Hasil untuk "Economic history and conditions"

Andrzej Raszkowski, Bartosz Bartniczak, Amit Kumar

The aim of this article is to assess the quality of life (QoL) in Central and Eastern Europe through a comparative analysis that identifies key determinants of well-being and evaluates their relative importance across countries. The study situates the assessment within the unique historical and socio-economic transformation of the region, from centrally planned economies to market-oriented systems and subsequent integration into the European Union. Using 42 indicators grouped into thematic domains, material living conditions, health, education, labour activity, safety, governance, and the environment, the research applies descriptive statistics and the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method to construct a composite QoL index and rank eleven countries according to their performance. The findings reveal substantial disparities, with Estonia and Lithuania achieving the highest QoL scores, while Romania and Bulgaria lag behind. The results highlight the decisive influence of income levels, healthcare accessibility, educational attainment, and environmental quality on overall well-being. The paper concludes with evidence-based policy implications, emphasising investment in education, healthcare systems, sustainable infrastructure, and environmental protection as essential pathways to more balanced and inclusive development across the region.

Anne Berg

Free church organisations were a vital part of Christian evangelical revivalism in the Nordic countries around the turn of the century in 1900. In this paper, a new piece is added to the puzzle regarding why free churches developed and survived. Against the background of a case study of the Swedish Uppsala Missionary Congregation's cultural economy 1870s–1890s, it is argued that a particular rationality — a sacrificial economy — was an important prerequisite for organisational development. The paper therefore adds a materialist explanatory factor to the organisational development of revivalism in late nineteenth‐century Sweden.

María Mercedes Botero

Este artículo presenta una exhaustiva revisión de las formas de comercio externo y el surgimiento de nuevos medios de pago en Antioquia en el período 1850-1886. Para ello, se realizó una investigación acerca de la prensa existente. Se acudió a la Sala de Periódicos de la Universidad de Antioquia y a los archivos documentales de la Sala Patrimonial de la Universidad EAFIT, descubriendo que, en los periódicos del siglo XIX orientados a los negocios y asuntos económicos, era frecuente encontrar asuntos relacionados con la letra de cambio. Así mismo aparecía una sección denominada “Revista del Mercado”, en la cual se consignaba valiosa información, como lo son datos alusivos al precio de las letras de cambio sobre el exterior.

Masaaki Yoshimori

This paper's arguments guide Chinese political economy. This analytical idea is based on Rodrik's political-economy trilemma: global economic integration, democracy, and national sovereignty. Chinese policymakers face a trade-off among three policy goals: (hyper-) globalization, democracy, and national sovereignty. China’s President Xi and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) have chosen global economic integration and national sovereignty (fewer human rights). To reflect the analytical idea, which can measure the length of a vector, is a mathematics methodology. As a result, Chinese political events such as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in 1966, the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, and the choice of Chinese President Xi Jinping as General Secretary of the Communist Party in 2012 had an impact on reshaping when the length of vector (the sphere's radius of 2) was more than 2. The future direction of China will lead to a “Golden Straitjacket.” The “Golden Straitjacket.” makes a country push forward trade liberalization and national sovereignty -- i.e., democracy is constrained. Chinese policy has changed to stronger centralization of political power and decision-making for President Xi and the CCP. Also, China expands a global economic integration and national sovereignty. However, China needs to contribute to globalization without causing more conflicts to Western countries. In other words, China should be loath to relinquish the individual and national benefits of integrated international economies. “Fast and furious” is the first step of globalization for a peaceful world.

Juan Santiago Correa Restrepo

Este artículo analiza, desde una perspectiva en primer lugar historiográfica, utilizando, además, fuentes hemerográficas y primarias, cómo los procesos de construcción del ferrocarril y del Canal en Panamá desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta comienzos del XX, generaron dinámicas migratorias al interior del mar Caribe que han sido poco estudiados. Este estudio encuentra que existe un vector dominante de migración jamaiquina hacia Panamá, aunque su magnitud no es fácil de cuantificar. Por lo que puede deducirse, esta población migrante se dedicó a la construcción como obreros calificados y no calificados, pero además que se asentó definitivamente en el Istmo.

Carlos Henrique Lopes Rodrigues

Resumo O artigo discute o início do neoliberalismo no Brasil a partir dos ajustes promovidos sobre as empresas estatais do país pela Secretaria de Controle das Empresas Estatais (SEST) no começo dos anos 1980. As políticas da SEST promoveram o neoliberalismo no Brasil antes mesmo dos ajustes propostos pelo Fundo Monetário Internacional (FMI) a partir de 1983 e muito anteriormente às propostas do Consenso de Washington e à política econômica implementada a partir dos anos 1990, como costuma ser datado pela literatura econômica o marco do neoliberalismo no país.

Stanisław Kowalczyk

A. Grzelak, Dochody a aktywa w gospodarstwach rolnych w Polsce na tle krajów Unii Europejskiej, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu, Poznań 2022, ss. 252. https://doi.org/10.18559/978-83-8211-087-6.

A. Kunaifi, Fadali Rahman, R. Dwiaryanti

The promise of the welfare of the capitalist economic system initiated three centuries ago is only realized for the owners of capital. Even in 2017 in The Great Devide, Joseph E. Stigliz reported increasingly alarming data that the wealth of 1% of the world's population is equivalent to 99% of the world's population. This article aims to describe: (1) The concept and philosophical value of welfare in Islam, and (2) historical authentic evidence of the creation of welfare in Islam. To obtain representative and comprehensive data, this article is compiled based on primary and secondary data. The Central Bureau of Statistics reports economic developments regarding the development of people's welfare in Indonesia and reports from world institutions such as the IMF, World Bank, as a comparison of global economic conditions. The data is then discussed under ideal conditions recorded in the golden history of Islam to find that prosperity in an Islamic economy is capable of being realized. The contribution of articles among scientific studies that discuss welfare is about concrete explanations or clear standards of welfare attainment. Namely, the nominal wealth to be called prosperous, an applicative and systematic method of achievement, and the affirmation that the Islamic economic system has proven to be effective in creating prosperity. Through the presentation of this article, it is hoped that efforts to create prosperity as well as equalize welfare will always be pursued through the application and contextualization of a proven and tested economic system.

Adam S. Posen

Abstract Too much blood in terms of unemployment and sweat in terms of intellectual effort has been spent on trying to determine the amount of fiscal space that economies have — our policy focus instead should be on what to do with the fiscal space that almost all advanced economies (and a surprising number of emerging market economies) actually have.

Jock R. Anderson, Latha Nagarajan, Anwar Naseem et al.

Achieving food security for all has long been a major objective in public policy around the world, and even globally as enshrined in the contemporary UN Sustainable Development Goals. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 creates additional challenges to food policy-makers and the paper charts some key elements of response to these challenges.

Liqiang Zhao, Baozhan Liu, W. An et al.

Marine biofouling by the swiftly spreading invasive mussel (Musculista senhousia) has caused serious ecological and economic consequences in the global coastal waters. However, the fate of this highly invasive fouling species in a rapidly acidifying ocean remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated the impacts of ocean acidification within and across generations, to understand whether M. senhousia has the capacity to acclimate to changing ocean conditions. During the gonadal development, exposure of mussels to elevated pCO2 caused significant decreases of survival, growth performance and condition index, and shifted the whole-organism energy budget by inflating energy expenses to fuel compensatory processes, eventually impairing the success of spawning. Yet, rapid transgenerational acclimation occurred during the early life history stage and persisted into adulthood. Eggs spawned from CO2-exposed mussels were significantly bigger compared with those from non-CO2-exposed mussels, indicating increased maternal provisioning into eggs and hence conferring larvae resilience under harsh conditions. Larvae with a prior history of transgenerational exposure to elevated pCO2 developed faster and had a higher survival than those with no prior history of CO2 exposure. Transgenerational exposure significantly increased the number of larvae completing metamorphosis. While significant differences in shell growth were no longer observed during juvenile nursery and adult grow-out, transgenerationally exposed mussels displayed improved survival in comparison to non-transgenerationally exposed mussels. Metabolic plasticity arose following transgenerational acclimation, generating more energy available for fitness-related functions. Overall, the present study demonstrates the remarkable ability of M. senhousia to respond plastically and acclimate rapidly to changing ocean conditions.

S. Reisner, Laura Jadwin-Cakmak, Lauren M Sava et al.

In the United States, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) confer significant morbidity in adolescents and young adults. STIs are not well characterized in transgender and other gender minority youth (TGMY) who have a gender identity that differs from the sex assigned to them at birth. This study sought to fill this gap. In 2015–2016, the Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions conducted Protocol 130, Affirming Voices for Action, enrolling a diverse sample of TGMY 16–24 years of age from 14 US geographic locations. Multivariable analyses regressed lifetime STI diagnosis on “situated vulnerabilities” (demographics, social/economic issues, mental/behavioral health conditions, and health care experience). Approximately one-third were living with HIV infection (31%); 33% had a history of one or more STIs, excluding HIV. The most frequently diagnosed STIs were 55% chlamydia, 48% syphilis, and 47% gonorrhea. The odds of STI was 4.06 times higher for trans feminine youth assigned a male sex at birth compared to trans masculine youth assigned a female sex at birth (p = 0.03). Additional risk factors for lifetime STI were as follows: nonbinary gender identity (p = 0.004), medical gender affirmation (p = 0.03), and transactional sex (p = 0.01). Nearly one-third (31%) reported condomless vaginal and/or anal sex in the last 6 months, suggesting a need for ongoing STI prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment. TGMY are a vulnerable group to STIs in need of public health attention. Clinical care for STIs will benefit from considering risk factors facing youth in general (e.g., sex work), alongside those vulnerabilities unique to TGMY (e.g., medical gender affirmation).

Désirée I. Christofzik, Florian Dorn, Stefanie Gäbler et al.

Abstract International organisations push for accrual accounting in the public sector. Accrual budgets should reveal the depreciation of public capital stocks and uncover implicit debt liabilities. Three recent studies evaluated the effect of accrual accounting in German local governments — with surprising key findings. Local governments using accrual accounting reduce sales of public assets but also reduce capital spending. Those new findings cast doubt about whether accrual accounting really fosters more sustainable budgeting.

Bogdan Cosmin GOMOI

This article addresses a series of theoretical and practical aspects regarding the taxation mechanism of revenue obtained from intellectual property rights. In terms of tax filling and payment obligations, there are two types of beneficiaries of the intellectual property rights: dependent taxable persons and independent taxable persons. These two categories pay income tax and also have the obligation to pay social contributions under certain conditions stated by the Fiscal Code. The independent taxable persons can choose to calculate the tax according to the actual system or based on flat-rate expenses.

U. Lucia, Giulia Grisolia

The present days can be considered a crossroad in the history our word because the economic, social and ecological needs don't agree one another. The result is a continuous growth of poverty and an increase of the ecological degradation. This has generated the present difficult socio-economic state, and it seems very difficult to escape. A new viewpoint must be introduced, but it cannot based on the usual economic indicators. So, new indicators must be introduced. They must allow us to consider the technological level, the environmental impact and the socio-economic conditions. In this paper we suggest three indicators based on an engineering approach of irreversibility. Three applications are shown in order to highlight the possible interest from different scientists and researchers in engineering, economy, etc, in order to develop sustainable approaches and policies for decision makers.

S. Robinson, U. Heimhofer, S. Hesselbo et al.

Dönüş Çiçek, Ebru Zencir, N. Kozak

Jeremy N. Truntzer, B. Vopat, M. Feldstein et al.

Daniel C. Matisoff, Jason Edwards

Ganeshchandra Mallya, Lan Zhao, X. Song et al.