Hasil untuk "Cement industries"

M. Shariful Islam, Benjamin J. Mohr

The present study explores the potential of producing an alternative ASTM Type IL portland-limestone cement (PLC) using up to 20 % eggshell powder (ESP) by mass as crushed ESP is similar in chemical composition to limestone. To this aim, the hydration, durability, and mechanical properties of the ESP blended cementitious system (using ASTM Type I/II portland cement) are compared to a commercially available ASTM Type IL cement system containing approximately 10 % limestone. ESP was prepared by milling for 3 h upon drying. Characterization of the ESP was done by x-ray diffraction for phase analysis, scanning electron microscopy for microstructural observation, and laser diffraction analysis for particle size distribution. A range of experimental tests were undertaken on both the ASTM Type I/II cement replaced with ESP and the ASTM Type IL systems. Results revealed that the utilization of up to 20 % ESP enhanced the heat of hydration secondary peak (C3A) by increasing the aluminate phase kinetics in the blended system at a favorable pH pore solution. Also, an accelerating effect on the setting time (increased by 20–100 mins) was observed for ESP samples. Chemical shrinkage, compressive strength, and degree of hydration were similar between the ESP and PLC samples. Results also revealed that ESP particles were relatively more effective in minimizing drying shrinkage by 20–35 %, which is attributed to possible internal curing effects. Overall, 10 % ESP blended with ASTM Type I/II cementitious system was similar to the 10 % limestone containing PLC system and could be used as waste material in producing an alternative ASTM Type IL cement.

Asad-ur-rehman Khan, Shamsoon Fareed, Bilal Zahid

Concrete, due to its inherent brittleness, exhibits relatively low tensile strength. Fibers have been used extensively to improve their mechanical properties as they helped to reduce the crack width. Textile industries produce a lot of natural and synthetic fiber waste, which can be utilized to produce better-performing fiber-reinforced concrete. Therefore, in this study, a detailed experimental investigation has been carried out to study the compressive, tensile, and flexural properties of the Kevlar and jute fiber reinforced concrete. Concrete specimens with a mix design ratio of 1:1.43:1.89 and a water-cement ratio of 0.6 were cast. Jute fibers with lengths of 10 mm, 15 mm, and 25 mm and three different concentrations of 0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5% by volume of concrete were used. In contrast, Kevlar fibers with lengths of 10 mm, 15 mm, and 20 mm and three different concentrations of 1%, 1.5%, and 2.5% by volume of concrete were used. It was found that both Kevlar and Jute fibers contributed positively to- wards controlling the crack initiation and propagation, suggesting using fibers in concrete for enhanced mechanical properties and performance.

Adel Rouhi Jouybari, Seyed Mohammad Esmaiel Jalali

Iran is considered one of the countries with a relative advantage in the field of mining and related industries due to its important mineral resources and reserves. This issue increases the importance and priority of development programs in the mining and mineral industries sector. Copper, after steel, ranks second among the major metals in terms of value-added production in the world. Iran, with a reserve of about 34 million tons of copper, owns 4% of the world's copper reserves. This article examines the analytical and comparative analysis of copper industry development programs in Iran and India. Although both countries have started their own development programs in the copper industry almost simultaneously, India was ranked among the top economic powers in Asia in 2018 compared to Iran. On the other hand, with some economic growth indicators surpassing China, some analysts believe that this trend may continue and India may achieve growth similar to China and even replace it. On this basis, India’s strategic plans in the field of copper can greatly help in formulating strategic plans in Iran’s copper industry. According to studies conducted in Iran, the most important challenges in the copper industry include increasing the amount of government salaries and export duties, non-entry of mining and industrial machinery, round-the-clock laws, and fluctuations in exchange rates and inflation. This research has examined the damage and analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of Iran’s copper industry program, reviewed the current situation and copper industry development programs, compared it with India, and addressed the challenges ahead. Finally, solutions have been proposed for the development of this important industry. Introduction Iran is located on one of the two copper belts in the world and is considered one of the areas with the economic potential of copper. Evaluations show that Iran’s share of the world’s 20 million tons of copper production is less than 1.5%. The share of the industry in Iran’s gross domestic product is 7%, of which copper covers 1% of the 7%. In fact, the share of the copper industry in Iran’s gross domestic product is 1%, which is relatively low given the volume of copper mineral reserves. Therefore, considering the importance of the copper industry in the country’s economy as a productive sector and the increasing demand for this metal in the world, having an appropriate industrial strategy to maximize the use of copper mines and related industries is important and necessary. One of the ways to develop the country quickly is to focus on the mining industry alongside export development. Industrial development is important for national development programs from various aspects. Employment, poverty alleviation, proper use of skilled labor, improvement of regional and international status of the country, meeting internal needs, and enhancing national identity are among the aspects of development that have been tied to industrial development. In this regard, according to the emphasis and statements of the upper-level documents, especially the five-year development plans in the last decade, the subject of drafting an industrial development strategy has been one of the important demands of the government and the relevant ministry so that with the determination of industrial policies at horizontal and vertical levels, the necessary institutional infrastructure for better decision-making by private sector activists can be provided in a more reassuring environment by the government. Methods The most important challenges in the copper industry in Iran include problems related to sanctions and the resulting lack of access to modern technologies, lack of support for small and medium-sized businesses, price differences in the commodity exchange and free market and their impact on the trade market and copper products, and the level of access of consumers to the market. The challenges of downstream industries are among the main challenges of this market. Sanctions have caused severe fluctuations in exchange rates and have affected the government's economic and trade policies, ultimately leading to increased production costs, market fluctuations, declining exports, loss of some export markets, rent-seeking, thriving intermediaries, and numerous problems in the field of financing and capital circulation of mining units and mining industries in the country. In addition to sanctions, restrictions and obstacles resulting from the government's economic and trade policies such as exchange policies, market intervention, and mandatory pricing of mineral and metal products by the Market Regulation Headquarters, prevention of exports and providing the grounds for rent and intermediation have become a major internal obstacle to production in the country. In the conditions of the domestic market recession, most mineral and mining products have experienced a decline in exports, and among the country's economic activists, it is known as self-sanctioning. One of the most important internal obstacles in the mining and mining industries sector is ambiguity in calculating the amount of government salaries for mines, non-return of government salary revenues for expenses in the mining sector, serious conflicts between mining activities, the environment and natural resources, the intervention of the Market Regulation Headquarters in pricing mineral and metal products, and creating export barriers, inaction in policymaking for mines and mining industries on the verge of bankruptcy such as the cement industry and lack of necessary credits for capital facilities in the circulation of mining units and mining industries. Another important issue that can be investigated in this area is the creation of mining clusters. There are many small copper mines scattered throughout the country with small reserves that can have a significant impact on the country's production with proper measures. In fact, the role of small mines in domestic production and employment is not prominent and they are not valued. As a support, small mines that are reasonably transportable and have a justifiable relationship between them can be consolidated into a consortium, and each of these dependent mines can be involved in the reserves and grade of this consortium, and then the government can also support them by providing facilities. Another effect of sanctions is the update of equipment, which has also affected the copper sector. In Iran, since most mining and industrial machinery is imported, production costs are even higher than countries that own these technologies, even under normal conditions. Now, despite the existing erosion sanctions, the entry of non-standard and inappropriate goods through the black market with a delay and at a price several times higher than the real price, plus the inability to export quality products made domestically to target markets and the obligation to stop production or sale of the produced product to the market with low or sometimes negative profit, are all part of the problems of production units. Factors such as US sanctions, severe fluctuations in exchange rates, and a set of economic and trade policies of the government have led to increased production costs, market fluctuations, declining exports, loss of some export markets, rent-seeking, thriving intermediaries, and numerous problems in the field of financing and capital circulation of mining units and mining industries in the country. In the past, the most important problems in the copper industry in India were mainly related to the shortage and lack of access to mineral reserves and their environmental consequences. This section examines the major problems of the copper industry as well as the causes and factors of change in India's copper industry strategic document. The analysis shows that there is a huge difference between the processing plant capacity and the copper mine capacity in India. While India's copper processing plants have a capacity of about one million tons per year, only 35,000 tons of refined copper can be extracted from the current production of copper ore in India. Copper mining and production in India only meets 4% of the country's demand. The growth of India’s infrastructure is reflected in the growth of copper consumption in the country. The consumption of refined copper has increased at a compound annual growth rate of 2.4% from 2015 to 2019. The need for copper wire in infrastructure and renewable energy projects, an increase in automobile production (which has grown by 3.7%), and an increase in the production of durable consumer goods (refrigerators and gas coolers have increased by 9.6% and 7.0%, respectively) have led to an increase in cpper consumption in the 5 years ending in 2019 (Urvisha, 2019). Results After examining and discussing the problems and pathologies of the National Copper Industries Company of Iran for the implementation of its programs, it is faced with some ambiguities and questions that will be discussed below, and solutions have been proposed based on a comparison with India. Iran, like India, faces a shortage of the necessary concentrate and ore to achieve its development goals. There are several solutions to solve these problems. One of the effective ways to supply the necessary concentrate for the project is to expand the existing mines that are currently active and under operation. 10% of the required concentrate for the copper industry in Iran is supplied by companies that operate small mines in the country. These companies, including Chahar Gonbad Kerman, Mesdarakhtegan Takhtagonbad, Rangin Metal Copper, Kian Copper Jozam, Minakan, and Madvar Mining Production, mostly sell their products as feed to the National Copper Industries Company of Iran. However, there are still many small copper mines in the country that are inactive. With support and capital, these mines can be revitalized and brought back into the production cycle. Based on the findings of this research, it is essential for the government and decision-makers in this important area to focus on important issues in order to develop and formulate plans for this industry. In addition to reducing the concentration of investment in a few specific provinces, it is necessary to take important measures and solutions to streamline production, create regulations and laws, remove production and investment barriers, and implement operational solutions. The following are some of these measures: Developing and approving a comprehensive plan for nationwide exploration as an upper-level document and the most important pillar of sustainable supply of mineral materials in the shortest possible time. Allocating a significant and specific budget from the profits of IMIDRO and profitable specialized state-owned companies as a percentage of annual profits to exploration activities and obliging the implementation of exploration operations within the framework of the comprehensive plan for nationwide exploration. Prohibiting the government from engaging in business activities and obliging the transfer of mining management and production units to the qualified private sector. Amending relevant laws and regulations, including; Resolving the problem of blocked areas by government agencies, Amending customs laws for the import of machinery and other mining areas and Amending export laws. Discussions Iran and India are among the first growing countries with development plans. In 2018, India was ranked among the top economic powers in Asia compared to Iran. On the other hand, with some economic growth indicators surpassing China, some analysts believe that this trend may continue and India may achieve growth similar to China and even replace it. Therefore, India's strategic plans in the field of copper can greatly help in formulating strategic plans in the copper industry of Iran. Exploration operations in a large part of the country's area have not yet been completed, and there is a need for planning and expanding executive activities in this area. In the mining sector, there is currently no desirable situation in the country, and the production of basic metals such as copper and steel is between 1 to 2 percent of the mineral reserves, which is less than global standards. In general, as mentioned, the existing problems in the country's development plans, especially in mining plans, can be divided into problems in program goals, planning system, approval process of development plans, implementation process of development plans, and how to monitor and evaluate programs. Studies conducted in the copper industry section also show that the capacity of cathode production factories is not consistent with the amount of mineral extraction, and the extracted mineral material provides almost half of the capacity of the factories. It is also necessary to plan the objectives of the programs for the production of cathode copper based on the existing reserves and the country's potential in supplying concentrate and concentrate. In addition, the country’s internal needs and its potential for exports due to sanctions should be considered in these goals. It seems that solving problems such as easier import of mining machinery, given the country’s disorganized transportation fleet, reducing government salaries, freeing up areas, tax exemptions for exploration activities, lack of pricing for copper exports or sales on the commodity exchange, removing and amending cumbersome laws, and developing diplomatic relations can make the future of the copper industry in Iran clearer. Another important issue in this area, compared to India in recent years, has been the problem of feed and concentrate shortages. India’s strategy for expanding existing mines, reopening abandoned mines, and exploring new and undeveloped mines has been a factor in growth and development in developing countries such as India. In the eighth development plan In 1992, India seriously invested in private and foreign investment in the copper industry, while in Iran, this issue still seems very distant. Another important issue in this area, compared to India in recent years, has been the problem of feed and concentrate shortages. India’s strategy for expanding existing mines, reopening abandoned mines, and exploring new and undeveloped mines has been a factor in growth and development in developing countries such as India. In Iran, this industry has not yet had a clear strategy in planning and production, even in state-owned mines.

Abhishek K. Pandey, Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Pinch Analysis is an effective technique to optimise Resource Conservation Networks (RCNs). These networks are widely used in process industries like petrochemical, pharmaceutical, and cement. Due to climate change, regulatory compliances, and market competition, process industries operate in epistemic conditions that impact their production efficiency and end-product quality. Process industries also use multiple resources to improve economic efficiency. Deployed RCNs must be designed to incorporate epistemic uncertainty while using multiple resources. Existing literature indicates that optimisation of RCNs using a single resource with epistemic parameters has been done. This work addresses the targeting of multiple resources present in RCNs, under an epistemic environment. Prioritized Cost formulation is extended to accommodate epistemic uncertainty by representing uncertain parameters using interval numbers. The proposed methodology identifies the parameter values favourable to utilising multiple resources. This methodology is illustrated through a case study on the solvent utilization network. The results from the case study demonstrate that adding another resource, under best-case condition, reduces total cost by 37.1 % from $ 40,580 to $ 25,516. Under worst-case condition, another resource is not required. An analysis of Prioritized Cost variation with different possible combinations of parameter values is presented using this case study.

Deborah Glosser, Eli Santykul, Eric Fagan et al.

By the year 2050, glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) material from decommissioned wind turbine blades is expected to generate 40 million tons of waste worldwide. Managing GFRP waste is a vexing problem since the materials cannot be easily recycled. One potential waste management solution is to use the glass fiber (GF) component of GFRP as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) to replace cement in concrete, which has the additional benefit of reducing CO2 emissions from cement clinkering. The chemical composition of wind turbine GFs is variable, but is predominantly calcium, silicon, aluminum, and iron, with trace amounts of light and heavy metals, making it an attractive candidate for use as SCM. In this study, thermodynamic modeling was used to evaluate the reaction products, pore solution chemistry, and trace metal immobilization potential of three GF compositions (high silica; high calcium; median calcium/median silica) at varying cement replacement levels. These factors influence pore size and structure, which control mechanical properties, freeze-thaw behavior, transport properties, and corrosion potential. For all GF compositions, replacement levels up to 60% produce cementitious materials with higher volumes of C-S-H (and higher alkali and trace metal binding potential) than control mixtures; pore solution pH values appropriate for mixture designs optimized for either ASR or corrosion prevention; and, at replacement levels below 10% and above 40%, reaction of some trace metals to form insoluble precipitates. While further experimental investigation is essential, these models present evidence that the use of wind turbine GF as an SCM is a viable solution for managing this expanding waste stream.

Rasoul Fatahi, Hamid Nasiri, Ehsan Dadfar et al.

Abstract Cement production is one of the most energy-intensive manufacturing industries, and the milling circuit of cement plants consumes around 4% of a year's global electrical energy production. It is well understood that modeling and digitalizing industrial-scale processes would help control production circuits better, improve efficiency, enhance personal training systems, and decrease plants' energy consumption. This tactical approach could be integrated using conscious lab (CL) as an innovative concept in the internet age. Surprisingly, no CL has been reported for the milling circuit of a cement plant. A robust CL interconnect datasets originated from monitoring operational variables in the plants and translating them to human basis information using explainable artificial intelligence (EAI) models. By initiating a CL for an industrial cement vertical roller mill (VRM), this study conducted a novel strategy to explore relationships between VRM monitored operational variables and their representative energy consumption factors (output temperature and motor power). Using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) as one of the most recent EAI models accurately helped fill the lack of information about correlations within VRM variables. SHAP analyses highlighted that working pressure and input gas rate with positive relationships are the key factors influencing energy consumption. eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) as a powerful predictive tool could accurately model energy representative factors by R-square ever 0.80 in the testing phase. Comparison assessments indicated that SHAP-XGBoost could provide higher accuracy for VRM-CL structure than conventional modeling tools (Pearson correlation, Random Forest, and Support vector regression.

Kanako Toda, Daisuke Minato, Takumi Saito et al.

Soil organic matters may inhibit the pozzolanic reaction, and thus influence the strength development of soil-employed construction materials. To understand their interaction, the effect of lignosulfonate, here used as model soil organic matter, on the pozzolanic reaction was investigated through batch experiments. Lignosulfonate inhibited the pozzolanic reaction, suppressing calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) formation. The suppression did not take place in a continuous way with the addition of lignosulfonate but was triggered at a certain dosage of lignosulfonate. We propose that the inhibition was primarily due to formation of Si-(Ca)-lignosulfonate complex. Such interaction may illustrate the inhibition of the pozzolanic reaction by organic matters in soils at alkaline activation. Below the threshold, lignosulfonate allowed C-S-H formation though modified its structure, which also suggested the possibility of soil organic matters to influence the strength development of construction materials in coexistence of C-S-H formation.

Thales Guilherme Vaz Martins, Geraldo Gonçalves dos Reis, Maria das Graças Ferreira Reis et al.

ABSTRACT Understanding the Brazilian market for native wood helps forest managers and can guide conservation policies. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial and temporal distribution of supply and demand of the Brazilian native wood for four products namely, charcoal, roundwood, firewood, and sawn wood. We used the consumed wood volume from 2006 to 2016 in Minas Gerais (MG) tracking its supplier in Brazil accounting for 31 million cubic meters. These data were used as input for calculating mean centers and performing grouping analysis. The wood supply centers for the energy sector in Brazil have moved from Cerrado to the Caatinga biome. This change is consistent with historical patterns of agricultural expansion in Brazil. The largest mesoregions producing wood were: East of Mato Grosso do Sul State, South of Goiás State, and Center-South of Bahia State. The solid wood supply centers have moved from the North to Midwest regions but remained within the Amazon biome for almost all the years. This pattern is likely a consequence of timber regulation practices in the Amazon. The mesoregions: Madeira-Guaporé and East of Rondônia State, Southeast and Northeast of Pará State, and North of Mato Grosso State were the most important suppliers of solid wood to MG. Wood consumption for energy is centered in the Center and North regions of MG State, especially in Sete Lagoas, a hub of pig iron and cement industries. Solid wood products are dispersed in MG State, being Belo Horizonte, Conselheiro Lafaiete, Ubá, and Uberlândia the distribution centers of native wood for the furniture industry within MG. The spatial statistics helped to exploit the activity of the native wood market in Brazil and provides essential information for decision-makers that was not previously available.

Sherif Hassan, Hamdy Salah, Nabila Shehata

This study investigates the impact of gypsum, anhydrite and blends of them on cement and their impact on the vertical mill operation and cement storing. Mixtures of gypsum and anhydrite were prepared in the ratios: 100:0, 62.5:37.5, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100. The results of setting time, compressive strength, soundness and moisture content showed that both gypsum and hemihydrate had the same performance in vertical cement mill as cement retarders with no noticeable change on physicomechanical properties of hardened pastes and blending both with different proportions can be used as a controller of cement setting and moisture result in improvement in cement mill operation and cement storing. In conclusion, gypsum can be replaced by anhydrite partially or completely in a vertical cement mill with no effect on cement properties. Additionally, gypsum and anhydrite blending can control moisture content in cement, improve cement storing and avoid storing problems.

Leslie Glasser

Hydrates are significant components of cements and concrete. We examine the effective volumes of waters of crystallization for these materials, where the “effective volumes” are the difference per water molecule between the formula volume of the hydrate and of its parent anhydrate. These effective volumes cover a small range around 15 cm3 mol−1 (≅ 23 Å3 per water molecule), unlike the wider range for general inorganic materials.We also examine the thermodynamic properties of the cementitious phase, which follow the generally observed correlation of relating to their molar volumes. We establish “effective” additive oxide parameters for enthalpy and for molar volume, which are useful in confirming experimental values and in predicting as-yet undetermined values. Their Debye temperatures approximate to 600 K; this Debye temperature is well above ambient temperature and suggests that the vibrational modes of these cementitious phases are only partially excited and that the materials are hard. Ferrate-containing materials generally have a lower Debye temperature (∼273 K) implying that they may be softer than other cementitious materials.These observations may be useful in checking for errors in data and anomalies in behavior among related cementitious materials.

Bernardeta Dębska, Joanna Krasoń, Lech Lichołai

Industries related to the acquiring of building materials may soon face a shortage of natural resources and an associated increase in costs of their acquisition. Therefore, it is necessary to look for possible ways to reduce the exploitation of natural resources and instead use recycled raw materials. Such policies fit into one of the most important trends in modern construction, which is sustainable development. In the conducted research, the Taguchi method was utilized in order to investigate the impact of modifying cement mortars with rubber and cork waste on the selected properties of the obtained composites. Thanks to the above method, we managed to obtain the desired information about mortars in a shorter time and at a lower cost than using traditional testing methods. Using the selection in planning method, we confirmed that rubber waste can be agood substitute for sand in mortars.

Abdul Razak Chik, Juzhar Jusoh

This article is intended to provide several case studies of successful waste management of a few selected industries in their attempts to become “environmental-conscious” firms. In particular, this article examines the innovative waste-reduction and waste reuse processes undertaken by certain firms in the following industries - asphalt cement and concrete, ferrous metals, Portland cement and concrete, and some other that on the face of it somewhat isolated innovative technologies. For each case, the driver, the waste management technology or processes involved, as well as the associated economic benefits of the adjustments was highlighted. It is hoped that the findings of this article will provide the motivation or continue to motivate engineers and scientists to further explore processes that will help towards better management of industrial wastes.  

Arpita Bhatt, Sharon Priyadarshini, Aiswarya Acharath Mohanakrishnan et al.

In 2015, fly ash utilization rates were 70% for China, 62% for India, and 50% for the US. This leaves substantial potential for increased utilization. This article summarizes available literature concerning physical and chemical and geotechnical properties of fly ash which affect its options for re-use. Fly ashes are broadly classified worldwide into two chemical types for their industrial applications, mostly in cement industries, namely class C and class F. Class C fly ash, with its higher levels of calcium oxide, generally has self-cementing properties. In terms of global fly ash composition, fly ash from India on average contains higher levels of silicon dioxide than that from the US and China. In terms of particle size, studies report that fly ash more often is poorly graded than well-graded; fly ash from India in particular tends to be poorly graded. Optimum moisture content (OMC) values for fly ashes vary from 11 to 53%, and maximum dry density values range from 1.01 to 1.78 g/cm3. Country-specific trends in terms of fly ash OMC and maximum dry density values are not readily apparent. Fly ash tends to be non-plastic, meaning it will not swell if used as a foundation material for structures. Reported fly ash shrinkage limits range from 38 to 65. Permeability of pure fly ash generally varies from 10−4 to 10-7 cm/sec, and angle of friction varies from 25° to 40°. Keywords: Fly ash, Geotechnical, Chemical, Physical, Coal combustion byproducts, Coal combustion residuals

Mueed Akhtar

Coal is an important and vital fossil fuel. It has been underutilized due to its complex mining procedures, transportation constraints and environmental impacts. Pakistan has vast amount of coal reserves and at present these reserves are not yet fully exploited due to the complications in underground coal gasification and mining. The proposed innovative technology of coal water slurry fuel can make the utilization of coal more easy and environment friendly. Finely ground coal particles are blended with water and additives to formulate a liquid fuel having properties comparable to the heavy fuel oils. Another novel idea is to use industrial wastewater instead of fresh water in preparation of coal slurry fuel. Major industries in Pakistan are facing problems of energy curtailment and wastewater disposal. Both the challenges can be effectively addressed by employing the proposed concept of coal slurry fuel together with the wastewater. The effects of blending pulverized coal in wastewater and fresh water were investigated in terms of properties such as heating values, sulfur content and ash content. Pulverized coal was obtained from “Pioneer Cement”, having average particle size 90 μm, heating value of 6260 cal/g, 16.22% ash content and 0.69% sulphur content. Wastewater was collected from Noon Sugar Mills distillery having a pH of 3.92, brix 13.2, COD 101000 mg/l and BOD 35000 mg/l. Two samples of coal slurry fuel were prepared, one using fresh water and other using wastewater of alcohol distillery. Heating values were analyzed on dry basis, in case ofwastewater sample the heating value decreases by a non-noticeable margin, the new value is 6245 cal/g and in case of fresh water sample it was 6014 cal/g. Sulphur in the fuel is increased to 0.96% due to presence of sulfur containing compounds in wastewater but for fresh water sample it is 0.81%. Further, ash content of the wastewater coal slurry fuel17.86% as compare to the fresh water samplewhich was 16.72%. Both sample slurries can be fired in boilers in replacement of expensive heavy fuel oils. But in case of wastewater some post treatment is suggestedin order to reduce Sulphur contents. The analysis shows environmental friendly utilization of coal as slurry with wastewater due to reduced ash contents and maximum thermal energy extraction even by the use of low quality coal.

Guang Ye, Mladena Luković, Bahman Ghiassi et al.

The sustainability of infrastructure projects is becoming increasingly important issue in engineering practice. This means that in the future the construction materials will be selected on the basis of the contribution they can make to reach sustainability requirements. Geopolymers are materials based on by-products from industries. By using geopolymer concrete technology it is possible to reduce our waste and to produce concrete in the environmental-friendly way. An 80% or greater reduction of greenhouse gases compared with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) can be achieved through geopolymer technology. However, there are limited practical applications and experience. For a broad and large scale industrial application of geopolymer concrete, challenges still exist in the technological and engineering aspects. The main goal of GeoCon Bridge project was to develop a geopolymer concrete mixture and to upscale it to structural application. The outputs of projects provide input for development of recommendations for structural design of geopolymer based reinforced concrete elements. Through a combination of laboratory experiments on material and structural elements, structural design and finite element simulations, and based on previous experience with OPC concrete, knowledge generated in this project provides an important step towards a “cement free” construction. The project was performed jointly by three team members: Microlab and Group of Concrete Structures from Technical University of Delft and Technical University of Eindhoven.

Rimma K. Niyazbekova, Muratbek T. Userbaev, Gulnara A. Kokayeva et al.

Issues related to the rational processing of industrial waste and the protection of the environment are of particular importance. The prerequisite for writing this article was the ecological situation in Kazakhstan. Currently, many industrial enterprises have accumulated and continue to accumulate man-caused waste of production processes that not only pollute the atmosphere and, washed away by rain and snow, pollute the water basin of nearby areas. The work of CHP is one of the main polluters of the environment, mainly the air basin. CHP plants operating on traditional types of fuel contribute up to 30 % of the volume of harmful emissions of the atmosphere, pollute the land and water with combustion products and sewage. Technogenic wastes occupy hundreds of thousands of hectares of fertile land. In them, the content of non-ferrous metals reaches up to 5 %, iron up to 45 %, in addition, some of them contain noble metals. The bulk of this waste is siliceous materials, which are the main source of building materials. In Kazakhstan, as yet, they have not been engaged in the utilization of ash, these are technogenic waste from the thermal power station. Known methods of processing such raw materials do not fully comply with modern requirements of scientific and technological progress. Dumps of ash and slag materials occupy large areas, and their content requires significant operating costs, which affect the increase in the cost of production of energy. They are a source of environmental pollution, present a danger to public health and a threat to the plant and animal life of the surrounding areas. Especially dangerous are ash dumps located near water basins (rivers and lakes), because of the possible breakthrough of dams. Effective utilization of coal energy coal plants can help significantly reduce the negative impact on the environment and improve the economic performance of the enterprise. In general, ash is widely used in various industries and has good market prospects. There are available technologies for ash utilization, some of which are widely used commercially. At present, the main quantity of ash is used in the construction industry - this is the production of cement, bricks, cellular concrete products, slag blocks, lightweight aggregates, roofing material, expanded clay, construction of dams for ash dumps, construction and repair of roads. The use of ashes and slags of CHP as building materials is the most ambitious direction and can solve the problem of building materials shortage in the regions of Kazakhstan in the future. Due to the use of ash waste, we can save up to 30 % of cement and more than 50 % of natural aggregates, thereby reducing the thermal conductivity of concrete will reduce the mass of buildings and structures. To attract investments in order to increase the level of processing and use of ash waste, it is possible to use interest in the purchase of ash and slag from the thermal power stations of Kazakhstan in those Western European countries and the Middle East, where there are not enough sources of mineral raw materials in sufficient quantities. The solution of the above problems is necessary to increase the level of utilization of ash waste with a view to reducing their accumulation, improving the environmental situation in the vicinity of the CHP plant, as well as receiving income from the sale of products produced on the basis of ash waste.

Lim J.W., Chew L.H., Choong Thomas S.Y. et al.

Significant quantities of steel slag are generated as waste material or byproduct every day from steel industries. Slag is produced from different types of furnaces with different operating conditions. Slag contains Ferrous Oxide, Calcium Oxide, Silica etc. Physical and chemical properties of slag are affected by different methods of slag solidification such as air cooled, steam, and injection of additives. Several material characterization methods, such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanned Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Inductive Coupled Plasma (ICP-OES) are used to determine elemental composition in the steel slag. Therefore, slags can become one of the promising materials in various applications such as in transportation industry, construction, cement production, waste water and water treatment. The various applications of steel slag indicate that it can be reused and utilized rather than being disposed to the landfill. This paper presents a review of its applications and utilization.

Adel Azar, Sirous Karimi

The aim of this paper is how to predict stock return by using accounting ratios and also by using the procedure of neural network. This paper has considered the prediction of stock return by using accounting ratios with two procedures, the artificial neural network and least square regression. The independent variables in this paper are accounting ratios and dependent variable of stock return, thus; the accounting ratios have collected for 8 years in the industries of cement and medicine. The hypothesis of the paper has two hypothesizes, that shows the survey ability of neural network procedure in predicting stock return in comparison with least square regression in the level of two active firms in the two industries

Nawfal Kasim Ali Al-Shahwan

This study aims at analyzing the reality of the Information Systems for the industrial innovation activities and testing the range of its setting the key gates of the technological promotion, throughout estimating the imparts of Human Capital H/C and research and development R&D on technological progress at the level of many industrial organizations in Iraq. The access to those two aims approved the guess and the hypothesis of the study, that’s the existence of the local basement for setting the process of scientific and technologic catching-up. This is done by getting significant and positive effects of H/C accumulation and R&D growth on the technological change accounted within the industries of Cement, Sulphur, and Weavings. The study reached many conclusive results prevailed the vital importance for those factors of the innovational activities (i.e. R&D and H/C) in technological progress, but no returns from the last one on those factors. The study also found some negative relations due to; either the serious uninteresting of the sources of technological promotion; or to the poor information system. These results in turn suggest the necessity of adopting the relevant policies and generating it to the all scientific and industrial fields

A. V. Bahiense, R. T. Manhães, J. Alexandre et al.

O município de Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, possui um pólo cerâmico com mais de 100 indústrias cerâmicas e uma produção mensal estimada de 90 milhões de peças compreendidas entre lajotas, blocos e telhas. Muitos desses artefatos acabam gerando resíduos e impactos ambientais na região devido às falhas no processo produtivo e logístico das indústrias. Este trabalho propõe a incorporação do resíduo cerâmico em argamassas, avaliando as diversas proporções dos constituintes por meio do planejamento de experimentos em rede simplex buscando soluções técnicas, sem o tradicional empirismo existente na indústria, com o objetivo de alcançar um desempenho satisfatório da propriedade analisada, capacidade de retenção de água e, sem dúvida, favorecendo o desenvolvimento sustentável. O procedimento experimental foi baseado nas normas ABNT 13276, 13277 e 13281. A partir destes ensaios foram tomados dez pontos experimentais cujos teores máximos de cimento, areia e resíduo cerâmico são 20, 80 e 20% em massa, respectivamente, que delimitou a superfície de resposta para as argamassas de índice de consistência 265±30 mm. Este índice mostrou-se mais próximo da aplicação real para o modelo estatístico, porém, pouco acima do valor normalizado. O modelo em rede simplex cúbico especial mostrou melhor ajuste aos resultados experimentais, estimando respostas estatisticamente mais adequadas para as misturas. A superfície de resposta gerada apresentou capacidade de retenção de água da argamassa de 88 a 94,5%, classificando-a como normal e alta, segundo a norma ABNT 13281. Mesmo com valor superior ao índice de consistência padrão (valor acima do estabelecido por norma) conseguiu-se uma capacidade de retenção padronizada com adição de resíduo na argamassa.<br>The district of the Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil, has a ceramic pole with more than 100 ceramic industries, with a 90 million monthly production (brick masonry, ceramic blocks and tiles). Due to failure in the productive industrial process, some of these materials have been generating wastes that produce environmental impacts. This work proposes the incorporation of the ceramic waste in mortars to evaluate the representative proportions through the lattice simplex experiments design, looking for technical solutions, without the industrial empiricism. These solutions could reach a satisfactory performance of the analyzed property, of the water retention capacity, and favor the sustainable development. The experimental procedure was based on standard test methods (ABNT 13276, 13277 e 13281). Starting from these lab tests, ten experimental points were taken with maximum content of cement, sand and ceramic waste 20, 80 and 20% mass, respectively, that delimited the surface response for the mortars with a consistence index around 265±30 mm. This index means the real application for the statistical model, being however higher than the normalized value. The special cubic simplex model showed to best fit the experimental results leading to more statistically appropriate responses for the mixtures. The response surface generated showed a water retention capacity in mortar varying from 88 to 94.5%, that could be classified as normal and high according to ABNT 13281. Even with the higher values than the standard consistence index (established value by the standard method), it was possible to obtain a standardized water retention capacity with the addition of ceramic waste into the mortar.