Abstract In the task of domain generalization person re-identification (ReID), pedestrian image features exhibit significant intra-class variability and inter-class similarity. Existing methods rely on a single feature extraction architecture and struggle to capture both global context and local spatial information, resulting in weaker generalization to unseen domains. To address this issue, an innovative domain generalization person ReID method–LViT-Net, which combines local semantics and multi-feature cross fusion, is proposed. LViT-Net adopts a dual-branch encoder with a parallel hierarchical structure to extract both local and global discriminative features. In the local branch, the local multi-scale feature fusion module is designed to fuse local feature units at different scales to ensure that the fine-grained local features at various levels are accurately captured, thereby enhancing the robustness of the features. In the global branch, the dual feature cross fusion module fuses local features and global semantic information, focusing on critical semantic information and enabling the mutual refinement and matching of local and global features. This allows the model to achieve a dynamic balance between detailed and holistic information, forming robust feature representations of pedestrians. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of LViT-Net. In both single-source and multi-source comparison experiments, the proposed method outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods.
Drawing. Design. Illustration, Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics
Leo Guo, Hirak Kansara, Siamak F. Khosroshahi
et al.
Finite element (FE) simulations of structures and materials are getting increasingly more accurate, but also more computationally expensive as a collateral result. This development happens in parallel with a growing demand of data-driven design. To reconcile the two, a robust and data-efficient optimization method called Bayesian optimization (BO) has been previously established as a technique to optimize expensive objective functions. In parallel, the mesh width of an FE model can be exploited to evaluate an objective at a lower or higher fidelity (cost & accuracy) level. The multi-fidelity setting applied to BO, called multi-fidelity BO (MFBO), has also seen previous success. However, BO and MFBO have not seen a direct comparison with when faced with with a real-life engineering problem, such as metamaterial design for deformation and absorption qualities. Moreover, sampling quality and assessing design parameter sensitivity is often an underrepresented part of data-driven design. This paper aims to address these shortcomings by employing Sobol' samples with variance-based sensitivity analysis in order to reduce design problem complexity. Furthermore, this work describes, implements, applies and compares the performance BO with that MFBO when maximizing the energy absorption (EA) problem of spinodoid cellular structures is concerned. The findings show that MFBO is an effective way to maximize the EA of a spinodoid structure and is able to outperform BO by up to 11% across various hyperparameter settings. The results, which are made open-source, serve to support the utility of multi-fidelity techniques across expensive data-driven design problems.
Many enterprise software systems provide complex Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) that need robust architectural patterns for well-structured software design. However, popular GUI architectural patterns like Model-View-ViewModel (MVVM) often lack detailed implementation guidance, leading GUI developers to inappropriately use the pattern without a comprehensive overview of design variants and often-mentioned trade-offs. Therefore, this paper presents an extensive review of MVVM design aspects and trade-offs, extending beyond the standard MVVM definition. We conducted a multivocal literature review (MLR), including white and gray literature, to cover essential knowledge from blogs, published papers, and other unpublished formats like books. Using the standard MVVM definition as a baseline, our study identifies (1) 76 additional design constructs grouped into 29 design aspects and (2) 16 additional benefits and 15 additional drawbacks. These insights can guide enterprise application developers in implementing practical MVVM solutions and enable informed design decisions.
Christopher R Stone, D. Harris, M. Broadwin
et al.
The past several decades have borne witness to several breakthroughs and paradigm shifts within the field of cardiovascular medicine, but one component that has remained constant throughout this time is the need for accurate animal models for the refinement and elaboration of the hypotheses and therapies crucial to our capacity to combat human disease. Numerous sophisticated and high-throughput molecular strategies have emerged, including rational drug design and the multi-omics approaches that allow extensive characterization of the host response to disease states and their prospective resolutions, but these technologies all require grounding within a faithful representation of their clinical context. Over this period, our lab has exhaustively tested, progressively refined, and extensively contributed to cardiovascular discovery on the basis of one such faithful representation. It is the purpose of this paper to review our porcine model of chronic myocardial ischemia using ameroid constriction and the subsequent myriad of physiological and molecular–biological insights it has allowed our lab to attain and describe. We hope that, by depicting our methods and the insight they have yielded clearly and completely—drawing for this purpose on comprehensive videographic illustration—other research teams will be empowered to carry our work forward, drawing on our experience to refine their own investigations into the pathogenesis and eradication of cardiovascular disease.
Isabelle Kappel, Marie-Christin Riedel, F. Becker
et al.
The existing domestic cat literature predominantly contains lists detailing its behaviour. However, these lists are neither specific enough for domestic cats nor general enough for all behaviours on a macro level of the domestic cat. Furthermore, the majority of studies lack illustrations. Therefore, we have developed a comprehensive ethogram of the domestic cat and scalable schematic representations of the behaviour units. We evaluated observational data from free-roaming cats and cats from private households using ad libitum and focal animal sampling (video material 55.31 h, n = 170 animals). In addition, we used the leading literature and detailed anatomical studies to create systematic categories and morphologically correct drawings. A total of 117 discrete behaviours were recorded and divided into 12 categories. The description of each behaviour includes a name, a word definition, an ethological classification and a schematic illustration (excluding the category devoted to vocalisations). An ethogram is needed to better understand the behavioural repertoire of healthy domestic cats and to facilitate the design phase of further investigations. This document can help to better distinguish species-appropriate behaviours and body postures from those behaviours and poses that indicate chronic pain, stress or discomfort.
Standard cells are essential components of modern digital circuit designs. With process technologies advancing toward 2nm, more routability issues have arisen due to the decreasing number of routing tracks, increasing number and complexity of design rules, and strict patterning rules. The state-of-the-art standard cell design automation framework is able to automatically design standard cell layouts in advanced nodes, but it is still struggling to generate highly competitive Performance-Power-Area (PPA) and routable cell layouts for complex sequential cell designs. Consequently, a novel and efficient methodology incorporating the expertise of experienced human designers to incrementally optimize the PPA of cell layouts is highly necessary and essential. High-quality device clustering, with consideration of netlist topology, diffusion sharing/break and routability in the layouts, can reduce complexity and assist in finding highly competitive PPA, and routable layouts faster. In this paper, we leverage the natural language and reasoning ability of Large Language Model (LLM) to generate high-quality cluster constraints incrementally to optimize the cell layout PPA and debug the routability with ReAct prompting. On a benchmark of sequential standard cells in 2nm, we demonstrate that the proposed method not only achieves up to 19.4% smaller cell area, but also generates 23.5% more LVS/DRC clean cell layouts than previous work. In summary, the proposed method not only successfully reduces cell area by 4.65% on average, but also is able to fix routability in the cell layout designs.
Utkarsh Anand, Diya Parekh, Thakur Pranav G. Singh
et al.
The use of parallel manipulators in aerospace engineering has gained significant attention due to their ability to provide improved stability and precision. This paper presents the design, control, and analysis of 'STEWIE', which is a three-degree-of-freedom (DoF) parallel manipulator robot developed by members of the thrustMIT rocketry team, as a payload stabilization mechanism for their sounding rocket, 'Altair'. The goal of the robot was to demonstrate the attitude control of the parallel plate against the continuous change in orientation experienced by the rocket during its flight, stabilizing the payloads. At the same time, the high gravitational forces (G-forces) and vibrations experienced by the sounding rocket are counteracted. A novel design of the mechanism, inspired by a standard Stewart platform, is proposed which was down-scaled to fit inside a 4U CubeSat within its space constraints. The robot uses three micro servo motors to actuate the links that control the alignment of the parallel plate. In addition to the actuation mechanism, a robust control system for its manipulation was developed for the robot. The robot represents a significant advancement in the field of space robotics in the aerospace industry by demonstrating the successful implementation of complex robotic mechanisms in small, confined spaces such as CubeSats, which are standard form factors for large payloads in the aerospace industry.
We present a multi-objective binder design paradigm based on instruction fine-tuning and direct preference optimization (DPO) of autoregressive protein language models (pLMs). Multiple design objectives are encoded in the language model through direct optimization on expert curated preference sequence datasets comprising preferred and dispreferred distributions. We show the proposed alignment strategy enables ProtGPT2 to effectively design binders conditioned on specified receptors and a drug developability criterion. Generated binder samples demonstrate median isoelectric point (pI) improvements by $17\%-60\%$.
The aim of the article is to identify the types and functions of fashion graphics as a means of visualising the ideas and concepts of a fashion designer. Results. The role of visual art in expressing the idea of a fashion designer is characterised; based on the systematisation and analysis of examples of fashion graphics that visualise clothing models of such designers as K. Dior, Y. Saint Laurent, H. Mepen, V. Nesmiian, A. Tan, V. Anisimov, as well as the author’s graphics of K. Lagerfeld, the following types of using visual art in presenting designer’s ideas are identified 1) fashion illustration in suit presentation; 2) Illustrated fashion magazines; 3) fashion illustration as a design element of the designer’s publications and fashion publications; 4) sketch of the product; 5) generalised (conceptual) image of the collection; 6) narrative graphics. The research methods include analysis and synthesis, historical and chronological, comparative, figurative and stylistic analysis, selective method, and systematisation of visual information. Scientific novelty. For the first time, in the context of the history and contemporary development of the fashion system, examples of fashion illustrations, sketches, and drawings by foreign and Ukrainian artists and designers are considered in the context of the designer’s communication with the target audience; for the first time, models of Ukrainian designers from fashion magazines of the 1960s–1970s, as well as models from collections of contemporary Ukrainian designers, are introduced into scientific circulation. Conclusions. After analysing the goals of designers and the impact of visual works on promoting fashion and fixing the suit images in the imagination of the consumer audience, the following functions of fashion graphics are identified: communicative (by presenting a sketch or illustration, the designer establishes or reinforces a connection with the target audience); advertising (by placing a sketch, illustration or author’s narrative graphics in the information space — printed and online sources, the designer promotes a new product or creates cult features for an existing product); correspondence of the suit to a work of art (using visual means, the designer brings closer or equates the process of creating a suit with the creation of a work of visual art). The practical significance lies in identifying the functions of visual works that present the ideas of designers. The artistic work of artists and designers, which reveals the uniqueness of the created clothing examples, can still be used by designers today, both in the design process and as analogues of advertising and communication tools.
Günümüzde ulusal ve uluslararası konjonktürdeki gelişmelerin ışığında dijitalleşme ile geleneksel eğitim yöntemleri dönüşmekte ve değişmektedir. Covid-19 süreci ile üniversitelerde eğitim çevrimiçi ortama geçmiştir. Bu çalışmada tasarım eğitiminde çevrimiçi ortamın etki ve sonuçları araştırılırken, dijital platform olarak adlandırılan öğrenme yönetim sistemlerinin (ÖYS) arayüzleri ile öğrenci arasındaki etkileşime odaklanılmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, öğrenci-eğitmen, öğrenci-öğrenci ve öğrenci-içerik etkileşim türlerini içine alan öğrenci-arayüz etkileşimi değerlendirilmekte ve İzmir’de tasarım eğitimi veren iki üniversitede çevrimiçi eğitimde kullanılan “Sakai” ve “Blackboard” arayüzleri üzerinden öğrenci etkileşimi incelenmektedir. Kullanıcı araştırma yöntemlerinden, davranışsal, tutumsal ve niteliksel eksende yer alan odak grup görüşmeleri ve çevrimiçi anket çalışmaları tamamlanmış, elde edilen verilerin niteliksel içerik analizi yapılmıştır. Araştırmada ayrıca kullanılan platformların ve arayüzlerinin tercih edilmemesinin nedenleri, öğrencilerin kullandıkları diğer iletişim araçların rolü ve önemi araştırılmıştır. Öğrenciler ÖYS üzerinden etkileşimlerinin düşük olduğunu belirtmiş, etkileşim düzeyinin fiziksel ortama göre daha az olduğu görülmüştür. Fakat çevrimiçi eğitimde kullanılan diğer araçlar ve platformlar göz önüne alındığında etkileşim düzeyi bir üst seviyeye çıkmıştır. Öğrencilerin güncel düşünce ve yorumları alınarak yapılan bu çalışmanın gelecekteki kullanıcı odaklı dijital tasarımların ve tasarım eğitiminde var olan çevrimiçi koşulların geliştirilmesine katkıda bulunması hedeflenmiştir.
Desde finales de la década de 1980, el arquetipo de princesas Disney ha vivido un proceso de empoderamiento acorde con los cambios sociales experimentados a raíz del movimiento feminista. Estas nuevas protagonistas se caracterizan por su independencia, valentía y determinación para tomar sus propias decisiones, enfrentándose a cualquier adversidad que puedan encontrar a lo largo del camino. Sin embargo, cuarenta años atrás ya hubo una princesa que, sin salvar a todo un imperio, mostró una fortaleza y valor que le permitieron alcanzar la libertad con la que solo se había atrevido a soñar. A pesar de todas las connotaciones negativas que se han asociado con el personaje de Cenicienta, en este texto proponemos que no fue su príncipe quien la rescató de su miserable existencia, sino su carácter humilde, actitud ensoñadora y el apoyo de sus incondicionales amigos. Una historia admirable que pretendemos reivindicar y, sobre todo, releer desde una nueva perspectiva.
I have read La corona della città (The City Crown, in english) (fig. 1) three times. The first time –but I don’t know if it can be considered valid– as a student, at the invitation of a Composition professor, who suggested: “Stop at Quaroni’s introduction, everything else is superfluous”. The complete reading took place a few years later, during my PhD years. I found the book flowing, at times amusing, thanks to the radical positions expressed in vehement tones. [read more]
Failure probability estimation problem is an crucial task in engineering. In this work we consider this problem in the situation that the underlying computer models are extremely expensive, which often arises in the practice, and in this setting, reducing the calls of computer model is of essential importance. We formulate the problem of estimating the failure probability with expensive computer models as an sequential experimental design for the limit state (i.e., the failure boundary) and propose a series of efficient adaptive design criteria to solve the design of experiment (DOE). In particular, the proposed method employs the deep neural network (DNN) as the surrogate of limit state function for efficiently reducing the calls of expensive computer experiment. A map from the Gaussian distribution to the posterior approximation of the limit state is learned by the normalizing flows for the ease of experimental design. Three normalizing-flows-based design criteria are proposed in this work for deciding the design locations based on the different assumption of generalization error. The accuracy and performance of the proposed method is demonstrated by both theory and practical examples.
Susanna Caroppo, Giordano Da Lozzo, Giuseppe Di Battista
In this paper, we initiate the study of quantum algorithms in the Graph Drawing research area. We focus on two foundational drawing standards: 2-level drawings and book layouts. Concerning $2$-level drawings, we consider the problems of obtaining drawings with the minimum number of crossings, $k$-planar drawings, quasi-planar drawings, and the problem of removing the minimum number of edges to obtain a $2$-level planar graph. Concerning book layouts, we consider the problems of obtaining $1$-page book layouts with the minimum number of crossings, book embeddings with the minimum number of pages, and the problem of removing the minimum number of edges to obtain an outerplanar graph. We explore both the quantum circuit and the quantum annealing models of computation. In the quantum circuit model, we provide an algorithmic framework based on Grover's quantum search, which allows us to obtain, at least, a quadratic speedup on the best classical exact algorithms for all the considered problems. In the quantum annealing model, we perform experiments on the quantum processing unit provided by D-Wave, focusing on the classical $2$-level crossing minimization problem, demonstrating that quantum annealing is competitive with respect to classical algorithms.
In this paper, we investigate the problem of automatically controllable artistic character line drawing generation from photographs by proposing a Vector Flow Aware and Line Controllable Image-to-Image Translation architecture, which can be viewed as an appealing intersection between Artificial Intelligence and Arts. Specifically, we first present an Image-to-Flow network (I2FNet) to efficiently and robustly create the vector flow field in a learning-based manner, which can provide a direction guide for drawing lines. Then, we introduce our well-designed Double Flow Generator (DFG) framework to fuse features from learned vector flow and input image flow guaranteeing the spatial coherence of lines. Meanwhile, in order to allow for controllable character line drawing generation, we integrate a Line Control Matrix (LCM) into DFG and train a Line Control Regressor (LCR) to synthesize drawings with different styles by elaborately controlling the level of details, such as thickness, smoothness, and continuity, of lines. Finally, we design a Fourier Transformation Loss to further constrain the character line generation from the frequency domain view of the point. Quantitative and qualitative experiments demonstrate that our approach can obtain superior performance in producing high-resolution character line-drawing images with perceptually realistic characteristics.
This paper focuses on providing a guide for improving the understanding of how joint movement is controlled by the musculoskeletal anatomy of the lower extremities for designers of lower extremity exoskeletons and prosthetics. The lower extremity has been subdivided by the three major joints: the hip, the knee, and the ankle. For each of these joints, attention is given to which muscles control the motion or degrees of freedom with respect to these joints. Based on the published medical anatomy and physiology literature, the muscles are organized in tables by their major innervations and primary motion (flexion, extension adduction, abduction, etc.) and then by secondary and more complex motion. The provided illustrations show the location of the major flexors and extensors for the three major joints. These drawings and tables can provide a quick reference and understanding of the motion at each of the lower extremity joints, when designing intuitive and comfortable lower limb prosthetics or exoskeletons, particularly those that incorporate surface electromyography (EMG) sensors for sensing voluntary motion and machine learning (ML) for control.