Hasil untuk "Disasters and engineering"

Shuofan Wang, Yifei Cui, Xiongtao Deng et al.

The "23.7" heavy rainfall event in Beijing triggered multiple geological disasters of flush flood and debris flows, resulting in 33 deaths, 18 missing persons, and significant economic losses, which has drawn widespread social attention. Currently, geological disaster monitoring and early warning systems struggle to achieve precise warning in complex environments, making the development of refined monitoring and early warning technologies a hot and challenging topic in the research of mountain disaster and engineering disaster prevention and control. Through field investigations and the analysis of continuous records from nearby seismic stations, this study determined that the debris flow at Che'erying Village at the foot of the Western Hills in Beijing occurred at 03:36 on July 31, 2023 (UTC+0, time), with the flood peak height of approximately 3.5 m. The seismic records triggered by this disaster event exhibited a spindle shape, lasting for about 100 minutes. This study employed three methods—the long-term and short-term window ratio, the statistical Benford's Law, and frequency-based feature detection, to identify the waveform of the Che'erying flash flood and debris flow event recorded at the LQS station. The results indicate that the traditional long-term and short-term window ratio method struggled to establish an effective threshold to distinguish between background noise and the prolonged process of the flash flood and debris flow, failing to identify this event. The identification method based on Benford's Law could not detect the disaster event without a noise threshold; however, when a statistical threshold based on background noise was set, it successfully detected and identified the disaster event. The centroid frequency-based detection method, requiring no prior information, effectively utilizes the rich time-frequency amplitude variations of high-energy events to accurately identify the small-scale flash flood and debris flow event at a distance of 1.5 kilometers. This method enhances the efficiency of geological disaster identification and detection based on seismic signals and holds promise for providing more effective technology, particularly with the dense seismic network in the Beijing area in the future.

Zhao ZHANG, Ruixin ZHANG, Botao FU

In the field of contemporary mineral resource development, “safety, environmental friendliness, intelligence, and efficiency” has become the core guiding principle and technological development paradigm for global open-pit mining. This concept stems from a profound reflection on the history of mining engineering development. In a systematic review of historical mining accident cases, the fundamental mechanism of disaster occurrence was determined to be closely related to an ambiguous cognition of geological conditions and the uncertainty of disaster threat assessment. These two cognitive deficiencies constitute the main limiting factors in mine production safety. This study considers the current production practice of open-pit mines, systematically sorts the logical characteristics of hidden disaster-causing factors, and focuses on four key dimensions: geological structural anomalies, hydrogeological conditions, distribution of adverse geological bodies, and fire hazards, thereby deeply analyzing the mechanisms that impact the safety of open-pit mining. Through a combination of historical retrospective and bibliometric analysis, the development trajectory of mining geological exploration technology is divided into four distinct stages of technological evolution: early empirical, instrumental, digital, and the current intelligent detection stage. This presents a complete paradigm shift in hidden disaster factor detection technology from qualitative to quantitative, from single to comprehensive, and from artificial to intelligent. In terms of technical system research, this study is based on systems engineering theory and constructs a multilevel classification framework for mining exploration technology, dividing the existing detection technologies into three levels: basic, professional, and intelligent. To detect hidden disasters in open-pit mines, a systematic evaluation and comparative study of existing methods was conducted considering four aspects: technical performance characteristics (including technical indicators such as resolution and detection depth), research progress (covering academic dimensions such as theoretical innovation and method improvement), engineering application effectiveness (involving practical indicators such as applicable conditions and operational efficiency), and future development potential (including forward-looking evaluations such as technology integration and intelligent upgrades). The research further reveals the multidimensional challenges of current detection methods from three perspectives: technological bottlenecks, engineering application barriers, and management practice pain points, including but not limited to limited detection accuracy, difficulties in multisource data collaboration, economic cost constraints, monitoring cycle limitations, insufficient interpretability of mechanisms, lack of data integrity, and fluctuations in result reliability. For future technological development, this study proposes three innovative breakthrough paths. First, a theoretical and technical system for collaborative inversion of multiple physical fields should be constructed to achieve deep integration of geological information. Second, paradigm innovation of intelligent perception and early warning technology is promoted to establish a dynamic risk assessment mechanism. Finally, the collaborative development framework between the standard system and green technology should be improved to form a sustainable technological ecosystem. These multimodal fusion and intelligent evolution strategies are expected to break through existing technological bottlenecks, provide strong technical support and theoretical guidance for the high-quality development of open-pit mines in China, and ultimately achieve coordinated and sustainable development of economic benefits, safety production, and ecological environment protection in mineral resource development. This research not only has important theoretical innovation value but also provides a systematic technical solution and development roadmap for safety in mining production practices, which has important practical significance for promoting technological progress and industrial upgrading in China’s mining industry.

Selina Schaum, Stefanie Stenger‐Wolf, Holger Schüttrumpf et al.

ABSTRACT Temporary structures are important for a rapid recovery phase after extraordinary flood disasters we cannot protect ourselves from. Long‐term temporary structures are particularly relevant when infrastructures are destroyed that require a longer reconstruction phase. In addition, they offer the opportunity of more time to build resilient critical infrastructure (CI). The term “long‐term temporary” is used in the study to emphasize that these temporary solutions are not only used for a short period of time (less than 6 months). On the example of the recovery in the Ahr valley after the 2021 flood, the authors diagnosed the importance of practice examples on long‐term temporaries when ad‐hoc solutions are needed, as well as the long persistence of some of the temporary solutions. A systematic literature analysis was conducted, as limited research in long‐term temporaries exists. We evaluated how many scientific papers on the topic of long‐term temporaries for CI after flood disasters can be identified after a parameter‐oriented literature analysis and which aspects are dealt with. The literature analysis is based on seven search parameter combinations and covers the areas of drinking water supply, power supply, sewage disposal, telecommunications, bridges (transport systems) and gas supply. 138 publications were identified as relevant, with 43 broaching the issue of temporary solutions after flooding. The most common keyword is “critical infrastructure” (CI) with only 3.7%, followed by “flood” with only 3.4%. Most studies on temporary solutions evaluate temporary bridges, followed by drinking water supply. Military engineering plays a key role in providing temporary bridges, which explains the good supply and documentation. The authors analysed temporary structural solutions (long‐term temporaries) based on on‐site observations and the close collaboration with municipalities within the KAHR‐project during the recovery phase of the region. The case study presents some specific long‐term temporary solutions for bridge constructions and flying pipes to temporary drinking water treatment systems and sewage treatment plants. Another key finding is that long‐term temporary structures are very diverse and have varying life spans (shorter for telecommunication and drinking water supply and longer for bridges and sewage disposal) as well as different requirements in technicality and durability (e.g., lower challenges in drinking water supply, higher requirements for bridges). It is therefore important to explore this area in terms of risks and design options, which has a direct impact on flood risk management, as it could make the use of long‐term temporary structures more routine during the emergency management phase.

Anwarelsadat Eltayeb Elmahal, Wifag Hassan Mahmoud, Ahmed Abdalla et al.

ABSTRACT Climate change and Land Use Land Cover Change (LULCC) impact on rainfall and runoff is globally evident. However, flash flood impacts on drylands are rarely investigated. A comparable watershed in the dryland of Sudan experienced devastating flash flood impacts for the last four decades (1980s–2020s). The unexpected severity of the 2013 flash flood prompted an investigation into hydrologic and LULCC to determine its cause. We combined spatial cloud computing with hydrological analysis to investigate the relationship between LULCC and peri‐hydrological processes for four decades. The Landsat time series analysis shows significant LULC changes: agricultural and rangelands decreased by over 80%, while urban and barren areas increased by 81% and 31%, respectively. The daily rainfall analysis shows that rainstorms exceeding 40 mm were classified as destructive only under wet antecedent soil moisture conditions (1988, 2009, and 2019). Unexpectedly, the 41 mm rainstorm in 2013 occurred under dry conditions. The respective flood magnitude was 4.6 Mm3 according to the US‐Natural Resources Conservation Service (US‐NRCS). This represents only 14% of the potential runoff under wet conditions (32.3 Mm3) for the same rainstorm. Therefore, the devastating impact of the rainstorm emphasizes the impact of LULCC on flood dynamics in peri‐urban areas of drylands.

Xiaojiao Cheng, Jinsuo Song, Hu Wen et al.

Spontaneous gas and coal combustion represent primary disasters threatening the safety of underground coal mines. Achieving the collaborative governance of the two disasters and enhancing the ability to prevent and mitigate mine disasters are technical challenges faced by high-gas/outburst mines. CO2 has become the primary choice for collaborative disaster governance because of its efficient control of the oxidation process of residual coal in goaf, enhanced coalbed methane (ECBM) recovery, and the goal of “2030 carbon peak and 2060 carbon neutralisation”. Therefore, this study adopted summary and engineering verification methods. Firstly, the basic physical and chemical properties of CO2 were analysed, and the three mechanisms of action of liquid CO2 for preventing coal spontaneous combustion (CSC), namely, “CO2 adsorbed and hindered oxidation reactions, absorbs ambient heat and reduces ambient temperature, and reduce the oxygen concentration in the goaf and inhibiting gas explosion”, and the six mechanisms of action of liquid CO2 ECBM recovery, namely, “pressure fracturing, low-temperature frostbite, physical extraction and chemical corrosion, low-viscosity permeability, phase change pressurisation, and competitive adsorption”, were summarised. Second, the effect was verified by the field application of liquid CO2 CSC emergency prevention and control at the Qinggangping Coal Mine and the engineering test of liquid CO2 ECBM recovery in the Shuanglong Coal Mine. Finally, based on the application status of liquid CO2 in coal mines, a new model of “liquid CO2 prevention and control of CSC and enhancing coalbed methane recovery comprehensive disaster reduction technology” is proposed. The results of the emergency prevention and control of liquid CO2 CSC show that CO2 sinking drives CH4 out of the roadway, avoids the accumulation of CH4 near the fire area, and achieves explosion suppression. The concentrations of C2H2 and C2H4 in the mine decreased rapidly to 0. No open fire or severe combustion occurred in the mine, and the fire area was effectively controlled. After the ventilation of the mine was restored, the isolated and closed 42108 working face was injected with liquid CO2 again. The CO concentration of the inlet and return air along the channel gradually decreased to zero, and the fire area of the working face was further controlled. The engineering test of liquid CO2-ECBM recovery showed that the dominant seepage range was 1215 m from the injection hole, and the dominant diffusion range was 2530 m from the injection hole. The average CH4 flow rate in the field extraction test was more than three times that of the original area. Through two field cases, long-distance liquid CO2 prevention and control of CSC and an ECBM recovery technical framework were proposed, which are of great significance for further improving mine disaster prevention and mitigation.

Rosangela Garrido Botelho, Rodrigo Amorim Santana, Joaquim Coimbra Martins et al.

O presente texto tem como objetivo apresentar reflexões sobre a gestão de risco de desastre no Brasil, identificando atores, elos, fluxos e eventuais lacunas existentes. Para tanto, são desenvolvidos: (i) a identificação das principais fontes de dados sobre desastres no Brasil, e um panorama dos registros recentes (2016-2023), a partir de fonte selecionada (REINDESC); (ii) o cenário nacional da gestão do risco (estrutura, órgãos, legislação, estratégias) e (iii) o cenário internacional, com foco na Comunidade de Países de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP), a partir de fontes de dados mundiais (EM-DAT e INFORM Risk). Por fim, destaca-se que os recentes avanços na estrutura organizacional federal ainda carecem de aprimoramentos para minimização do risco e efetiva prevenção aos desastres no Brasil.

George Yeam Chavez-Arias, Claudia Patricia Coca Galeano, Jhon Jerley Torres-Torres

Geomorphological and climatic variations in Colombia make a large part of the territory vulnerable to disaster risks, as a result of multiple underlying factors that require identification for proper management. For this reason, the underlying factors associated with the vulnerability of the municipality of Carmen de Atrato were determined. A perception, social and territorial analysis was carried out based on information gathered through surveys and semi-structured interviews, which included information related to socioeconomic, demographic, climate variability and natural resources, territorial planning and governance dimensions. With this information, the main factors were defined and weighted. It was observed that mass movements have the highest level of occurrence, followed by torrential floods and floods. Interconnections between variables were found, highlighting the scarce participation of communities in activities related to risk management due to their limited knowledge of planning instruments. A decrease in forest cover was noted in high-risk zones, related to changes in land use for economic activities. Finally, the high levels of risk identified suggest that prompt and effective intervention should be made.

Jeongwoo Hwang, Upmanu Lall

Abstract A changing climate, with intensifying precipitation may contribute to increasing failures of dams by overtopping. We present the first analysis of rainfall sequences and events associated with recent hydrologic failures of 552 dams in the United States. We find that the maximum 1-day rainfall associated with failure was often not extreme compared to dam spillway design criteria, even when accounting for rainfall statistics changing with time at each site. However, the combination of the total rainfall 5 to 30 days prior and the maximum 1-day rainfall associated with dam failure is rare. Persistent atmospheric circulation patterns that lead to recurrent rainfall events, rather than just more moisture in the atmosphere is a possible reason. The probability of these compound precipitation risks has increased across much of the country. With over 90,000 aging dams still in service, the increasing likelihood of intense rainfall sequences raises concerns about future dam failures.

Ying-hao Lou, Ying-hao Lou, Ke-gang Li et al.

Rockburst disasters always have a great influence on engineering practice. In order to accurately predict the occurrence of rockburst hazards, this paper proposes a rockburst rating evaluation method based on principal component analysis (PCA) and the catastrophe progression method, taking into account several influencing factors. In this paper, 15 indicators, such as strength brittleness factor (R), stress factor (P), and rock quality index (RQD) (reflecting the strength and fragmentation degree of rock mass), were selected from seven samples and were analyzed and downscaled by principal component analysis. Combined with the catastrophe progression method, each layer index was dimensionless and normalized to determine the mutation level value of each layer. Based on the principle of complementarity or non-complementarity, to determine the total mutation level value, the layer index was used to divide the rockblast-level interval and predict the rockblast level. The results show that the method proposed in this paper can be used to not only distinguish the importance of each of the same level of indicators but also avoid the impact of superimposed factor correlations between the same level of indicators, making the results more objective. This paper presents accurate rock explosion assessment results and an actual engineering situation. The number of factors affecting the assessment of the rock explosion level provides new insights.

EnBing Yi, EnBing Yi, ZongLong Mu et al.

The vibration wave CT detection technology could be used for forecasting dynamic disasters such as coal and gas outburst and rock burst in coal mines as well as for dynamic monitoring and warning of impact risks. Based on the positive correlation between stress and vibration wave velocity and the positive abnormal distribution of vibration wave velocity, the impact danger area could be determined. Two evaluation indexes on the impact risk were constructed: the anomalous coefficient An and abnormal value Am of the gradient variation coefficient (VG) of wave velocity. The critical values of the two indexes corresponding to the impact risk degree were given. In addition, the field engineering practice was carried out by using the inversion results of vibration wave CT detection technology. Combined with the field engineering geological conditions, the impact risk area of the F15-24080 working face was defined comprehensively. The results showed high precision of this CT detection technology. Vibration wave CT detection technology could make dynamic prediction and evaluation of the impact risk on a site and provide guidance and test for the formulation and implementation effect of pressure relief measures in high-impact danger areas.

Thema Arrisaldi, Puji Pratiknyo, Wahyu Wilopo

Landslide is a natural phenomenon that often occurs as a disaster in Kulon Progo Region. This research is located in Pengasih and Sentolo District, Kulon Progo. The aim of the study is landslide risk mapping in the research area. The landslide risk map has 3 parameters, such as potential landslide condition, vulnerable situations, and community capacity to cope with the landslide disaster. Potential landslide obtained from Geographic Information System (GIS )overlay analysis using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) consists of 4 sub-parameters: slope gradient (55.49%), geological condition (25.16%), stream density (9.67%), land use (9.67%). The vulnerability was obtained from 3 sub-parameters, such as economic vulnerability (33.33%), infrastructure vulnerability (33.34%), and population density (33.33%). The community capacity in the research area was obtained from The activity of the Region Disaster Management Authority (BPBD) of Kulon Progo to strengthen community awareness to cope with landslide disasters, such as socialization about landslides and simulation during an emergency landslide. The input in overlay analysis used GIS for the parameters are all sub-parameters from each parameter. Landslide risk map obtained from overlay analysis using GIS based on landslide potential map, vulnerability map, and capacity map. The result is that Pengasih and Sentolo Districts have low to moderate landslide risk conditions. Several landslides occur in each landslide risk zone.

Neil Dixon, Alister Smith, Matthew Pietz

AbstractA landslide early warning system based on monitoring acoustic emission (AE) generated by slope movements has been developed that can deliver alerts direct to a community at risk, with relevance to low- and middle-income countries. The Community Slope SAFE (Sensors for Acoustic Failure Early-warning) (CSS) approach uses steel waveguides driven into the slope to transmit detected high frequency noise (AE) to a sensor at the ground surface. CSS gives a measure of slope displacement rate. Continuously measured AE is compared to a pre-defined trigger level that is indicative of decreasing slope stability (i.e., landslide initiation), and a visual and audible alert automatically generated so that a community can follow a pre-defined course of action (e.g., evacuation). This paper describes the CSS approach and details a field trial of the system at two sites in Hakha, Chin Sate, Myanmar. The trial, which included training a group of youth Landslide Response Volunteers to install and operate the CSS system, increased landslide awareness and knowledge in the Hakha community, delivered the required real-time continuous operation, and demonstrated the practicality of using the CSS system for community landslide protection.

Vafa Ghaem maghami, Ahmad Nohegar, Mohamad javad Amiri

Extended abstractIntroduction:The idea of ​​resilience of different social, economic, physical, and managerial orientations has entered urban and regional studies on a large scale. This resilient system can absorb temporary or permanent crises and adapt to rapidly changing conditions without losing its function. Among these, resilience against natural disasters can be explained by how social, economic, institutional, political, and executive capacities of societies affect the increase of resilience and understanding of its dimensions in the society. Environmental crises, such as earthquakes, floods, fires, and climate pollution, have caused environmental vulnerability in cities and consequently created threats to their securities, especially in District 20 of Tehran City. By recognizing the dimensions of vulnerability in District 20 of this city against environmental crises, management strategies can be developed to reduce vulnerability and risks and enhance resilience. For this reason, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate resilience of the neighborhoods in District 20 of Tehran City against environmental crises. To achieve this goal, the Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Model (FMCDM) and K-mean method of classification were used. Methodology:To identify and assess the resilience of District 20 of Tehran against environmental crises, a database was created based on the crises and its spatial information was prepared in 4 criteria and 26 sub-criteria. After creating the spatial database of the mentioned district and compiling the criteria and sub-criteria, a layer of information was prepared in ArcGIS software and a distance map was drawn for each sub-criterion through Euclidean distance mapping in order to measure and manage the resilience. Then, fuzzy operators were applied to draw each fuzzy map (subscale) with a value between 0 and 1. Analytic Network Process (ANP) method was utilized to weight and evaluate the research criteria and sub-criteria. Next, the map of each criterion and sub-criterion was drawn by combining the Euclidean distance and fuzzy operators multiplied by their fuzzy weights obtained from the ANP model in ArcGIS software. Thus, the final map was prepared for each criterion and sub-criterion, which showed their values of resilience to the environmental crises. Then, fuzzy superimposing operators were applied to superimpose the fuzzy weighting maps and a superimposed map of 26 sub-criteria (4 criteria) was obtained for each fuzzy operator. To identify the best fuzzy operator by superimposing the research sub-criteria, analysis of spatial relationships between the independent variables and the dependent variable was done through the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression. Finally, the classical K-mean clustering method was employed to classify the neighborhoods from the perspective of resilience to environmental crises. Discussion:The results showed that the weights and values of the socio-economic criteria, road infrastructure, land use and accessibility in resilience measures were 0.49, 0.23, 0.16, and 0.11, respectively. In the socio-economic, road infrastructure, land use, and accessibility criteria, the sub-criteria of house strength, pedestrian bridge, access to social places, and access to medical centers with the weights of 0.33, 0.43, 0.32, and 0.29 had the highest values in resilience. Among the fuzzy superposition operators, the algebraic addition operator (SUM) had the highest correlation with the research criteria in identifying the resilience of the neighborhoods. The northeast and southeast neighborhoods, as well as the central neighborhoods of District 20 of Tehran, were the most resilient neighborhoods to environmental crises. In the final step of the current research, the classical K-mean method was used to cluster the existing neighborhoods in District 20 of Tehran City based on their resilience to environmental crises. The results revealed that the neighborhoods were divided into 3 clusters. In the first cluster showing a lot of patience, the neighborhoods of Javanmard Qassab, Mansouria and Mangal, Hamzehabad, Sartakht, Ibn Babavieh and Zahirabad, Taghiabad, and Abbasabad were located. In the second cluster indicating moderate tolerance, Dolatabad and Shahadat, Sadeghieh, Shahid Ghayuri, Deilman, Aqdasiyeh, Estakhr, and Alain neighborhoods were situated. Finally, the neighborhoods of Sizdeh Aban, Shahid Beheshti, Firoozabadi, Valiabad, and Hashemabad were located in the third cluster with poor productivity. Conclusion:Environmental crises, such as earthquake, flood, drought, air and water pollution, and fire, have the potential to become harmful in areas where there are no crisis management and risk mitigation. In the 21st century, the world has been hit by such environmental crises as Asian tsunamis, Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, successive earthquakes, flash floods, desert dust storms, and widespread fires. Although predictive tools are able to predict some disasters, future crises cannot be forecast based on empirical evidence. Therefore, increasing the ability of a system called resilience is very important for responding to such crises; yet, its resilience must first be measured. In the present study, the resilience of District 20 of Tehran City to environmental crises was evaluated based on socio-economic, road infrastructure, land use, and accessibility criteria. The results of this modeling led to the extraction of 3 clusters for the resilience of the neighborhoods of District 20 of Tehran against environmental crises. The neighborhoods in the west region had the highest resilience compared to the urban areas. Keywords: resilience, home strength, Analytic Network Process (ANP), fuzzy operator, regression References- Asadzadeh, A., Kötter, T., & Zebardast, E. (2015). An augmented approach for measurement of disaster resilience using connective factor analysis and analytic network process (F’ANP) model. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 14, 504-518.- Bacud, S. T. (2018). 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Towards an urban resilience Index: a case study in 50 Spanish cities. Sustainability, 8(8), 774.- Wills, G., & Hofmeyr, H. (2019). Academic resilience in challenging contexts: Evidence from township and rural primary schools in South Africa. International Journal of Educational Research, 98, 192-205.‏- Zhang, W., Su, S., Wang, B., Hong, Q., & Sun, L. (2020). Local k-NNs pattern in Omni-Direction graph convolution neural network for 3D point clouds. Neurocomputing, 413, 487-498.‏- Zhang, X., Song, J., Peng, J., & Wu, J. (2019). Landslides-oriented urban disaster resilience assessment—a case study in ShenZhen, China. Science of the Total Environment, 661, 95-106.- Fig 1. Geographical location of District 20 Tehran- Table 1- Fuzzy membership of sub-criteria in resilience of District 20 of Tehran against environmental hazards- Fig 2. Diagram of the steps of the work method in the present study- Table 1- The weight of research criteria in resilience of District 20 of Tehran against environmental hazards- Tab 3- Weight of criteria socio-economic in the resilience of Tehran's 20th districtFigure 3- Zoning of population and young population sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Figure 4- Zoning of Economic participation and employment rates sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Figure 5- Zoning of Home strength and literacy rates sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Tab 4- Weight of criteria and sub-criteria of land cover in the resilience of Tehran's 20th district- Figure 6- Zoning of Access to parks and social sites sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Figure 7- Zoning of Distance from the flood and access to water sources sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Figure 8- Zoning of Distance from agricultural lands and urban green space sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Figure 9- Zoning of Distance from the green belt and outdoor rates sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Tab 5- Standard weight and sub-criteria of accesses in Tehran 20 district resilience- Figure 10- Zoning of Access to fuel station and security police sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Figure 11- Zoning of Access to educational and administrative centers sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Figure 12- Zoning of Access to Commercial and service centers sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Figure 13- Zoning of Access to Medical centers and distance from the factory sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Tab 6- Standard weight and sub-criteria of road infrastructure in Tehran 20 district- Figure 14- Zoning of Access to bus and freeway stations sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Figure 15- Zoning of Access to the pedestrian bridge and railway station sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Figure 16- Zoning of Criteria for access to urban services and socio-economic criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Figure 17- Zoning of Land use criteria and access to road infrastructure criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Tab 7. Correlation coefficient between fuzzy overlay operators with research criteria- Fig 18. Overlapping of research criteria with SUM operator and resilience modeling of Tehran Region 20

A. K. Ningsih, A. Hadiana

The omnipresence of smartphones helps people to declare an emergency in realtime. In times of crisis, Twitter has become a big communication platform. As a result, more organizations are interested in tracking Twitter programmatically. Although governments and emergency management agencies work together through their respective national system for response to disasters, the sentiments of the people affected during and after the catastrophe decide the effectiveness of the disaster response and the recovery process. In recent years, sentiment analysis via Twitter-based machine learning has become a common subject. However, the detection of such tweets was often difficult due to the tweets’ language structure’s uncertainty. Thus, it is not always apparent if the words of a person announce a catastrophe. BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations by Transformers) is a profound learning model developed by Google. Since Google opened it, several scientists and companies have embraced it and have applied it to many text classification tasks. Therefore, we use BERT in this paper to some dataset disaster tweets. This research will help rescue and emergency responders establish effective knowledge management techniques for a rapidly evolving disaster environment.

Qin Liu, Jiankun Guo, Lei Liu et al.

With the concept of smart geogrid coming out, many scholars have built optical fiber into the geogrid to form a kind of smart geogrid material with self-sensing function of structural deformation. It can not only reinforce the parts with potential safety hazards, but also have the functions of safety monitoring, intelligent prevention, and control of engineering disasters, which is of great significance for ensuring the safety of tunnel construction and improving the tunnel monitoring methods. Based on predecessors’ research on smart geogrid tensile calibration experiment and sensor method simulation and experimental verification, this paper analyzes the smart geogrid and the tunnel surrounding rock as a whole, to study the deformation coordination mechanism between the geogrid material and the tunnel surrounding rock. Referring to the relevant engineering practice case, through finite element numerical simulation, the optimal layout of smart geogrid material was explored, and the principle of discrete curvature reconstruction curve sensing of smart geogrid was optimized by simulating the working conditions of different construction methods and supporting conditions, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the application of smart geogrid material in practical tunnel engineering.

Xiaokun Hou, S. Qi, Tong-lu Li et al.

Abstract There are an increasing number of mega engineering projects of removing the top of hills to fill in the valley for new land creation in the Loess Plateau of China, which significantly changes the hydrological and geological equilibrium state of the site. The formation of a new hydrological equilibrium state is associated with the water movement in the compacted and intact loess layers. Most disasters occurring in the loess area are related to water. The soil-water retention curve (SWRC) is the key to the implementation of unsaturated soil mechanics in engineering practice and is required to numerically model the movement of water in the soil. In this study, the SWRCs and microstructure of intact and compacted specimens from Lanzhou and Yan'an, two typical cities that have new land creation projects, are investigated. The SWRC is obtained using the filter paper method. The mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques are used to explore the microstructure. The results highlight that the intact loess has a higher air occlusion value (AOV) and a similar slope of SWRC in the transition zone compared with the remolded specimens that compacted at the natural water content. The normalized SWRC (i.e., degree of saturation versus suction/AVO) of the intact specimen is approximately the same as the remolded specimens compacted as the natural water content. The difference in the microstructure between intact and compacted specimens originates from different existing states of the clay particles and further contributes to the variation of the SWRC.

Morteza Abbasnejadfard, Morteza Bastami, Afshin Fallah

AbstractThe results of seismic risk assessment of spatially distributed infrastructure systems are significantly influenced by spatial correlation of earthquake intensity measures (IM). The assumption of isotropy is a basis for most of the existing correlation models of earthquake IMs. In this study, the isotropy assumption of intra-event residuals of peak ground velocity (PGV) and peak ground displacement (PGD) is investigated by implementing a nonparametric statistical test. Using recorded IMs of 9 earthquakes, it is concluded that there is not sufficient evidence to support the assumption of isotropy in general, and the set of intra-event residuals ofPGVandPGDshould be considered as the realization of anisotropic random fields. Investigations show that the anisotropy properties of intra-event residuals ofPGVandPGDare related to anisotropy properties of local soil characteristics indicated by average shear wave velocity of soil profile from the 30 m depth to the surface (Vs30). Finally, predictive models are proposed based on obtained results in order to simulate the correlated univariate random fields ofPGVandPGDconsidering anisotropy.

Yanlin Zhao, Lianyang Zhang, Yixian Wang et al.

Ismail Elkhrachy, Quoc Bao Pham, Romulus Costache et al.

Abstract Digital surface models, land use and rainfall data were used to simulate water areas using Hydrologic Engineering Centres River Analysis System (HEC‐RAS) software. Multi‐temporal synthetic aperture radar (SAR) was used for the detection of flood prone area to calibrate HEC‐RAS, due to the lack of data validation in the New Cairo City, Egypt. The thresholding water detection method was applied to two Sentinel‐1 images, one pre‐ and one post‐flash flood event from April 24 to 27, 2018. The threshold method was used to detect water areas from SAR Sentinel‐1 images. Feature statistical agreement F1 and F2 values ranged from 73.4 to 77.7% between water areas extracted based on backscattering values between 19.97 and 16.53 in decibels (dB) and reference water areas obtained using an optical image of the Sentinel‐2 satellite. The similarity between simulated HEC‐RAS two‐dimensional (2D) of water areas and reference water areas based on SAR data ranged between 74.2 and 89.7% using feature statistical agreement values F1 and F2. It provides a clear suggestion that, in the absence of field observations, SAR data can be used to calibrate the model. Two flood hazard maps created based on water velocity and depth were obtained from HEC‐RAS 2D simulation. The obtained maps indicated that 11% of the roads and 50% of the buildings in New Cairo City are exposed to high hazard areas. Furthermore, 28% of the bare land is situated in a very high vulnerability area. We recommend the use of obtained hazard map in supporting emergency response, and designing effective emergency plans.

N. Attary, H. Cutler, M. Shields et al.

ABSTRACT In the U.S. the economic damages of natural disasters have increased substantially over time. While private insurance payouts tend to arrive relatively quickly, federal recovery monies are often allocated unevenly, with some communities waiting years to receive previously designated funds. We examine the costliness of delay by linking an economic model of the Joplin, Missouri economy to a civil engineering model that replicates the damage from a tornado that devastated the community in 2011. Building damage estimates from the natural hazard and engineering models are translated into capital stock losses, which subsequently impact the local economy through lost output. We examine several different recovery paths, with a focus on differences in the timing of recovery assistance. Our results show that delaying financial assistance can have important, irretrievable adverse outcomes in the short run.