Abstract Research on the socioeconomic outcomes of migrants and their children in destination societies has long been a central focus for sociologists and economists worldwide. However, this body of work is shaped by two dominant approaches. First, most studies focus on South-North migration; second, they often compare migrants with natives in destination countries. Building on the growing multi-sited and dissimilation approaches, this study uses large-scale harmonized census microdata to enhance our understanding of migration outcomes by comparing migrants across both southern and northern destinations, as well as comparing migrants to natives in their countries of origin. The study examines the labour market outcomes of two South American migrant groups—Bolivian and Peruvian—who have emigrated to two key destinations: Argentina and Spain. Three key takeaways emerge. First, migration can reshape women’s relationship to the labour market. Second, not all migration results in an occupational status downgrade, contrary to expectations from classic assimilation theories. Third, although South–North moves may involve greater legal and cultural challenges, they do not necessarily entail greater labour market disadvantages or lower returns to education compared to South–South moves.
The overall employment picture for the Indigenous population living off reserve was worse in 2024 than in 2023, and it was also worse in 2023 compared to 2022. They were also worse for non-Indigenous people in 2024, compared to 2023. Unemployment rates were higher, and employment and participation rates were lower. Employment, unemployment, and participation rates have been more favourable for the non-Indigenous population than for the Indigenous population. This has been the case in every year, except one, since 2007, which is the earliest that the data has been available. However, the educational level achieved is a critical factor. When educational levels are higher, unemployment rates are lower, and employment and participation rates are higher. Further, the participation rates for the Indigenous population were higher for each comparable education level than for the non-Indigenous population from 2007 through 2024, except for four years.
Jonathan Hanson, Ciaran Collins, Tiziana O’Hara
et al.
This paper explores the extent to which community farming can be a component of a community-based circular food system. Community farming is part of a broader pattern of civic agriculture, whereby more localized food production and consumption are linked to a wider, and sometimes global, set of economic, social and environmental factors. However, although aspects of community farming, notably community supported agriculture (CSA) and care (or social) farming have been well defined and studied, community farming as a broader process of civic agriculture has not. Furthermore, there is a limited number of published studies on the social, economic, and environmental impacts of the varied components of community farming. In this study, a focus group was used to generate the following definition of community farming: a process of collaborative transformation at the intersection of land, community, and enterprise; and a definition of a community farm: a place of collaborative transformation at the intersection of land, community and enterprise. This study also presents data from nine diverse community farming projects in Northern Ireland that are part of the Cultivating Community Farming (CCF) project. Over a two-year period, social return on investment (SROI) methodology was used to quantify their cumulative impacts, employing 12 metrics: 11 monetized and one nonmonetized. The overall SROI ratio for the nine projects was 3.52:1, with 90% of this value being social, followed by 8% environmental and 2% economic. This study provides valuable insights into some of the value generated by community farming, notably social, as well as an operational definition that can catalyse further research, practice, and advocacy among stakeholders. It also articulates community farming as a continuum or umbrella term which can incorporate more multifunctional approaches such as care and social farming, and more food production-oriented practices such as CSA.
Program kampung tematik merupakan inovasi pemerintah yang menonjolkan potensi lokal kampung bertujuan mengangkat kearifan lokal, meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat dan kualitas lingkungan permukiman. Kampung Blangkon Potrojayan merupakan salah satu kampung tematik yang berpotensi dalam peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat serta mendukung kearifan lokal menjadi sebuah ikonik di Kota Surakarta berupa produk budaya jawa yaitu blangkon. Namun, masih terdapat permasalahan terkait dukungan infrastruktur kawasan maupun kualitas pengelolaan kampungnya. Salah satunya berupa kegiatan promosi yang masih bersifat konvensional serta jaringan jalan yang dipergunakan sebagai tempat menjemur blangkon. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tindakan pengembangan kampung tematik yang berkelanjutan di Kampung Blangkon Potrojayan. Dengan menggunakan metode kuantitatif berupa analisis skoring untuk mengetahui kondisi eksisting dan tingkat keberlanjutan kampung serta metode Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) untuk mengetahui tingkatan prioritas tindakan yang dapat menjadi usulan perbaikan. Hasil penelitian didapatkan Kampung Blangkon Potrojayan berada pada tingkat cukup berkelanjutan dengan skor 2,21 dimana terdapat 4 atribut yang menjadi prioritas utama dilakukan pengembangan yaitu kondisi jaringan jalan, jenis media promosi, pekerja yang kompeten, keikutsertaan kegiatan pameran. Prioritas pertama tindakan yang perlu dilakukan dalam mengembangkan Kampung Blangkon Potrojayan berupa perlu ditetapkannya lahan khusus penjemuran blangkon komunal yang terdapat di kawasan rencana kampung wisata dalam rangka meningkatkan kenyamanan pergerakan wisatawan dan warga lokal.
The National Science Foundation-supported CONVERGE facility was established in 2018 as the first social science-led component of the Natural Hazards Engineering Research Infrastructure (NHERI). Headquartered at the Natural Hazards Center at the University of Colorado Boulder, CONVERGE identifies, trains, connects, and funds researchers across disciplines in the hazards and disaster field. This article provides an overview of one of our most widely used tools, the CONVERGE Training Modules. These free, interactive, online trainings are designed for students, early career professionals, and others who are new to hazards and disaster research and practice. Since July 2019, our team has released 10 modules that cover a range of foundational topics in hazards and disaster research, including Institutional Review Board procedures, conducting emotionally challenging research, cultural competence, collecting and sharing perishable data, social vulnerability, and disaster mental health. In addition, CONVERGE offers advanced trainings in specialized topics such as broader ethical considerations for hazards and disaster researchers, reciprocity, gender-based violence in fieldwork, and public health implications of hazards and disaster research. Between July 2019 and November 2022, 6,311 unique users registered for the modules, and these users logged 7,222 module completions. Of the module completions to date, the largest percentage of users completed only one (46.0%) of the available trainings, although a small group of “superusers”—whom we surveyed for this article—have completed all or almost all of the available modules. When asked why they planned to complete the modules at the time of registration, most users indicated that it was to fulfill a classroom or other educational requirement (51.2%), for personal interest/to learn more (9.0%), or to prepare for or to support research (7.1%) or practice-oriented activities (5.8%). In addition to providing more information regarding module users, this article details the development of the technology and discusses the impact and success of this tool for transferring knowledge and skills to the hazards and disaster research and practice community. We conclude with a discussion of future directions for this research-based educational intervention.
Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), City planning
Borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O) is white crystals, odorless, thermostable substance and a derivative of Boron. Borax is used to preserve wood, braze metal, and kill cockroaches. Unfortunately, borax is misused as a food preservative. Borax testing in the laboratory is carried out using chemicals and laboratory equipment that most people do not have. Turmeric can be used as a borax indicator because it contains curcumin which can react with borax. It is important to educate people about the dangers of borax in food and to test the borax in food using turmeric. This activity was carried out through a lecture, participatory learning, and discussion. The activity began with a lecture; practical demonstration and hands-on using turmeric juice, turmeric paper, and a toothpick with turmeric infuse; and discussion. The results of the questionnaire showed that this activity improved understanding about the danger of borax, borax test method in the laboratory, and a simple borax test using turmeric. It was concluded that the knowledge of the students of the Imam Asy-Shafii Islamic School on the dangers of borax was increased. The students were able to practice the analysis of borax content in food using turmeric. It was expected that the students and caregivers of Islamic boarding schools can use turmeric to select borax-free foods to ensure the food quality.
Javier Arroyo, Javier Arroyo, Javier Arroyo
et al.
Optimal controllers can enhance buildings’ energy efficiency by taking forecast and uncertainties into account (e.g., weather and occupancy). This practice results in energy savings by making better use of energy systems within the buildings. Even though the benefits of advanced optimal controllers have been demonstrated in several research studies and some demonstration cases, the adoption of these techniques in the built environment remains somewhat limited. One of the main reasons is that these novel control algorithms continue to be evaluated individually. This hampers the identification of best practices to deploy optimal control widely in the building sector. This paper implements and compares variations of model predictive control (MPC), reinforcement learning (RL), and reinforced model predictive control (RL-MPC) in the same optimal control problem for building energy management. Particularly, variations of the controllers’ hyperparameters like the control step, the prediction horizon, the state-action spaces, the learning algorithm, or the network architecture of the value function are investigated. The building optimization testing (BOPTEST) framework is used as the simulation benchmark to carry out the study as it offers standardized testing scenarios. The results reveal that, contrary to what is stated in previous literature, model-free RL approaches poorly perform when tested in building environments with realistic system dynamics. Even when a model is available and simulation-based RL can be implemented, MPC outperforms RL for an equivalent formulation of the optimal control problem. The performance gap between both controllers reduces when using the RL-MPC algorithm that merges elements from both families of methods.
Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), City planning
El presente articulo tiene como objetivo presentar un análisis de las condiciones de vida de los hogares, según la tenencia de la vivienda en zonas periféricas y peri centrales de Bogotá. De manera mas especifica, trata de comprobar la existencia de diferencias entre los inquilinos y los propietarios. Si bien consideramos criterios habituales para describir las condiciones de vida de los hogares, tales como su nivel socioeconómico, el déficit cualitativo de la vivienda, el hacinamiento y la provisión de servicios públicos, también incluimos indicadores menos comunes que remiten a las prácticas de movilidad cotidiana de los individuos. Las principales fuentes de datos utilizados provienen de la Encuesta Multipropósito de 2017 y la Encuesta de Movilidad Urbana de 2019. Entre las principales conclusiones se observa que las características de la vivienda y el acceso a servicios públicos son muy parecidos entre los arrendatarios y propietarios, lo que implica condiciones de vida bastante similares entre los dos grupos, desde este punto de vista, salvo el hacinamiento, que es mayor entre los inquilinos. Se evidencia también una cierta homogeneidad entre ambos grupos en lo que se refiere a sus movilidades cotidianas, siendo las diferencias asociadas, ante todo, a su localización en el espacio metropolitano.
Aesthetics of cities. City planning and beautifying, Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology
Oluwagbemiga Paul Agboola, Mohd Hisyam Rasidi, Ismail Bin Said
et al.
This study aims at ameliorating the associated challenges emanated from the ineffective planning, management and design of market square as well as appraisal of the interactions among people of diverse ethnicity. Hence, the study explores users’ interactions and activities within three markets square in rural neighborhoods of South-west, Nigeria. The significant relationship between resident’s interactions and the community well-being was explored. Consequently, this study highlights the influence of the market square as a typical neighborhood open space on residents’ well-being. The study’s quantitative approach encircled the purposive structured survey questionnaire data obtained from Yorubas, Hausas, and Ibos respondents (n=382); and analyzed by SPSS statistical package (version 22). Meanwhile, the qualitative data included observation of various activity pattern among the three ethnic groups. The study’s findings revealed that an improvement in the market square quality becomes necessary in order to increase residents’ interactions and well-being. Also, the study elucidates the appropriate link between the built environment, residents’ interactions, and well-being. It is concluded that residents’ well-being is a reflection of an experience manifested within the interplay of individuals and groups’ social interactions. This study of people and place relationships could better equip the professionals in the built environment on the importance of creating a sustainable open space towards improving residents’ well-being and rural community revitalization efforts.
Berdasarkan RTRW Kota Palu Tahun 2010 – 2030, Koridor Sis Al-Jufri ditetapkan sebagai kawasan wisata religi dengan keberadaan Yayasan Pendidikan Al-Khairaat sebagai aktivitas utama. Keberadaan koridor ini juga terdapat berbagai aktivitas pendukung seperti aktivitas ekonomi / perdagangan, sosial kemasyarakatan dan kesehatan dan peribadatan. Dengan beragam aktivitas didalamnya, sehingga dapat menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan morfologi ruang pada koridor Sis Al-Jufri, seperti perubahan peruntukan lahan dari permukiman menjadi kawasan perdagangan dan jasa, terdapat beberapa bangunan hunian berubah fungsi menjadi bangunan komersial untuk kegiatan perdagangan dan jasa mengikuti tuntutan pasar. Pendekatan penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan analisis deskriptif digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi perubahan morfologi ruang yang terjadi pada koridor Sis Al-Jufri, analisis regresi logistik digunakan untuk mengetahui pengaruh faktor sosial, faktor ekonomi dan faktor kebijakan terhadap perubahan morfologi ruang pada koridor Sis Al-Jufri. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah perubahan morfologi ruang yang terjadi di Koridor Sis Al-Jufri mengalami perubahan sebesar 34,46 % dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perubahan morfologi ruang pada Koridor Sis Al-Jufri saat ini secara signifikan adalah lama bermukim, kepemilikan bangunan, pekerjaan, kepemilikan IMB, dan pengaturan GSB.
Climate variability and change that affect extreme weather events has resulted long dry season and drought in Indonesia. Farmers become a vulnerable group since drought has damaged rice fields and as consequence losing their income. Therefore, rice farmers’ livelihood resilience needs to be enhanced in order to cope with those impacts. Crop insurance as financial capital could contribute to famers’ income stability from drought. Moreover, self-organization helps the farmers to understand agricultural risks and increase their adaptive capacity in times of extreme weather events. Accordingly, this paper investigate the impact of drought on rice production and farmers’ income, analyze the benefits of crop insurance and the support of self-organization to enhance livelihood resilience with a case of Kapetakan Sub-district in Cirebon Regency, Indonesia. The study employed mixed-methods by combining qualitative and quantitative data based on official data from government, in-depth interview, and literature review. The study reveals drought, for instance El Nino’s drought in 2015, has resulted in lower rice production and farmers’ income compared to 2014. Crop insurance could increase farmers’ income as compensation due to drought, nonetheless, there have been many farmers who do not have crop insurance yet. Moreover, self-organization related to the network capacity of farmers tends to be limited within farmer groups at village level. The government or other stakeholders should assist to expand the network of farmers in order to interact and learn with other organizations outside the region. Thus, knowledge and skills of farmers which inlude related to benefits of crop insurance and how to manage it will increase in order to choose adaptation option. This condition will contribute to enhance livelihood resilience of farmers to recover from extreme weather events.
Communities. Classes. Races, Social sciences (General)
El presente artículo expone una experiencia académica del Taller de Arquitectura orientada al diseño urbano a través del desarrollo de Proyectos Urbanos Estratégicos en quebradas, donde el tema es la ordenación del territorio, sobre la base de la puesta en valor del patrimonio local (comprender y actuar en relación con la cultura local y vocación de estos territorios) con miras a alcanzar un desarrollo sustentable para los cerros en Valparaíso, Chile. La relevancia práctica es revertir los procesos de marginalidad, asociados con diversos problemas ambientales como microbasurales, ocupación ilegal de terrenos y peligro de incendios, a través de la generación de nuevas centralidades urbanas y el cuidado de las quebradas con su ocupación y manejo.
Geography (General), Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology
This article analyses the Baltic policy of united Germany from the 1990s until today. The authors set out to identify the significance of German-Baltic relations and the role of the Eastern policy in Russian-German relations. The method of dynamic comparison between the political and economic narrative in intergovernmental relations makes it possible to identify distinctive features of Germany’s Baltic policy in the context of current international relations. In particular, it is noted that Germany was most active in the Baltic region in the 1990s, when the country was establishing political, economic, and cultural ties with the new independent states. In the second half of the 1990s, Germany’s foreign policy became less intense. After the accession of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia to the EU and NATO in 2004, certain disagreements started to arise between Germany and the Baltics. It explains the lukewarm relations between them. The Ukraine events brought about a change in Germany’s regional policy. Despite Russia remaining one of the key economic and political counteractors, Germany, being a partner of the Baltics in the EU and NATO, cannot adopt a neutral position in the conflict of interests between the Baltics and Russia.
The housing patterns of newcomers mark a primary indicator for their successful integration. However, different groups of people have varied access to the stock of housing in Canada. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role that social capital plays in housing trajectories of immigrants with particular attention to the experiences of refugee claimants. In this paper we draw upon the results of a 2004–2005 study on the profile of absolute and relative homelessness among immigrants, refugees, and refugee claimants in the Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD). We highlight the importance of social networks in the housing careers of newcomers, and argue that access to social networks varies according to the mode of entry for immigrants (e.g., skilled immigrants vs. refugees). We find that refugee claimants are particularly vulnerable, given their combination of uncertain legal status, lack of official language ability, and unfamiliarity with Canadian society. They are the most likely of all newcomers to “fall between the cracks” of the housing system. We discuss the benefits of social capital for immigrants and refugees, especially the key role that social capital plays in the integration process.