenges and limitations for a number of use cases are discussed, ranging from emerging peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading and Internet of Things (IoT) applications, to decentralised marketplaces, electric vehicle charging and e-mobility. For each of these use cases, our contribution is twofold: first, in identifying the technical challenges that blockchain technology can solve for that application as well as its potential drawbacks, and second in briefly presenting the research and industrial projects and startups that are currently applying blockchain technology to that area. The paper ends with a discussion of challenges and market barriers the technology needs to overcome to get past the hype phase, prove its commercial viability and finally be adopted in the mainstream.

Ankica Kovač, Matej Paranos, Doria Marciuš

Abstract The energy transition is not something that awaits us in the next decade. On the contrary, it is a process in which we are already deeply enrolled. The main step towards the creation of a carbon-neutral society is the implementation of renewable energy sources (RES) as replacements for fossil fuels. Given the intermittency of RES, energy storage has an essential role to play in this transition. Hydrogen technology with its many advances was recognized to be the most promising choice. As multiple hydrogen applications were researched relatively recently, the current development of its technology is not yet on the large-scale implementation level. With the increasing number of studies and initiated projects, the utilization of hydrogen's immense ecological potential is to be expected in the next few decades. New innovative solutions of hydrogen technology that includes hydrogen production, storage, distribution, and usage, are permeating all industry sectors. In a rapidly changing world, technological advances bring forth public discussions, that are a deciding factor whether society will be able to adapt and accept those new contributions or reject them. Currently, hydrogen is the best associated with fuel cell electric vehicles which emit only water vapour and warm air, producing no harmful tailpipe emissions. As various scientists are stressing the gravity of climate change effects that are reaching the physical environment, ecosystems, and humanity in general, concern for the future is becoming the main global topic. Consequently, governments are implementing new sustainable policies that promote RES as a substitute for fossil fuels. Increasing progress in hydrogen technology instigated nations worldwide to incorporate hydrogen in their energy legislations and national development plans, which resulted in numerous national hydrogen strategies. This work shows the progress of hydrogen taking its place as a key factor of the future green energy society. It reviews recent developments of hydrogen technologies, their social, industrial, and environmental standing, as well as the stage of transitioning economies of both advanced and beginner countries. An example of the ongoing energy transition is Croatia, which is in the process of implementing a hydrogen strategy with the ambition to be able to one day equally participates in the rapidly emerging hydrogen market.

R. Inglesi‐Lotz, Eyup Dogan

Undoubtedly, the increasing rates of CO2 emissions contribute highly to climate change. Studies stress the importance of understanding the determinants of emissions, in order to implement appropriate policies. In the past, literature only looked at the effect of aggregate energy to emissions; while nowadays, with the increasing role of renewables, they aim at evaluating the impacts of renewable and non-renewable energies separately. Also, studies ignored possible cross-dependence among countries; concept particularly important for countries linked by trade or geographical position. Also, only lately, studies focused on developing economies.

Jian Yu, Xunpeng Shi, Dongmei Guo et al.

Although there have been numerous studies on economic policy uncertainty (EPU), its impact on firms’ emissions has not often been examined. Using an unbalanced panel data of firms and a newly constructed provincial EPU index in China, this paper estimates the impact of EPU on manufacturing firms’ carbon emission intensity. We further test the likely channels through which EPU can affect firm emission intensity, including the innovation channel, share of fossil fuels in the total energy consumption channel, and energy intensity channel. The findings show that China’s provincial EPU imposes a significant positive impact on firms’ carbon emission intensity. The channel analysis shows that EPU influences carbon emission intensity through the share of fossil fuels in the total energy consumption and energy intensity in the short run, but not firm innovation. The results indicate that manufacturing firms prefer to use cheap and dirty fossil fuels to respond to the rising EPU. This paper suggests that policymakers should pay careful attention to the increasing effect of EPU on carbon emission intensity which could undermine China’s sustainable development goals.

Wei Zheng, Patrick Paul Walsh

Abstract As the largest developing country, with fast-paced economic growth, China's development has been characterized by a high degree of energy consumption, high level of heavy industry, international trade and urbanization progress. In this study, we extend the current literature by incorporating urbanization, energy consumption and international trade into a production function using a panel data set model over the period from 2001 to 2012. The results show that urbanization and capital are the major contributors to China's economic growth. Meanwhile, there exists a “U-shaped” relationship between urbanization and economic growth; that heavy industry exerts a significant negative effect on economic growth using system generalized methods of moments (GMM-sys) estimation methods; and the relationship between international trade and economic growth is mixed and no consistent results support the conclusion that the international trade promotes economic growth. Adjusting the industry and trade structure in economic growth is the priority for the policy makers.

Shaona Wang, Yang Yang, Wenqing Xu et al.

Abstract As an integrated CO2 capture and utilization (ICCU) process, direct electrochemical reduction of amine captured-CO2 reduction reaction (cCO2RR) has enormous advantages in energy efficiency and operating cost. The low product selectivity is an urgent issue. Here, we found that the hydroxyl (-OH) on CeO2 can significantly enhance CO selectivity. After hydroxyl modification, the CO faraday efficiency (FECO) was surprisingly increased by 188% (relative increase rate). The correlation coefficient between -OH quantity and FECO is as high as 0.98. Further study indicated that the presence of -OH can lead to a more compact electrochemical double layer (EDL) and charge transfer resistance by proton transfer. The -OH can also enhance CO2 adsorption and stabilize the intermediate species (*COOH). DFT results further demonstrate that the rate-determining step was proton transfer from the surface -OH to MEACOO−, -OH modification can reduce the energy barrier to as low as 0.39 eV. This work provides additional insights into improving selectivity in amine-based cCO2RR, advancing the development of ICCU technology.

Jingbo Zhao, Zhengping Gao, Tianhui Zhao et al.

Hydrogen, as a zero-carbon secondary energy carrier, provides a unified pathway for low-carbon energy transformation. In electro–hydrogen coupling systems (EHCSs), surplus renewable power is stored via water electrolysis and later reconverted to electricity using fuel cells or gas turbines, enhancing the system’s flexibility and reliability in support of deep decarbonization. This study constructs an electricity–hydrogen energy-recycling model based on a coupling relationship considering the bidirectional conversion between electricity and hydrogen. A multistage carbon-emission-reduction indicator constraint is also established. Additionally, the green-certificate and carbon trading markets are introduced to optimize equipment investment and operation costs while achieving carbon-emission reduction. A case study reveals that the proposed EHCS planning model effectively allocates carbon emissions across different system stages, while mitigating economic repercussions, thus ensuring closer alignment with China’s emission-reduction policies. Incorporating diverse market mechanisms significantly enhances the system’s economy and decision-making flexibility, particularly in addressing future challenges in the energy market.

Giovanni Antonio Chirilli

Relating the high-energy dipole description of deep-inelastic scattering to the standard light-ray operator formulation at finite Bjorken $x_B$ is essential for connecting the small-$x$ framework to the usual partonic description. I demonstrate that this connection already emerges at the first sub-eikonal order. At the differential level, the first sub-eikonal correction is governed by a quark TMD-like light-ray operator. In the inclusive limit, after complete phase-space integration, it reconstructs the standard nonlocal quark and helicity distributions at nonzero $x_B$. I then show independently that the same inclusive operator content follows from the high-energy limit of the leading-twist non-local operator product expansion, thereby establishing an explicit operator-level bridge between the shock-wave formalism and the non-local light-cone expansion. I further discuss the high-energy evolution of the corresponding operators at $x_B=0$. Rewriting the evolution equations in terms of dipole-type operator combinations, I identify an operator basis whose bilocal building blocks vanish in the zero-dipole-size limit, making the small-dipole behavior and the leading-logarithmic structure manifest. In the double-logarithmic approximation the evolution equations admit the usual mixed longitudinal-transverse Bessel-type solution when the transverse phase space is treated independently. When the transverse phase space is instead constrained by longitudinal ordering, the second logarithm is converted into a logarithm of energy, and in the symmetric double-logarithmic regime one recovers the fixed-coupling Kirschner-Lipatov exponent with the full finite-$N_c$ color factor $C_F$.

O. V. Selyugin

A brief historical overview of various modern approaches to the problem under consideration is given. It includes existing models based on a sum of different terms of the scattering amplitude with different signs and Regge-eikonal models based on the Born terms of the scattering amplitudes. An example of such a model is a new Regge-eikonal model is given, taking into account the generalized structure of nucleons (the HEGS model), which is based on the analyticity of the scattering amplitude. A unified quantitative description of various hadron reactions and a description of differential cross sections and the spin-correlation parameter for interactions were obtained. In the framework of the model, the existence of experimental data of elastic hadron scattering in the energy range of LHC and in a wide energy region $\sqrt{s}=3.6 -13000$ GeV was describe a quantitatively from a unified point of view. The predictions for $σ_{tot}(s)$ at superhigh energies are presented. The possible thin structure of differential cross sections at small angles of elastic nucleon-nucleon scattering at high energies is discussed.

T. W. Charlton, C. W. Forsberg, B. E. Dale

ABSTRACT We estimate the U.S. potential to convert biomass into liquid hydrocarbons for fuel and chemical feedstocks, assuming massive low‐carbon external heat and hydrogen inputs. The biomass is first a carbon feedstock and only secondarily an energy source. This analysis is done for three estimates of available biomass derived from the 2023 U.S. Department of Energy/U.S. Department of Agriculture “Billion‐Ton Report” and two augmented cases with maximum annual production of 1326, 4791, 5799, 7432, and 8745 million barrels of diesel fuel equivalent per year for the five cases. Constraints, such as assuring long‐term soil sustainability by recycling nutrients and some carbon back to soils, result in production being 70%–80% of these numbers. The U.S. currently consumes about 6900 million barrels of diesel fuel equivalent per year. Long‐term estimates for U.S. hydrocarbon consumption are between 50% and 75% of current consumption. External hydrogen additions for the conversion processes in the five cases are, respectively 25, 91, 111, 142, and 167 million tons of hydrogen per year. The system is strongly carbon negative because of carbon and nutrient recycling to soils to improve soil productivity.

Adeola Ajoke Oni, Oluwafemi Babatunde Olasilola, Francis T. Omigbodun et al.

Solid-state batteries (SSBs) offer higher energy density and superior safety compared to conventional lithium-ion systems, yet their commercialisation remains slow due to unresolved technical, manufacturing, and regulatory uncertainties. This study examined whether managerial innovation—specifically a hybrid Agile–Stage-Gate framework with embedded risk analytics—can accelerate SSB development. A simulation-based design was applied across 20 synthetic project pathways informed by historical lithium-ion commercialisation patterns and Technology Readiness Level (TRL) benchmarks. The model compared a traditional stage-gate approach with an adaptive hybrid system, using Monte Carlo simulations (1000 iterations) and logistic regression for validation. Results indicate a 25-percentage-point improvement in successful project launch rates (65 % vs. 40 %), a 15.5 % reduction in average time-to-market (7.1 vs. 8.4 years), and a 14 % reduction in development expenditure (£168.3 M vs. £195.6 M). Safety approval odds increased 2.41-fold. Sensitivity analysis revealed minor timeline variability (±1.2 years) and error margin in compliance prediction (±4.8 %), demonstrating controlled uncertainty. Overall, the findings suggest that adaptive managerial practices can materially shorten SSB commercialisation cycles while safeguarding regulatory assurance.

Célia Burghardt, Mirko Schäfer, Anke Weidlich

The transition to a climate-neutral energy system demands large-scale renewable generation expansion, which requires substantial amounts of bulk materials like steel, cement, and polymers. The production of these materials represents an additional energy demand for the system, creating an energy-material feedback loop. Current energy system models lack a complete representation of this feedback loop. Material requirements of energy system transformation have been studied in a retrospective approach, not allowing them as a consideration in system design. To address this gap, we integrate bulk material demand and production as endogenous factors into energy system optimization using PyPSA-Eur. Our approach links infrastructure expansion with industrial energy needs to achieve a minimum-cost equilibrium. Applying this model to Germany's transition to climate neutrality by 2045, we find that accounting for material needs increases annual bulk material demands by 3-9 %, shifts preferences from solar to wind and from local production of hydrogen to ship imports, and shows distinct industrial process route choices. These findings suggests that energy-material feedbacks should be considered in energy system design when moving to more domestic production of energy technologies.

Seyed Alireza Modirzadeh, Hossein Abolghasemzadeh, M. Nasseri

Zhengrong Bao, Wanning Dai, Xu Su et al.

Abstract Biochar is an effective ameliorator for soil quality improvement and nutrient reuse from biomass; however, the effect of biochar application on soil potassium (K) availability, plant K uptake, and the underlying mechanisms have not been well‐elucidated. To address this, the variation in the soil K forms, soil aggregate stability, and aggregate‐associated K concentration, as well as maize K uptake, were investigated in a field experiment after 9 years of biochar amendment. The treatments included no biochar and NPK fertilizer (CK); NPK fertilizer treatment (F); biochar applied annually at the rate of 2.625 t ha−1 (C1), and biochar applied annually at rate of 2.625 t ha−1 with NPK fertilizers (C1F); one‐time biochar applied with NPK fertilizers, with biochar rate of 31.5 (C2F) and 47.25 t ha−1 (C3F). The results showed that after 9 years of field application, biochar inhibited the downward K migration to the deeper layer, thus increasing water‐soluble potassium (WSK), exchangeable potassium (EK), non‐exchangeable potassium (NEK), and total potassium (TK) in 0–20 cm soil, with C1F exhibiting better performance than C2F and C3F. Biochar also increased aggregate‐associated EK, NEK, and TK pools, mainly due to an increase in the macroaggregate proportion (>0.25 mm). Biochar amendment promoted maize K uptake by an average of 35.69%, the path analysis indicated that the positive effect was an outcome of the synergetic effect of the increase in surface soil WSK content and promoted macroaggregate EK pools, which was primarily attributed to biochar improved soil properties, including soil organic carbon, pH, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and cation exchange capacity. These factors explained 76% of the variance in maize K uptake. In conclusion, biochar is an effective ameliorator for improving soil K content and availability.

Samaneh Ashoori, Ian D. Gates

Small Modular Nuclear Reactors (SMRs) offer a promising option for environmentally friendly bitumen recovery operations. The extraction of oil sands in Western Canada is vital for the economy, but traditional methods like Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) contribute significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In SAGD, steam generation, primarily fueled by natural gas combustion, is the main source of emissions. Given the imperative to reduce carbon intensity, less emissive recovery methods are needed to sustain production and economic viability in Canadian oil sands. Currently, there are limited non-carbon alternatives for steam generation in oil sands applications. The utilization of SMRs for steam generation presents a clean alternative. In this study, we examine the feasibility of employing SMRs in in-situ oil sands recovery operations. Through standardized economic metrics and sensitivity analysis, we demonstrate that integrating SMRs into SAGD operations eliminates GHG emissions significantly and can potentially outperform conventional natural gas-based steam generation in terms of net present value, under certain operational scenarios. Hence, our findings indicate that SMRs hold promise for decarbonizing oil sands recovery processes.

Jinhai LI

[Introduction] The inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) fusion facility is a small fusion device. This paper aims to solve the problems of IEC fusion devices, such as the cathode melting, the very low Q value, and so on. [Method] This paper first analyzed the reasons for these problems, and then a new type of inner ion source IEC fusion was proposed to decrease the ion loss during the confinement process, solve the cathode melting, and increase the vacuum in the device and the Q value. [Result] At last, the improvement of neutron yield is qualitatively analyzed through the estimation, the very complex ion motion inside the fusion device is simulated through numerical simulation calculation, and anisotropic ion motion trajectories are obtained. [Conclusion] Based on estimation and numerical simulation results, the feasibility of the IEC with an inner ion source is confirmed, which can solve the problems of cathode melting and low Q value.

N. Norouzi

The Coronavirus (COVID‐19) outbreak hit the global economy like a tsunami. Every aspect of human society, including the energy industry and market, is affected by this pandemic. The pandemic has affected prices, demand, supply, investment, and several other aspects of the energy sector, including the oil and gas industry. This article is aimed to analyze the impacts of COVID‐19 on the oil and gas industry and give a perspective of the post‐COVID‐19 oil and gas market. Results of this article show that COVID‐19 impacts the oil and gas industry. The short‐term impact is nearly 25% decrease in petroleum consumption, slowly recovering to its former amount and even growing more. The long‐term impacts are the 30% to 40% decrease in the CAPEX and R&D investments over the oil and gas market, which is a regional scale in the United States, caused oil exploitation projects to decrease from more than 800 in 2019 to 265 in 2021. And it is predicted to reduce the competitiveness of oil and gas vs other energy carriers such as ever price‐decreasing renewable energies. Thus, the oil and gas industry has to change rapidly before losing a substantial energy market share. Finally, this article discusses acknowledging oil and gas trade as a part of World trade organization (WTO/ECT) regulations. And considering it a general energy commodity. An act that reduces the freedom of action of oil‐exporting governments and great oil cartels and protects their interests in a globalizing competitive energy market.

Njovana Allen, Wenying Yu, Qiying Shen et al.

This study aims to assess the potential of coupling solar PV power plants with Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) to curtail load-shedding and provide a stable and reliable baseload power generation in Zimbabwe. Data from geographical surveys, power plant proposals, and investment information from related sources were reviewed and applied accordingly. Areas considered to be of good potential to employ the use of BESS were identified considering such factors as feasibility of PV plants, proximity to transmission lines, the size of a town or neighborhood, and energy demands for BESS Return On Investment (ROI) calculations. Previous studies have proven that 10% of the suitable land for PV systems has the capability to generate thirty times the current power demand of the nation operating even with the least efficiency. In recent years, coupling renewable energy sources with a suitable energy storage system yielded improved performances, giving consumers a reliable, stable, and predictable grid. BESS technologies on the utility scale have improved in recent years, giving more options with improved safety, and decreasing the purchase costs, too.

C. Kim

This study analyzes the asymmetric long and short-run effects of real oil price (ROP) and real effective exchange rate (REER) uncertainties on real exports (RX) by items in the Korean new renewable energy (NRE) industry. In this study, the heterogeneous impact on the export size of uncertainty variables from January 2000 to December 2022 are examined using the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) and quantile regressions (QR) methods. The estimation results of the NARDL model showed that the energy storage system (ESS) was most affected by uncertainty variables in both the short- and long-run, followed by fuel cells, oceans, smart meters, and solar and wind power. Meanwhile, the results of the NARDL asymmetry analysis showed that uncertainty variables in both the short- and long-run had the greatest asymmetric effect on fuel cells and smart meters. Additionally, the QR empirical results according to the RX size show that increasing the ROP, decreasing the REER, and increasing the REER volatility have a significant impact on the small RX size. However, decreasing the ROP and REER have a significant impact on the large RX size. Policy authorities should apply trade and exchange rate policies in an optimal combination to reduce the impact of ROP volatility on the RX in the NRE sector while considering REER volatility. Additionally, exporters in the NRE industry should seek to improve quality competitiveness through high-tech development and hedge strategies using internal and external management techniques to minimize the impact of price volatility on the RX of NRE Industry.

Jannik Neumann, Rodolfo Cavaliere Da Rocha, Paulo Debiagi et al.

Effective usage of renewable energy requires ways of storage and delivery to balance energy demand and availability divergences. Carbon-free chemical energy carriers are proposed solutions, converting clean electricity into stable media for storage and long-distance energy trade. Hydrogen (H$_2$) is the subject of significant investment and research. Metal fuels, such as iron (Fe), are promising solutions for a clean energy supply, but establishing an interconnected ecosystem still requires considerable research and development. A model is proposed to assess the supply chain of hydrogen and iron as clean, carbon-free energy carriers and then examines case studies of possible trade routes between the potential energy exporters Morocco, Saudi Arabia, and Australia and importers Germany and Japan. The work comprehends the assessment of economic (levelized cost of electricity - LCOE), energetic (thermodynamic efficiency) and environmental (CO$_2$ emissions) aspects, quantified by the comprehensive model accounting for the most critical processes in the supply chain. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses identify the main drivers for energy costs. Iron is shown to be lower-cost and more efficient to transport in longer routes and for long-term storage, but potentially more expensive and less efficient than H$_2$ to produce and convert. Uncertainties related to the supply chain specifications and the sensitivity to the used variables indicate that the path to viable energy carriers fundamentally depends on efficient synthesis, conversion, storage, and transport. A break-even analysis demonstrated that clean energy carriers could be competitive with conventional energy carriers at low renewable energy prices, while carbon taxes might be needed to level the playing field. Thereby, green iron is an important potential energy carrier for long-distance trade in a globalized clean energy market.